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1、高中英语独立主格结构详细讲高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解解独立主格独立主格一、一、独立主格结构的含义和实质独立主格结构的含义和实质“独独 立立 主主 格格 结结 构构”(absoluteabsoluteconstructionconstruction)又叫)又叫“独立结构独立结构”,是带有自己,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构独立主格结构”。其实,。其实,所谓所谓“独立主格结构独立主格结构”并非真正
2、独立,并非真正独立,它还是一种它还是一种从属分句,从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,句尾,用逗号和主句用逗号和主句隔开。隔开。二、二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能独立主格结构的基本形式和功能独立主格结构可以分为两部分:独立主格结构可以分为两部分:一部分是名一部分是名词或代词,词或代词,起逻辑主语的作用;起逻辑主语的作用;另一部分是非谓另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词
3、、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。基本形式是:名词普通格基本形式是:名词普通格/代词主格代词主格+现在现在分词分词/过去分词过去分词/不定式不定式/名词名词/形容词形容词/副词副词/介介词短语,词短语,withwith 引导的复合结构。引导的复合结构。1 1 名词名词/代词代词+现在分词现在分词第第 2 2 页页 共共 30 30 页页现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。的动作或状态等。例例TheThe manman
4、 laylay there,there,hishis handshandstrembling.trembling.SoSo manymany studentsstudents beingbeing absent,absent,thethemeeting had to be put off.meeting had to be put off.HisHis homeworkhomework havinghaving beenbeen done,done,Tom went to sleep.Tom went to sleep.注:注:“独立结构独立结构”中的中的 beingbeing 或或 havi
5、nghavingbeenbeen 有时可以省去,有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。过去分词分句。2 2 名词名词/代词代词+过去分词过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。的动作或所处的一种状态。例例 The boy lay on his back,his handsThe boy lay on his back,his handscrossed under his head.crossed under his head.The job not finished,we couldnt seeT
6、he job not finished,we couldnt seethe film.the film.Her shirt caught on a nail,she couldHer shirt caught on a nail,she couldnot move.not move.后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了 havinghavingbeenbeen,beingbeing。如果加上,这两个句子就又变。如果加上,这两个句子就又变第第 3 3 页页 共共 30 30 页页成了现在分词分句。成了现在分词分句。3 3 名词名词/代词代词+不定式不定式不定式表示的是将来
7、的动作。不定式表示的是将来的动作。例例 HeHe suggestedsuggested goinggoing forfor a a picnic,picnic,Mary to provide the food.Mary to provide the food.TheseThese areare thethe firstfirst twotwo booksbooks,thethethird one to come out next month.third one to come out next month.WeWe shallshall getget togethertogether atat
8、 7:30,7:30,thetheprocessionprocession(游行)(游行)toto startstart movingmoving atat 8 8sharp.sharp.4.4.名词名词/代词代词+名词名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。例例 ManyMany peoplepeople joinedjoined inin thethe work,work,some of them women and children.some of them women and children.HeHe fought the tigerfought th
9、e tiger,a sticka stick his onlyhis onlyweapon.weapon.5 5 名词名词/代词代词+形容词短语形容词短语形容词形容词(短语)(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。状态,原因等。例例 The floor wet and slippery,we hadThe floor wet and slippery,we hadto stay outside for a while.to stay outside for a while.I I heardheard thatthat sheshe gotgot injure
10、dinjured inin thethe第第 4 4 页页 共共 30 30 页页accidentaccident,my heart full of sorry.my heart full of sorry.这两个句子也可以看成是省略了这两个句子也可以看成是省略了 being,being,如如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。6 6 名词名词/代词代词+副词副词副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。例例 TheThe meetingmeeting over,over,wewe allall wentwenthome.home.Nobody in,
11、he left a message on theNobody in,he left a message on theboard.board.He sat at the table,head down.He sat at the table,head down.7.7.名词名词/代词代词+介词短语介词短语介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。或者状态。例例 The teacher came in,a book underThe teacher came in,a book underhis arm.his arm.The hunter entered
12、the forestThe hunter entered the forest,gungunin handin handNobody at home,the thief took a lotNobody at home,the thief took a lotof things away.of things away.8 8 withwith 引导的复合结构引导的复合结构,也可以认为是也可以认为是一种独立主格结构一种独立主格结构例例 A A womanwoman gotgot onon thethe busbus withwith a a第第 5 5 页页 共共 30 30 页页baby ar
13、ound her arms.baby around her arms.TheThe teacherteacher camecame inin withwith severalseveralstudents following behind.students following behind.WithWith a a lotlot ofof thingsthings toto dealdeal with,with,hehewill have a difficult time.will have a difficult time.WithWith the workthe work done,he
14、went out todone,he went out toeat.eat.He left the office with the lights on.He left the office with the lights on.MaryMary rushedrushed outout ofof thethe househouse withwiththe door open.the door open.三、三、学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题1 1独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致致从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格从以上例子
15、我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。例例(1)(1)HearingHearing thethe news,news,hehe waswasvery excited.very excited.(2)(2)WinterWinter coming,coming,it it getsgets coldercolderand colder.and colder.在这两个句子里,在这两个句子里,第一个句子,第一个句子,前后的主语前后的主语是一致的,是一致
16、的,都是都是 he,he,也就是说动词也就是说动词 hearhear 的动作的动作第第 6 6 页页 共共 30 30 页页发出者是主语发出者是主语 he,he,因此它是一个现在分词短语因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子;作状语表示原因的句子;而第二个句子,而第二个句子,我们可我们可以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词 comecome 的的逻辑主语逻辑主语 winter,winter,而第二个主语是句子真正的而第二个主语是句子真正的主语主语 it it,非谓语动词非谓语动词 comingcoming 和和 it it 之间没有任之间没有任何关系,因此它是
17、一个独立主格结构。何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。2 2 在独立主格结构中,在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词动词是用现在分词还是过去分词还是过去分词一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。如:关系,用现在分词。如:Time permitting,weTime permitting,wewill go out to play.will go out to play.一句中,一句中,timetime 和和 permitpermit之间是逻辑上的主谓关系之间是逻辑上的主谓关系“时间允许时间允许”,因此用现在分词。因此用现在分词。如果逻辑主语和动词
18、之如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。用过去分词。如如:“More“More timetime given,wegiven,we shouldshould havehavedone it better.”done it better.”一句中,一句中,timetime 和和 givegive 之间之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思-“如果被给如果被给更多时间更多时间”,因此用过去分词。,因此用过去分词。3 3 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句独立主格结构不是一个句子,独立主格结
19、构不是一个句子,而是相当于一而是相当于一个状语从句个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。和伴随情况等。第第 7 7 页页 共共 30 30 页页例例 WorkWork done,done,JohnJohn wentwent home.home.相当相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:于一个表示时间的状语从句:When the workWhen the workhas been done,John went home.has been done,John went home.例例 ThereThere beingbeing nono buses,buse
20、s,wewe hadhad totowalk home.walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:BecauseBecause therethere areare nono buses,buses,wewe hadhad totowalk home.walk home.4 4 完成时态的运用完成时态的运用在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时常用现在分词的完成时态态 having donehaving done,根据情况确定是用主动还是根据情况确定是用主动还是
21、被动。被动。例例 TheThe lastlast busbus havinghaving gone,wegone,we hadhadto walk home.to walk home.HisHis walletwallet havinghaving beenbeen stolen,stolen,hehedidnt know what to do next.didnt know what to do next.非谓语动词作状语时,非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从从而在结构上与主语不发
22、生关系,而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立我们称之为独立主格结构(主格结构(Absolute ConstructionAbsolute Construction)。其实,。其实,所谓所谓“独立主格结构独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,也并非真正独立,它还是一它还是一第第 8 8 页页 共共 30 30 页页种从属的结构。种从属的结构。一、一、非谓语动词独立主格结构非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help youSuch
23、 an able man to help you,you willyou willsurely succeed sooner or later.surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功你迟早一定会成功的。的。(such an able mansuch an able man和和 to help youto help you 之间之间存在着主谓关系)存在着主谓关系)=Since such an able man will help you,=Since such an able man will help you,y
24、ou will surely succeed sooner or later.you will surely succeed sooner or later.HeHe seatingseating himselfhimself atat thethe desk,desk,hishismother began to tell him a story.mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seating himself at the deskseating himself at the d
25、esk拥有了自己的拥有了自己的逻辑主语逻辑主语 hehe,注意是,注意是“主格主格”)=When he seated himself at the desk,=When he seated himself at the desk,his mother began to tell him a story.his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost,he had to walkThe key to the bike lost,he had to walkto school.to school.第第 9 9 页页 共共
26、30 30 页页由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lostlost 的逻辑主语是的逻辑主语是 the keythe key,lostlost 也可以用也可以用完成式完成式 having been losthaving been lost)=Because the key to the bike had been=Because the key to the bike had beenlost,he had to walk to school.lost,he had to walk to school.A A不定式不定式“独立主格结构独立主格结构”在在
27、“逻辑主语逻辑主语+动词不定式动词不定式”结构中,动词不定结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。达。1 1动词不定式用主动的形式动词不定式用主动的形式在独立主格结构中,在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonightHis mother to come tonight,he is busyhe is busyprepari
28、ng the dinner.preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。他正在忙着准备饭菜。(=As=Ashis mother is to come tonight,he is busyhis mother is to come tonight,he is busypreparing the dinner.preparing the dinner.)willwill youyou gogo toto thethe comcertcomcert tonighttonight第第 10 10 页页 共共 30 30 页页你今晚去听音乐会吗?你今晚去听
29、音乐会吗?sorry.Sosorry.Somanymanyexerise-booksexerise-bookstotocheck,I rially cant afford any time.check,I rially cant afford any time.对不起,对不起,有这多的作业要批,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时我真的抽不出时间。间。(BecauseBecause I I shallshall checkcheck soso manymanyexercise-booksexercise-bookstonight,Itonight,Ireallyreallycantcantaffo
30、rd any time.afford any time.)TheThe fourfour ofof usus agreedagreed onon a a divisiondivision ofoflabour,each to translate a quarter of thelabour,each to translate a quarter of thebook.book.我们四人同意分工干,我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之每人翻译全书的四分之一。一。(The four of us agreed on a divisionThe four of us agreed on a div
31、isionofof labourlabour andand eacheach isis toto translatetranslate a aquarter of the book.quarter of the book.)ManyManytrees,flowers,andtrees,flowers,andgrassgrasstotobebeplanted,ourplanted,our newly-builtnewly-built schoolschool willwill looklookeveneven moremore beautiful.beautiful.种上许多的树,花和种上许多的
32、树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If(=Ifmanymanytrees,flowers,andtrees,flowers,andgrassgrassareareplanted,ourplanted,our newly-builtnewly-built schoolschool willwill looklook第第 11 11 页页 共共 30 30 页页even more beautiful.)even more beautiful.)B B-ing-ing 形式形式“独立主格结构独立主格结构”动词的动词的-ing-ing 形式作状语时,其逻辑
33、主语一般应形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill,he went home.Being ill,he went home.由于生病由于生病,他回家了。他回家了。(=As he was very ill,he=As he was very ill,hewent home.went home.)SeatingSeating himselfhimself atat thethe desk,desk,hehe beganbeganto read a magazine.to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后,在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志
34、。他开始看杂志。(=When he=When hehad seated himself at the desk,he beganhad seated himself at the desk,he beganto read a magazine.to read a magazine.)1 1 表示时间的表示时间的-ing-ing 形式作形式作“独立主格结构独立主格结构”EveryoneEveryonebeingbeingready,ready,thetheteacherteacherbegan his class.began his class.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。每个人都准备好后,
35、老师开始上课。(相当于(相当于一个时间状语从句一个时间状语从句 When everyone wasWhen everyone wasready)ready)TheThechairmanchairman beganbeganthethemeetingmeeting,everyone being seated.everyone being seated.第第 12 12 页页 共共 30 30 页页每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个(相当于一个时间状语从句时间状语从句 after everyone was seatedafter everyone was seat
36、ed)2 2 表示原因的表示原因的-ing-ing 形式作形式作“独立主格结构独立主格结构”TheThe boyboy leadingleading thethe way,way,wewe hadhad nonotroubletrouble findingfinding thethe strangestrange cave.cave.由那个由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句(相当于一个原因状语从句 Because theBecause the boyboyled the wayled the way)ManyMan
37、y eyeseyes watchingwatching him,him,hehe feltfelt a a bitbitnervous.nervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。张。(相当于一个原因状语从句(相当于一个原因状语从句 As many eyesAs many eyeswere watching himwere watching him)必背:必背:含有含有 beingbeing 的独立主格结构。的独立主格结构。It being National Day todayIt being National Day today,the streetsth
38、e streetsareare veryvery crowded.crowded.今天是国庆节今天是国庆节,街上很拥街上很拥挤。挤。=AsAs it it isis NationalNational DayDay today,today,thethestreets are very crowded.streets are very crowded.ThereThere beingbeing nono furtherfurther businessbusiness totodiscuss,discuss,wewe allall wentwent home.home.没有别的事可没有别的事可讨论,
39、我们都回家了。讨论,我们都回家了。第第 13 13 页页 共共 30 30 页页=As there=As there was no further business towas no further business todiscuss,we all went home.discuss,we all went home.3 3 表示条件的表示条件的-ing-ing 形式作形式作“独立主格结构独立主格结构”Time permitting,we will have a picnicTime permitting,we will have a picnicnext week.next week.时间
40、允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句(相当于一个条件状语从句 If timeIf timepermits)permits)My health allowing,I will work far intoMy health allowing,I will work far intothe night.the night.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当(相当于一个条件状语从句于一个条件状语从句 If my health allowsIf my health allows)4 4 表示方式的表示
41、方式的-ing-ing 形式作形式作“独立主格结构独立主格结构”The students are walking in the schoolThe students are walking in the schoolhappily,happily,eacheach wearingwearing a a cardcard inin frontfront ofofhis chest.his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带每个人胸前都带着一张卡。着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句(相当于一个并列分句andand eacheachwears a card i
42、n front of his chestwears a card in front of his chest)TheThe boyboy laylay onon thethe grass,grass,hishis eyeseyeslooking at the sky.looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一(相当于一第第 14 14 页页 共共 30 30 页页个并列分句个并列分句 andandhishis eyeseyes werewerelookinglooking atatthe skythe sky)C C-ed-ed
43、 形式形式“独立主格结构独立主格结构”与逻辑主语与逻辑主语+动词的动词的-ing-ing 形式一样,如果形式一样,如果-ed-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需就需要用要用-ed-ed 形式的独立主格结构。形式的独立主格结构。TheThebookbookwrittenwritteninin simplesimpleEnglish,English,English beginners were able to read it.English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看该书是用
44、简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。懂。=AsAs thethe bookbookwaswaswrittenwritten inin simplesimpleEnglishEnglish,EnglishEnglish beginnersbeginnerswerewereableable totoread it.read it.TheThe workersworkersworkedworkedstillstill harder,harder,theirtheirliving conditions greatly improved.living conditions greatly improved
45、.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得他们工作得更起劲了。更起劲了。=AsAstheirtheirlivingliving conditionsconditionswereweregreatlygreatly improved,improved,thetheworkersworkersworkedworkedstill harder.still harder.HeHewaswaslisteninglistening attentivelyattentively inin class,class,第第 15 15 页页 共共 30 30 页页his eyes f
46、ixed on the blackboard.his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。=He was listening attentively in class,=He was listening attentively in class,andandhishiseyeseyeswerewerefixedfixedononthetheblackboard.blackboard.TheThetasktaskcompleted,hecompleted,hehadhadtwotwomonths leave.m
47、onths leave.任务完成以后,任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。他休了两个月的假。(=When=Whenthe task had been completed,he had twothe task had been completed,he had twomonths leave.months leave.)比较:比较:动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动动词词-ed-ed 形式表示动作已经结束,形式表示动作已经结束,动词动词-ing-ing 形式往形式往往表示动作正在进行。往表示动作正在进行。TheThemanagermanagerlooksl
48、ooksworriedworried,manymanythingsthings toto settle.settle.经理看上去很着急经理看上去很着急,有这么有这么多的事情要处理。多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式经理本人来处理,用不定式 to settleto settle)TheThemanagermanagerlookslooksrelaxed,relaxed,manymanythings settled.things settled.许多事情已经处理好了,许多事情已经处理好了,经理经理看上去很轻松。看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好
49、了,(事情已经处理好了,用动词用动词-ed-ed形式形式 settledsettled 表示动作已经结束)表示动作已经结束)第第 16 16 页页 共共 30 30 页页TheThe foodfood beingbeing cooked,cooked,thethe boyboy waswaswatching TV.watching TV.小孩一边做饭,小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。一边看电视。(两(两个动作同时进行)个动作同时进行)The food cooked,the boy went to bed.The food cooked,the boy went to bed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了。饭
50、做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)一、已做好,小孩才去睡觉的)一、动词独立主动词独立主格结构格结构“逻辑主语逻辑主语+being+being+其他其他”是独立主格结构中是独立主格结构中的的“逻辑主语逻辑主语+动词动词-ing-ing 形式形式”的一种形式。的一种形式。在这在这种结构中,种结构中,beingbeing 往往可以被省去,这种省去往往可以被省去,这种省去beingbeing 的结构,称之为无动词的结构,称之为无动词“独立主格结构独立主格结构”。A A逻辑主语逻辑主语+名词名词TenTenstudentsstudentsenterede