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1、第十一章虚拟语气虚拟语气是中学英语语法中较难的部分，新大纲对此不作要求，近年高考没有考查它在条件句中的用 法，但高中英语新教材中出现了不少使用虚拟语气的句子，高考在考查情态动词时有涉及虚拟语气的题目， 所以解虚拟语气的用法是必要的。虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实 情况。一、虚拟语气在非真实条件从句中的用法非真实条件句所假设的是不可能有的条件，或者是与事实相反的条件，这又可以分为三种情况。（一）表示与现在事实相反谓语动词的形式如下：条件从句主句动词过去式（be用were）wou ld/shou ld/could/mi ght+动词 原形I
2、* d come too if I had time to spare.我如果匀得出时间的话,我也愿意来。（这句话的含义是:我 匀不出时间，所以也就不能来）If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得怎 样急救，那么就可以挽救许多人的生命（二）表示与过去事实相反谓语动词的形式如下：条件从句主句had+过去分词would/should/could/might+havc+ 过去分词She would hove come if she hadnt been so busy.要不是太忙，她就
3、来了。（实际情况是她没有来）If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many deaths.要是 飓风发生在白天，那么死亡人数还会更多。（实际情况是飓风发生在夜间）（三）表示与将来事实相反谓语动词的形式如下：条件从句主句动词过去式（should/could+动词原形：wou 1 d/shou 1 d/cou 1 d/m i gh t+动词were io动词原形）原形If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production
4、 would be much higher. 如 果农民能为自己种地，粮食产量还会更高。If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see a film.明天要是星期天,我会去看场电影的。注意lif的省略如果条件从句的谓语动词中含有were, had, should,可省略连词if,把were, had, should放在主 语前构成倒装。如果条件从句是否定式，倒装时只能把not放在主语之后，不能用缩写式把not放在主语 之前。如：Were T you （=1 f I were you ）, I wou 1 d do more practice aft
5、er class,如果我是你，我会在课 下多做练习。Had you arrived （= you had arrived） at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train.如果你早到车站10分钟，你就赶上火车了。Should he come （=If he should come）, tell him to ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。注意2含蓄条件句所谓含蓄条件句，是指if条件从句没有被明确表达出来的条件，具体分为下列几种情况：通过不定式短语表示条件。例如：You would be
6、 a fool lo refuse his offer. （=If you should refuse his offer, you would be a fool.） 要是你拒绝他的建议，就太傻了。It would be a mistake nol lo help him. （=It would be a mistake if we did not help him.） 如果不帮助他那就会是一个错谯厂It would hurt us t。act hastily. （=,i we were to act hastily.）仓促行事会对我们不利的。通过介词短语表达条件。例如：Without st
7、eel （=lf there were no steel）, there would be no industry.没有钢铁，就不可能有工 业. 一Della couldn, t have lived through Christmas without giving Jim a present. （=,if she hadn t given Jim a present.德拉不送给吉姆一件礼物，他简直过不了圣诞节。But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier. (=If it had not been for the storm-*) 要
8、不是那场暴雨，我早就到达了。通过连词 otherwise, or, but, but that, though, once 等表达条件。例如：She came to town yesterday, otherwise/or I would not have met her. (otherwise/or=i f she hadn t come)昨天她到城里来了，不然她就不会遇见她了。I would have attended the meeting, but I have been too busy. (=,-if I had not been too busy) 我本来要参加会议的，只是太忙了
9、。Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. (though=if he had cared for money)爱因斯坦时钱不感兴趣，尽管他本来可以成为非常富有的人。Once lost(=Tf it were once lost), it wou 1 d be hard to find. 一旦失去，便不容易找到了。We should have come, but ihal wc had an accidcnl. (= if we hadn t had an accident)倘若无 事故，我们早就
10、来了。通过分词短语表达条件。例如：Given more allenlien, the trees could have grown better. (=if they had been given more attention)倘若给予更多的关心，这些树本来可以生长得更好的。Supposing it should rain, we would still go. (=If it were to/should rain)假如下雨的话， 我们还是要去。无词句暗示条件。例如：Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误本来可以避免的。(暗示条件从句if we
11、had been more careful)It was so quiet, you could have heard a pin drop.是那样难过的安静，掉根针你都能听得见。(暗 示条件从句 if it had dropped to the ground)注意3错综时间条件句有时，条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间不致。遇到这种情况，应根据不同的时间概念，适 当调整主句和从句的动词形式。如：If the doctor hadnt come , the patient would be dead by now.要是大夫不来的话，病人现在 就会死去了。If China had not be
12、en liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life. 如果中国没被解放，劳动人民现在仍会过着悲惨的生活。二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在It+be+某些形容词或过去分词+主语从句”的句型中，主语从句中的动词形式通常为should+动 词原形”，也可以直接用动词原形。本句型常用的形容词有necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential等;常用的过去分词通常是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested, requir
13、ed, requested, demanded, proposed, ordered, desired, advised, urged 等。如：It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once.这个问题需要立即讨论。It is strange that he (should) have so many friends.真奇怪,他居然有这么多的朋友。It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off.已决定推迟会议。三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法(一)炉在表示
14、命令、建议等意义的动词后的宾语从句中在表示提议、要求、命令、意愿、决定等意义的动词(如suggest, decide, require, request, demand, propose, insist, order, prefer等)后的宾语从句中,常用should+动词原形，should常被省略。如： lie ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane.他命令用专机送药品。They proposed ihai the prize be given to our monitor.他们建议把奖品给我们的班长。教你巧
15、学巧记：巧记10个虚拟动词英语中有些动词后面的宾语从句或某些主语从句的谓语动词，常用虚拟语气“(should)十动词 原形这些动词要逐个记忆是比较困难的，下面介绍儿个巧记方法：1. “一、二、三、四”法。即：一个坚持，两个命令，三个建议，四个要求.一个“坚持(insist)” :The doctor insisted that I(should)give up smoking.医生坚持要我戒烟。两个“命令(order, command)n :The general ordered that the enemy soldiers (should) lay down their arms.将军命令
16、敌兵放 下武以He commanded that all his men (should) get to the front before darkness.他命令部下天黑前 赶到前3。三个“建议(suggest, propose, advise)”:The headmaster suggested that we (should)make better use of our spare time.校长建议我们 更好地利用业余时间。The teacher proposed that John （should） get down to his study.老师建议约翰静下心来好好学 习。They
17、 advised that steps（should）be taken at once.他们建议马上采取措施。四个”要求（demand, require, request, ask）”:The teacher demanded that the students （should） hand in the paper before eleven.老师要求 学生11点前交卷。Father requires that his son （should） not make such noise in the room. 爸爸要求孩子别在 屋里大嚷。The workers requested that t
18、he working conditions （should） be furlher improved. 工人们 要求进一步改善工作条件。She asks that he （should） be given an opportunity to try this method. 他要求给他一个机 会试验这办法。2. Discrop（无收获）”法。由这个词的每一个字母联想一个词或两个词：demand, insist, suggest, command, request, require, order, propose。（例句见 D3. 用句联想法。由句子I drop cars”的每一个字母联想一个或
19、两个动词：insist, demand, request, order, propose command advise, ask, require, suggest.（例子见 1）注意:这三种方法只是帮助记忆的一些方法。其实，除这十个动词外，还有些动词，如remember, pref er 等后面的宾语从句也常用虚拟语气。就是卜.面列的十个动词后也不一定非用虚拟语气不可，在口语中不用 虚拟语气的情况也是有的。如：He insisted that Shanghai is still the biggest part in China.（宾语从句衣示的是十分确定的事实）oHis accent su
20、ggests that he is from Shandong. （suggest 不当“建议”讲,而是作暗示。）Tom insisted that he didn* t go there last night, （insist 不当坚持认为讲，而是当“坚 持说工）（二）用在wish后的宾语从句中在动词wish后的宾语从句中，从句动词用过去时表示与现在事实相反的愿望:从句动词用过去完成时 表示与过去事实相反的愿望:从句中用would/could+动词原形”则表示将来难以实现的愿望。如：I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是会操作这台机器该多好啊
21、。We wish you had come to our English evening.我们真希望你来参加了我们的英语晚会。I wish I would try again.我真希望能再试一次。（7）用在would rather/would sooner后的宾语从句中would rather和would sooner可以后接一个有自一的主语的宾语从句，从句内容是宁愿他人做什么 或宁愿某物怎么样。这种宾语从句中用过去时表示现在和将来的虚拟内容，用过去完成时表示过去的虚拟 内容。如：Id rather you went home now.我倒宁愿你现在回家。I would rather you
22、came tomorrow.我倒宁愿你明天来。I would rather you had stayed at home last night.我倒宁愿你昨天晚上呆在家里。四、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法虚拟语气用在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去时（be用were）或had+过 去分词形式。如：It seems as if it were spring already.现在仿佛已是春天了。He spoke as though he had known it.他说起话来,好像他知道了似的。五、It is time that的虚拟形式在这种情形下常用过去时。见下表
23、：句型谓语动词的虚拟形式It is(high/about)time that动词过去式（be多用were）例如：It is high time that you the bus.A. had caught B. caught C. will catch D. catch分析根据上表选B。该句型中亦可用“should+动词原形”表示对将来的虚拟。六、比较 if only 与 only ifonly if表示只有；if only则表示如果就好了。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如:I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响就好了。If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。