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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1按照查尔斯.达尔文的理论，自然选择依据四个原则。第一，繁殖是在自然环境内发生的。第二，一个物种的基因，即包含个体特征的生命基本单位，要传给后代。这些基因具有一定程度的随机可变性；也就是说，将不同的特征分散到一个物种的各个成员。第三，由于一个物种的成员具有不同的特征，一些成员在自然环境中的生存机会比其他成员多一些，把遗传特征传给下一地啊的机会也多一些。第四，世世代代以来，在自然环境中帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会在一个物种中变成共同的特征，而不曾帮助生存的那些遗传特征往往会消失。 According to Charles Darwin, natural selectio
2、n is based on four principles. First, reproduction occurs within a natural environment. Second, the genes of a species, the basic units of life that contain the individuals traits, are passed on to offspring. These genes have a degree of random variability; that is, different characteristics are dis
3、tributed among the members of a species. Third, because the members of a species possess different characteristics, some members have a better chance of surviving in the natural environment than do othersand of passing their particular genetic traits to the next generation. Fourth, over thousands of
4、 generations, those genetic traits that aid survival in the natural environment tend to become common in a species, while those that do not tend to disappear.2、从前有一个人，他有一个梦。他梦到一片和平与和谐的土地。他梦到一个不以肤色评判人的地方。他梦到一个国家，在那里不同种族的孩子们在一起玩。他梦到一个国家，在那里所有的人都是平等的。有些人不喜欢他的梦，他们说这个梦永远不会实现。有些人则对他的梦喝彩，他们想实现这个梦。对一些人而言，这个
5、崇高的理想已经实现，而对另一些人而言，还只是一个幻想。这个人，马丁.路德.金博士，在1963年的一篇有名的演讲“我有一个梦”中表达了他的理想。其实这个根植于“美国梦”的理想，并不是个完全新奇的主张。从一开始，这个由移民所组成的国家，便欢迎渴望自由和追求生活新起点的人的到来。但不同种族的到来同时也造成了紧张的氛围。Once a man had a dream. He dreamed of a land of peace and harmony. He dreamed of a place where people were not judged by their skin color. He d
6、reamed of a country where children of different races could play together. He dreamed of a nation where all people were equal. Some people didnt like his dream. They said it would never happen. Some people applauded his dream. They wanted to make it happen. This noble vision has come true for some.
7、For others, its still just a fantasy.In 1963, this man, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., expressed his vision in the famous speech, “I Have a Dream.” But the dream rooted in the American Dreamwasnt really new. From the beginning, this nation of immigrants welcomed people desiring freedom and a new start.
8、 However, the coming together of different races and ethnic groups created some tensions.3、中产阶级起源于18世纪的工业革命，当时的企业家将英国以手工生产物品的乡村社会转变成一种用工厂机器大量生产产品的城市经济。于是出现了由工厂经理和商人组成的新阶级，而且他们变得越来越富有、越来越重要。在20世纪，由于教育的发展，更多的人进入大学接受教育，中产阶级发展得很快。人们称为医生、教师或白领雇员，他们在办公室工作而不在工厂操作机器，他们形成了以受教育程度和资产而不是以出身划分的职业中产阶级。如今，大部分中产阶级人
9、士拥有自己的住房和汽车，生活舒适并鼓励子女上大学。The middle class has its origins in the 18th-century Industrial Revolution when entrepreneurs changed Britain from a village-based society in which goods were made by hand to an urban economy in which goods were made in large quantities in factories by machines. This led to
10、a new class of factory managers and traders who became increasingly rich and important. The middle class grew rapidly in the 20th century with the spread of education, giving more people access to colleges and universities. These people became doctors, teachers or white-collar workers, people workin
11、g in an office rather than operating machines in a factory, and formed a professional middle class based on education and money rather than on birth. Most middle-class people now own their own house and car, have a comfortable lifestyle, and encourage their children to go to university.4、未来，水资源的缺乏可能
12、会引起一些严重的问题。首先它可能会产生更多的健康问题。水资源的缺乏常常意味着饮用水不再安全。安格曼先生说，诸如霍乱（cholera）等在水中传播的疾病会使全世界出现许多问题。水资源缺乏也会引起更多的国际冲突。一些国家可能在未来不得不争夺水资源。现在有些国家，例如埃及，荷兰，伊拉克等，60%的淡水来自国外。此外，水资源缺乏将影响一个国家发展经济的能力，因为新工业在开始阶段经常需要大量的水。Lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of wate
13、r often means drinking water is not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of disease, such as cholera, which are carried in water. Lack of water may also result in more international conflicts. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now
14、get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherland, and Iraq. Besides, lack of water would affect the ability to improve their economies, because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.5、在所有和吸烟有关的疾病中，也许人们最容易忽略的就是吸烟上瘾。
15、然而，1999年8月克林顿总统宣布尼古丁为使人上瘾的麻醉药物。2000年3月，生产切斯特菲尔德（Chesterfield）和云雀牌（Lark）香烟的利格特集团（the Liggett Group）承认吸烟使人上瘾并会引发癌症，并且同意向22个州支付总额为7.5亿美元的赔偿金。这22个州提起了诉讼，要求烟草公司向治疗与吸烟有关的疾病的医疗补助制度（Medicaid）进行赔偿。这件事将带来这样一个信息，大烟草公司充分意识到了他们出售的产品会使人上瘾，他们出售的产品对大众的健康影响极大。Of all the diseases associated with smoking, addiction is
16、 perhaps the one that receives the least attention. But President Clinton declared nicotine an addictive drug in August, 1990. In March, 2000, the Liggett Group, makers of Chesterfield and Lark brand cigarettes, admitted that cigarettes were addictive and cause cancer and agreed to pay about $750 mi
17、llion total to 22 states that had filed suit to force tobacco companies to pay for Medicaid for smoking-related illnesses. The Liggett deal product information that indicates major tobacco companies were fully aware the product they were selling is addictive, that the product they were selling had g
18、reat impact on public health.6、大部分人都说岁数越大，越不会盼着下个生日的到来。但对于孩子们而言，生日是一年一度的盛事在那一整天里，他们是众人关注的焦点。于是孩子的生日聚会已经成为美国的一大产业也就不足为奇了。孩子们或者更可能是他们的父母总试图超越别人，办出最奢华的生日聚会。在过去，你或许雇个人，弄匹小马（pony）在旁边转转，让所有人都骑骑马就可以了。而如今你却要租下整个动物园或者一拖车的异国（exotic）动物。Most of us would say that the older we get, the less we look forward to cel
19、ebrating another birthday. For children, though, a birthday is that one occasion each year when they are the center of attention all day long. It is not surprising, then, that childrens birthday parties have turned into big business in America. Kidsor more likely their parentsoften try to outdo one
20、another in putting on the most extravagant birthday party. In the past, you might have hired a man with a pony to come by and give everyone pony rides. Today, you can hire an entire zoo or a trailer filled with exotic animals.7、西奥多.罗斯福，美国军事家、政治家、作家和探险家，毕业于哈佛大学，美国第26任总统。1900年当选副总统。1901年总统威廉.麦金莱（Willi
21、am Mckinley）被无政府主义者刺杀身亡，他接任美国总统。在总统任期内，他对美国的主要贡献是资源保护政策，他保护了许多国有森林、矿产、石油等资源，因此深受美国人民的爱戴。在对外政策方面，他主张实行扩张政策，建设强大的军队，干涉美洲事务，他曾实行过著名的大棒政策（the Big Stick policy）,对弱国态度十分粗鲁。在日俄战争（Russo-Japanese War）中，他因调停战争而获得1906年的诺贝尔和平奖。Theodore Roosevelt was a U.S. military strategist, statesman, writer and explorer, a
22、graduate of Harvard University, the 26th president of the United States. He was elected vice president in 1900. In 1901, when President William McKinley was assassinated by anarchist, he became President of the United States. In his presidential term, his main contribution to the United States was a
23、 resource conservation policy. He protected a number of state-owned forests, minerals, oil and other resources, so he was deeply loved by the people of the United States. In foreign affairs, he advocated a policy of expansion, building a strong army, and interfering in American affairs. He had imple
24、mented the Big Stick policy; and carried a very rude attitude toward weak countries, In 1906, he won a Nobel Pease Prize for his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War.8、美国高等教育的革命从19世纪60年代中期到19世纪80年代中期，改变可美国高等教育并使其现代化。这场革命中有三个互相作用的因素。刘伟教育界领导者的出现保证了所需的个人影响力。除此之外，几乎所有历史悠久的学院和校友和朋友都公开要求更新、更实用、更先进的教学，这种呼声发
25、展成压倒保守派的一场运动。在东部地区教会的领导人被抛弃，而西部地区的学校则扩大了学习范围，树立了一种新的社会责任感，这样教育水平也得到了很大的提升。To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid 1860s to the mid 1880s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a half dozen leaders in education p
26、rovided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range if studies and a new sense of public duty.专心-专注-专业