2022年高考真题试卷理科综合.docx

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1、2022年一般高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合力气测试可能用到的相对原子质量:H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Mg 24 S 32 Fe 56 Cu 64一、选择题:此题共13个小题,每题6分。共78分,在每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项为哪一项符合 题目要求的。1 .关于真核生物的遗传信息及其传递的表达,错误的选项是A.遗传信息可以从DNA流向RNA,也可以从RNA流向蛋白质B.细胞中以DNA的一条单链为模板转录出的RNA均可编码多肽C.细胞中DNA分子的碱基总数与全部基因的碱基数之和不相等D.染色体DNA分子中的一条单链可以转录出不同的RNA分子.取燕麦胚芽鞘切段,随机分成三组,第1组

2、置于确定浓度的蔗糖(Sue)溶液中蔗糖能进入胚芽鞘细 胞),第2组置于适宜浓度的生长素(IAA)溶液中,第3组置于IAA+ Sue溶液中,确定时间内测定胚 芽鞘长度的变化,结果如以下列图。用KCI代替蔗糖进展上述试验可以得到一样的结果。以下说法不合理 的是轴-三3法正一轴-三3法正一A. KCI可进入胚芽鞘细胞中调整细胞的渗透压B.胚芽鞘伸长生长过程中,件随细胞对水分的吸取C.本试验中Sue是作为能源物质来提高IAA作用效果的D. IAA促进胚芽鞘伸长的效果可因参与Sue或KC1而提高3.细胞内有些tRNA分子的反密码子中含有稀有碱基次黄喋吟(I),含有I的反密码子在与mRNA中的密 码子互补

3、配对时,存在如以下列图的配对方式(Gly表示甘氨酸)。以下说法错误的选项是用如下工艺流程回收其中的镁制备硫酸镁晶体(NiSO4 - 7H2。):N30H溶液稀H】S0溶液NhOH溶液硫酸银晶体废锲催化剂一滤液 滤渣滤渣溶液中金属离子开头沉淀和完全沉淀的pH如下表所示:金属离子Ni2+A13+Fe3+Fe2+开头沉淀时(c-0.01 mol-L-i)的pH7.23.72.27.5沉淀完全时(c= 1.0x10-5 mol-L-d 的 pH8.74.73.29.0答复以下问题:0“碱浸”中NaOH的两个作用分别是 o为回收金属,用稀硫酸将“滤液”调为中性,生成沉淀。写出该反响的离子方程式2 “滤液

4、”中含有的金属离子是 oo假设工艺流程改为先“调pH”后“转化”,即o假设工艺流程改为先“调pH”后“转化”,即滤渣9 “转化”中可替代H2O9的物质是NaOH溶液H?0:溶液,“滤液”中可能含有的杂质离子为4利用上述表格数据,计算Ni(0H)2的K=列出计算式)。假设“转化”后的溶液中Ni2+浓度为1.0 mobL-1,那么“调pH”应把握的pH范围是。5 硫酸锲在强碱溶液中用NaClO氧化,可沉淀出能用作银镉电池正极材料的NiOOH。写出该反响的离子方程式 O将分别出硫酸银晶体后的母液收集、循环使用,其意义是 o28. (14 分)二氧化碳催化加氢合成乙烯是综合利用CO?的热点争辩领域。答

5、复以下问题:(1) CO2催化加氢生成乙烯和水的反响中,产物的物质的量之比h(C2H4):(凡0)=o当反响 到达平衡时,假设增大压强,那么(C2Hn(填“变大”“变小”或“不变”)。(2)理论计算说明,原料初始组成(CO): (凡)=1 : 3,在体系压强为O.IMPa,反响到达平衡时,四种组分的物质的量分数X随温度7的变化如以下列图。图中,表示C,HgCO,变化的曲线分别是、oCO?催化加氢合成C2H4反响的AH 0(填乙 I44X* I“大于”或“小于”)。(3)依据图中点A(440K, 0.39),计算该温度时反响的平衡常数=(MPa)-3(列出计算式。以 分压表示,分压二总压x物质的

6、量分数)。(4)二氧化碳催化加氢合成乙烯反响往往伴随副反响,生成C8、C4H8等低碳烧。确定温度和 压强条件下,为了提高反响速率和乙烯选择性,应当 o29. (10 分) 参照表中内容,围绕真核细胞中ATP的合成来完成下表。反响部位叶绿体的类囊体膜线粒体反响物葡萄糖丙酮酸等反响名称光合作用的光反响有氧呼吸的局部过程合成ATP的能量来源化学能13)化学能终产物除ATP外)乙醇、co215)30. 10 分)给奶牛挤奶时其乳头上的感受器会受到制激,产生的兴奋沿着传入神经传到脊髓能反射性地引起乳腺排乳;同时该兴奋还能上传到下丘脑促使其合成催产素,进而促进乳腺排乳。答复以下问题:(1)在完成一个反射的

7、过程中,一个神经元和另个神经元之间的信息传递是通过 这一构造来完成的。(2)上述排乳调整过程中,存在神经调整和体液调整。通常在哺乳动物体内,这两种调整方式之间的关系是 o(3)牛奶的主要成分有乳糖和蛋白质等,组成乳糖的2种单糖是 o牛奶中含有人体所需的必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸是指 o31. (9分)假设某种蓝藻(A)是某湖泊中唯一的生产者,其密度极大,使湖水能见度降低。某种动物B)是该 湖泊中唯一的消费者。答复以下问题:(1)该湖泊水体中A种群密度极大的可能缘由是 (答出2点即可)。(2)画出该湖泊生态系统能量流淌的示意图。(3)假设该湖泊中引入一种仅以A为食的动物1C)后,C种群能够快速壮大,

8、那么C和B的种间关系 是 O32. (10 分)一般小麦是H前世界各地栽培的重要粮食作物。一般小麦的形成包括不同物种杂交和染色体加倍过程,如以下列图(其中A、B、D分别代表不同物种的一个染色体组,每个染色体组均含7条染色体)。在此根 底上,人们又通过杂交育种培育出很多优良品种。答复以下问题:一粒小麦x斯氏麦草:(AA) (BB)杂种一拟二粒小麦x滔氏麦草: (AABB) (DD) 杂种二 I 普通小麦 (AABBDD)(1)在一般小麦的形成过程中,杂种一是高度不育的,缘由是 O 一般小麦是杂种二染色体加倍形成的多倍体,一般小麦体细胞中有 条染色体。一般来说,与二倍体相比,多倍体的优点是 (答出

9、2点即可)。(2)假设要用人工方法使植物细胞染色体加倍,可承受的方法有答出1点即可)。(3)现有甲、乙两个一般小麦品种(纯合体I甲的表现型是抗病易倒伏,乙的表现型是易感病抗倒伏。 假设要以甲、乙为试验材料设计试验获得抗病抗倒伏且稳定遗传的品种,请简要写出试验思路。 二选考题:共45分。请考生从2道物理题、2道化学题、2道生物题中每科任选一题作答。假设多做, 那么每科按所做的第一题计分。33.物理选修3-3 (15分)5分)如图,一开口向上的导热气缸内。用活塞封闭了确定质量的抱负气体,活塞与气缸壁间无摩擦。现用外力作用在活塞上。使其缓慢下降。环境温度保持不变,系统始终处于平衡状态。在活塞下降过程

10、中降过程中填正确答案标号。选对1个得2分。选对2个得4分,选对3个得5分;每选错1个扣3分,最低得分为。分)A.气体体积渐渐减小,内能增知B.气体压强渐渐增大,内能不变C.气体压强渐渐增大,放出热量D.外界对气体做功,气体内能不变E.外界对气体做功,气体吸取热量(10分)如图,两侧粗细均匀、横截面积相等、高度均为”二18cm的U型管,左管上端封闭,右管上端开口。右管中有高h = 4cm的水银柱,水银柱上外表离管口的距离1= 12cm。管底水平段的体积可无视。环境温度为r = 283Ko大气压强P0 = 76cmHg。(i)现从右侧端口缓慢注入水银(与原水银柱之间无气隙),恰好使水银柱下端到达右

11、管底部。此时 水银柱的高度为多少?(ii)再将左管中密封气体缓慢加热,使水银柱上外表恰与右管口平齐,此时密封气体的温度为多少? 34 .物理选修3-4 (15分)(1) (5分)如图,一列简谐横波平行于x轴传播,图中的实线和虚线分别为仁0和仁0.1 s时的波形 图。平衡位置在x=6 m处的质点,在。到0.1 s时间内运动方向不变。这列简谐波的周期为 s波速为 m/s,传播方向沿x轴口真“正方向”或“负方向力。(2) (10分)如图,一折射率为,力勺材料制作的三棱镜,其横截面为直角三角形ABC NA=90。,ZB=30o 一束平行光平行于3C边从AB边射入棱镜,不计光线在棱镜内的屡次反射,求AC

12、边与BC边上 有光出射区域的长度的比值。3化学选修3:物质构造与性质15分)氨硼烷(NHRH,)含氢量高、热稳定性好,是一种具有潜力的固体储氢材料。答复以下问题:(1) H、B、N中,原子半径最大的是 o依据对角线规章,B的一些化学性质与元素 的相像。(2) NH3BH3分子中,NB化学键称为键,其电子对由供给。氨硼烷在催化剂作用下水解释 放氢气:3NH BH +6H O=3NH + B 03- +9H 33233 62()I应00X 1BO3一的构造为。()。在该反响中,B原子的杂化轨道类型由 变为 o3 6(3) NHBHr分子中,与N原子相连的H呈正电性Hb+),与B原子相连的H呈负电性

13、H、),电负 JJ性大小挨次是 O与NH3BH3原子总数相等的等电子体是 (写分子式),其熔点比NH.BH,(填“高”或低”),缘由是在NH3BH3分子之间,存在,也 称“双氢键”。(4)争辩觉察,氨硼烷在低温高压条件下为正交晶系构造,晶胞参数分别为a pm、b pm、c pm,a=/=y=90o o氨硼烷的2x2x2超晶胞构造如以下列图。氨硼烷晶体的密度/gcm3列出计算式,设Na为阿伏加德罗常数的值)。36.化学一一选修5:有机化学根底15分)苯基环丁烯酮(PCBO)是一种格外活泼的反响物,可利用它的开环反响合成一系 列多官能团化合物。近期我国科学家报道用PCBO与醛或酮发生4+2环加成反

14、响,合成了具有生物活性的 多官能团化合物(E),局部合成路线如下:CHUCHO :)Na()H/H2()B(CgHKhH)l)KMn()4/OH- 2)H*NaOH/H如下信息:CHO答复以下问题:1 1) A的化学名称是。2 2) B的构造简式为 o该步反响中,假设反响温度过高,C易发生脱该步反响中,假设反响温度过高,C易发生脱(3)由C生成D所用的试别和反响条件为竣反响,生成分子式为CgH/)的副产物,该副产物的构造简式为oo o Z(4)写出化合物E中含氧官能团的名称; E中手性碳注:连有四个不同的原子或基团的碳)的个数为 o(5M为C的一种同分异构体。:1 mol M与饱和碳酸氢钠溶液

15、充分反响能放出2 moi二氧化碳;M与酸性高镒酸钾溶液反响生成对苯二甲酸。M的构造简式为(6)对于(6)对于,选用不同的取代基RL在催化剂作用下与PCBO发生的4+2反响进展深入争辩,R”对产率的影响见下表:Rch3一C2H5CH.CH.CH, ZZ o 产率/%918063请找出规律,并解释缘由.生物选修1:生物技术实践(15分)水果可以用来加工制作果汁、果酒和果醋等。答复以下问题:(1)制作果汁时,可以使用果胶酶、纤维素酶等提高水果的出汁率和澄清度。果胶酶是分解果胶的一 类酶的总称,包括多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、答出2种即可)。纤维素酶可以分解 植物填“细胞膜”或“细胞壁中的纤维素。(2)用果胶酶

16、处理果泥时,为了提高出汁率,需要把握反响的温度,缘由是 o(3)现有甲乙丙三种不同来源的果胶酶,某同学拟在果泥用量、温度、pH等全部条件都一样的前提下 比拟这三种酶的活性。通常,酶活性的凹凸可用 来表示。(4)获得的果汁(如苹果汁可以用来制作果酒或者果醋,制作果酒需要 菌,这一过程中也需要。2,。2的作用是。制作果醋需要醋酸菌,醋酸菌属于 (填“好氧”或“厌氧9细菌。37 .生物选修3:现代生物科技专题(15分)W是一种具有特定功能的人体蛋白质。某争辩小组拟仿照制备乳腺生物反响器的争辩思路,制备一种 膀胱生物反响器来获得W,根本过程如以下列图。(1)步骤中需要使用的工具酶有 O步骤和所代表的操

17、作分别是和 O步骤称为 C(2)与乳腺生物反响器相比,用膀胱生物反响器生产W 的优势在于不受转基因动物的答出2点即可)的限制。(3) 一般来说,在同一动物个体中,乳腺上皮细胞与膀胱上皮细胞的细胞核中染色体DNA所含的遗传信息填“一样”或“不同”),缘由是 o(4)从上述流程可知,制备生物反响器涉及胚胎工程,胚胎工程中所用到的主要技术有 答出2点即可)。2022年一般高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷III)第一局部听力(共两节,总分值30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容完毕后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡 上。第一节(共5小题;每题1.5分,总分值7.5分)听下面5段对话

18、。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项。听完 每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例J : How much is the shirt?A. 19.15.B.9.18.C. 9.15.答案是C。1. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a supermarket.B. In the post office.C. In the street.2. What did Carl do?A. He designed a medal.B. He fixed

19、a TV set.C. He took a test.3. What does the man do?A. Hes a tailor.B. Hes a waiter.C. Hes a shop assistant.4. When will the flight arrive?A. At 18:20.B. At 18:35.C. At 18:50.5. How can the man improve his article?A. By deleting unnecessary words.B. By adding a couple of points.C. By correcting gramm

20、ar mistakes.其次节共15小题;每题L5分,总分值22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确 选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答 时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料,答复第6、7题。6. What does Bill often do on Friday night?A. Visit his parents.B. Go to the movies.C. Walk along Broadway.7. Who watches musical plays most

21、 often?A. Bill.B. Aarah.C. Bills parents.听第7段材料,答复第8至10题。8. Why does David want to speak to Mike?A. To invite him to a party.B. To discuss a schedule.C. To call off a meeting.9. What do we know about the speakers?A. They are colleagues.B. They are close friends.C. Theyve never met before.听第8段材料,答复第1

22、0至12题。10. What kind of camera does the man want?A. A TV camera.B. A video camera.C. A movie camera.11. Which function is the man most interested in?A. Underwater filming.B. A large memory.C. Auto-focus.12. How much would the man pay for the second camera?A. 950 euros.B. 650 euros.C. 470 euros.听第9段材料

23、,答复第13至16题。13. Who is Clifford?A. A little girl.B. The mans pet.A. 一种反密码子可以识别不同的密码子B.密码子与反密码子的碱基之间通过氢键结合C. tRNA分子由两条链组成,mRNA分子由单链组成D. mRNA中的碱基转变不愿定造成所编码氨基酸的转变.以下有关人体免疫调整的表达,合理的是A.假设病原体不具有细胞构造,就不会使人体产生抗体B.病原体裂解后再注射到人体,就不会使人体产生抗体C.病原体外表假设不存在蛋白质分子,就不会使人体产生抗体D.病原体经吞噬细胞处理后暴露出的抗原可使人体产生抗体.冠病毒是一种RNA病毒。冠肺炎疫情

24、给人们的生活带来了巨大影响。以下与冠肺炎疫情防控相关的表 达,错误的选项是A.冠病毒含有核酸和蛋白质,通过核酸检测可排查冠病毒感染者B.教室经常开窗通风可以促进空气流淌,降低室内病原微生物的密度C.通常冠肺炎患者的病症之一是发烧,因此可以通过体温测量初步排查D.每天适量饮酒可以预防冠肺炎,由于酒精可以使细胞内的病毒蛋白变性.生态系统的物质循环包括碳循环和氮循环等过程。以下有关碳循环的表达,错误的选项是A.消费者没有参与碳循环的过程B.生产者的光合作用是碳循环的重要环节C. 土壤中微生物的呼吸作用是碳循环的重要环节D.碳在无机环境与生物群落之间主要以CO?形式循环7.宋代千里江山图描绘了山清水秀

25、的秀丽风光,历经千年颜色照旧,其中绿色来自孔雀石颜料(主要 成分为Cu(OH)2CuCO,青色来自蓝铜矿颜料(主要成分为Cu(OH) .2CuCO )。以下说法错误的选项是323A.保存千里江山图需把握温度和湿度B.孔雀石、蓝铜矿颜料不易被空气氧化C. A fictional character.14. Who suggested that Norman paint for childrens books?A. His wife.B. Elizabeth.C. A publisher.15. What is Normans story based on?A. A book.B. A paint

26、ing.C. A young woman.16. What is it that shocked Norman?A. His unexpected success.B. His efforts made in vain.C. His editors disagreement.听第10段材料,答复第17至20题。17. Who would like to make small talk according to the speaker?A. Relatives.B. Strangers.C. Visitors.18. Why do people have small talk?A. To exp

27、ress opinions.B. To avoid arguments.C. To show friendliness.19. Which of the following is a frequent topic in small talk?A. Politics.B. Movies.C. Salaries.20. What does the speaker recommend at the end of his lecture?A. Asking open-ended questions.B. Feeling free to change topics.C. Making small tal

28、k interesting.其次局部阅读理解(共两节,总分值40分)第一节(共15小题;每题2分,总分值30分)阅读以下短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最正确选项。AJourney Back in Time with ScholarsClassical Provence (13days)Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence, France, with Prof. Ori Z. Soltes. We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in

29、 the world. Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin. Fields of flowers, tile-roofed 瓦屋顶) villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience.Southern Spain (15days)Spain has lovely white towns and the scent (芳香)of oranges, but it is also a treasury of a

30、ncient remains including the cities left by the Greeks, Romans and Arabs. As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to historic Toledo, Roman Merida and into Andalucia, we explore historical monuments and architecture.Chinas Sacred Landscapes (21 days)Discover the China of upast ages,

31、 its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp. Highlights (精彩之处)include Chinas most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzboifs rolling hills, waterways and peaceful temples. We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.Tun

32、isia (17days)Join Prof. Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour. Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga , the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata, uique for underground cities. Our journey takes us to picturesque Ber

33、ber villages and lovely beaches.21. What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain?A. Historical monuments.B. Fields of flowers.C. Van Goghs paintings.D. Greek buildings.22. Which country is Prof. Thorp most knowledgeable about?A. France.B. Spain.C. China.D. Tunisia.23. Which of

34、 the following highlight the Tunisian tour?A. White towns. B. Underground cities. C. Tile-roofed villages. D. Rolling hills.When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they werent there to thr

35、ow red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”The creative team behind Apes used motion-capture ( 动作捕获)technology to create digitalized animals, spending te

36、ns of millions of dollars on technology that I recor ds an actors performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像).In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.Yet Apes is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One

37、nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs an more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including Water for Elephants,“ The Hangover Part II and Zookeeper,“ have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures

38、acting in them haven t been treatedproperly.In some cases, ifs not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; i ts the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which s

39、ometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.24. Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?A. To see famous film stars.B. To oppose wearing fur coats.C. To raise money for animal protection.D. To express thanks to some filmmakers.25. What does paragraph 2

40、 mainly talk about?A. The cost of making Apes.”8. The creation of digitalized apes.C. The publicity about Apes.”D. The performance of real apes.26. What does the underlined phrase keeping tabs on in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Listing completely.B. Directing professionally.C. Promoting successfully

41、.D. Watching carefully.27. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?A. They may be badly treated.B. They should take further training.C. They could be traded illegallyD. They would lose popularity.CWith the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独

42、),more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house

43、in Bristol - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at

44、a house, says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”And what does Nick think? ”From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”Its hard to tell exactly how many

45、 people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2022 to 419,000 in 2022.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common.

46、 Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year- olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to b

47、e about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband s family when they get married.28. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?A. Nick.B. Rita.C

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