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1、Waste water Management Fact Sheet-Energy Conservation废水管理情况说明书节能EPA 832-F-06-024 Office of Water July 2006INTRODUCTION 引言Continual increases in energy costs in the United States affect wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) just as they do other facilities. Energy costs can account fbr 30 percent of th
2、e total operation and maintenance (O&M) costs of WWTPs (Cams 2005), and WWTPs account fbr approximately 3 percent of the electric load in the United States. Furthermore, as populations grow and environmental requirements become more stringent, demand fbr electricity at such plants is expected to gro
3、w by approximately 20 percent over the next 15 years (Cams 2005). Energy conservation is thus an issue of increasing importance to WWTPs. This fact sheet describes possible practices that can be implemented to conserve energy at a WWTP.与对其他设施一样，美国能源本钱的持续增长影响污水处理厂(WWTP) o能源本钱 可占WWTP总运营和维护(O&M)本钱的30%,
4、而WWTP约占美国电力负荷的3%。另 外，随着人口增长和环境要求变得更加严格，预计这些处理厂电力需求在未来15年内将 增长约20%o因此，节能是WWTP 一个越来越重要的问题。本情况说明书描述可在WWTP 实施的节约能源的可能做法。APPLICABILITY 适用Evaluating a facility fbr energy efficiencies and adopting an energy conservation plan often result in increased treatment efficiency, along with the potential fbr incr
5、eased treatment capacity, an increased ability to meet effluent limitations, reduced O&M requirements, and reduced energy costs.评估设施的能源效率和采用节能计划通常可提高处理效率，且可能增加处理处理、提 高满足排放限制的能力、降低O&M需求和降低能源本钱。The main requirement on the part of the WWTP staff is a commitment to spend the initial time needed to evalu
6、ate the system, to follow through with the development of an energy conservation plan, and to implement the plans recommendations.对WWTP工作人员的主要要求是承诺花费评估系统所需的时间,跟进节能计划制订， 实施计划建议。(ASPS)或能量回收设备投资，可就地产能。之后这种能源可局部或全部用于运行现场工 艺或为建筑物供电，或在有适当电网输送系统时销售给其他用户。可能的ASPS包以生物 气体燃料内燃机、微型涡轮机(图2)、风力涡轮机、燃料电池和太阳能电池。一些可用 的
7、ASPS不节能，而采用就地发电代替异地发电。Figure 2. Microturbine Schematic 微涡轮机示意图The city of Pacifica, California, recently began operating 1,800 solar panels to supply a portion of the Calera Creek Water Recycling Planfs electric needs. The solar panels provide 10 to 15 percent of the treatment planfs energy needs. T
8、he facility estimates $100,000 per year in energy savings (Manekin, 2006).最近开始运行1800块太阳能电池板，满足Calera Creek水再生厂的局部电力需求。 太阳能电池板提供处理厂10%到15%的能源需求。这一设施估计每年节能$ 100000oMaking improvements to the wastewater treatment plant and the collection system has also been found to result in energy savings. In partic
9、ular, installation of an equalization basin allows the plant to even out pumping needs, and so allows fbr peak shaving by running pumps during off-peak hours (Fuller, 2003). Reducing infiltration and inflow in the collection system also can pay for itself in energy savings. By rehabilitating damaged
10、 or deteriorated sewer lines and eliminating improper connections to the system, the overall flow to the WWTP is reduced, thus reducing the amount of energy required to treat the flows.也发现改进废水处理厂和集水系统可节能。特别是安装平衡池可使处理厂平衡泵需求, 从而可以通过在非高峰时间运行泵“调峰”。减少集水系统中渗流和流入也可从节能中收回 本钱。通过修复受损或恶化的污水管线，消除与系统的不当连接，进入WWTP
11、的总流量 减少，从而减少处理这些流量所需的能量。Another improvement to a wastewater treatment that can result in large energy savings is a overflow protection Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. These systems use computers to automate process monitoring and operational control. Because such systems mon
12、itor energy usage, cost savings can be realized, along with the savings associated with enhanced process control (Fuller 2003). SCADA systems can monitor and control the activity of wastewater systems from a single location. Immediate detection of problems through diagnostic displays enables quick i
13、ntervention for fast resolution. Operators can easily compensate fbr seasonal flow and wet weather by automatically adjusting set points. Centralized control and monitoring of distribution and collection systems provides data fbr water modeling and energy use optimization, as well as predictive main
14、tenance of distributed equipment. In addition to monitoring treatment processes, SCADA systems can provide continuous monitoring and control of plant operations such as:另一个可节约大量能源的废水处理改进是溢流保护监控和数据采集(SCADA)系统。 这些系统使用计算机，实现自开工艺监测和操作控制。由于这样的系统监测用能，可实现 本钱节约，以及与增强过程控制相关的节约。SCADA系统监测和控制单一位置的废水系 统活动。通过诊断显示
15、即时检测问题，可快速干预，快速解决。操作员可通过自动调整设 定点，易于补偿季节性流量和多雨气候。分布和采集系统的集中控制和监测提供数据，用 于水建模和能源使用优化，以及预测性维护。除了监测处理工艺，SCADA系统也是连续 监测和控制处理厂运行，例如：Wastewater collection systemsRemote operationsProgrammable logic controllers systemsWater distribution废水收集系统远程操作可编程控制器系统配水Creating the most efficient electric supply purchasin
16、g strategy, optimizing load profiles, and reducing costs制定最有效的电力供应采购策略、优化负荷变化和降低本钱At many facilities, the administrators are unaware of the rate structures of their electric bills. Electricity is typically billed in two ways: (1) by the amount of energy used over a specific period, measured in kilow
17、att-hours and (2) by demand, the rate of the flow of energy, measured in kilowatts.在很多设施中，管理人员不知道其他电费单的费率结构。电费通常以两种方式计费： (1)按特定时期内使用的能量，以千瓦时为单位；(2)按需求，即能量的流量，以千瓦为单 位。Electric utilities structure their rates on the basis of the users required voltage level, the electricity usage at different hours of
18、 the day, and the peak demand. A WWTP might be operating equipment when electricity is at peak rates, resulting in unnecessary costs. Plant personnel should become familiar with the energy rate structure to determine whether they can operate equipment at o.peak hours or reduce energy consumption dur
19、ing peak-demand hours.电力公司根据用户所需的电压水平、一天中不同时间的用电量和高峰需求确费率构成。 电力处于高峰时，WWTP可能正在运行设备，导致不必要的本钱。处理厂人员应熟悉能源 费率结构，确定是否可以在非高峰时间操作设备，或在高峰需求时间减少能源消耗。For example, the WSSC revised its power purchasing to optimize energy costs at WWTPs. The WSSC purchases blocks of power supply (kilowatt-hours) at a wholesale,
20、competitive level. This provides for a predictable base load cost. The WSSC purchases its remaining kilowatt hours on the spot market. The WSSC also purchases energy (kilowatt-hours) and capacity (kilowatts) separately. As market prices shift, the electric utility shifts the WWTPs load accordingly (
21、Taylor 2005). An example of shifting loads is the use of system storage to store wastewater during periods of highest load rather than operating pumps. The stored wastewater can then be pumped and treated during periods of low demand.例如，WSSC修改其电力采购，优化WWTP能源本钱。WSSC以批发、有竞争力 水平购买电源组合(千瓦时)。这提供可预测的基础负荷本钱
22、。WSSC在现货市场上购其 余负荷。WSSC也分别购买能源(千瓦时)和容量(千瓦)。随着市场价格的变化，电力 公司相应地改变WWTP负荷。改变负荷的一个例子是在最高负荷期间使用系统储存储存 废水，而不是运行泵。之后可在低需求期间泵送和处理储存的废水。Another example, EBMUD has also changed the way it purchases electricity. EBMUD used to buy electricity solely from Pacific Gas and Electric at an average cost of $0.11 per ki
23、lowatt-hour. Now EBMUD purchases electricity from the Western Area Power Administration, which markets hydroelectric power, at an average cost of $0.06 per kilowatt-hour (Cohn 2005). It should be noted that there are risks associated with purchasing electricity on the spot market. Correct market for
24、ecasts are essential, and WWTPs must deal with price volatility in the market.另一个例子是EBMUD也改变其购买电力的方式。EBMUD过去只从Pacific Gas and Electric购买电力，平均本钱为每千瓦时0.11美元。现在EBMUD从销售水力发电的西 部地区电力管理局购买电力，平均本钱为每千瓦时0.06美元。需要注意的是，存在与从 现货市场上购买电力的相关风险。正确的市场预测至关重要，WWTP必须应对市场价格波 动。A technology often used to supplement energy
25、 usage at WWTPs is cogenerating electricity and thermal energy on-site, capturing and using anaerobic digester gas (or bio-gas). For example, EBMUD generates enough energy for approximately 50 percent of its energy needs. EBMUD is considering a digester cover that would store gas at night, creating
26、a temporary reserve that could be used during peak-demand periods. The Encina Wastewater Authority also uses digester gas (bio-gas) to generate electricity on-site. Encina has also adopted seasonally adjusted time ofuse rates from its electric company. By shifting treatment process times, Encina has
27、 been able to reduce peak-demand rates. By using the time-ofuse rates and cogeneration, Encina estimates annual savings of $350,000 per year. At EBMUD, cogeneration of electricity and thermal energy has resulted in cost savings estimated at $1.7 million annually (California Energy Commission, Encina
28、 Case Study, 2003).一种补充WWTP用能的常用技术是就地热电联产，收集和使用厌氧消化池气体(或 沼气)。例如，EBMUD产能足以满足其大约50%能源需求。EBMUD正在考虑在夜间 储存天然气的沼气池盖，形成可在需求高峰期使用的临时储藏。也使用沼气(沼气)就地 发电。Encina也采用电力公司季节性调整的使用时间费率。通过改变处理工艺时间，Encina 经能够降低高峰需求率。通过采用分时费率和热电联产，Encina估计每年可节省350000 美元。在EBMUD,电和热能联产每年节省了大约170万美元本钱。Energy Management Education 能源管理教育Ene
29、rgy conservation includes monitoring and maintaining each process in the plant. Proper maintenance and upkeep of the equipment and processes in a facility are an integral component of a complete energy conservation plan.节能包括监测和维护处理厂的每一过程。设施中设备和流程适当维护和保养是完整节 能计划的组成局部。Employee training and awareness o
30、f the energy plan and procedures need to be continually updated to ensure that the goals and energy savings are targeted.Training for plant personnel is essential as is educating the public on energy, efficiency and conservation. A good option fbr conserving energy at a WWTP is the possibility of re
31、ducing flows to the plant by reducing water use in the community.需要不断更新员工的能源计划和程序培训和意识，保证目标和针对性节能。处理厂人员培训与公众能源、效率和节约教育一样重要。WWTP节能的一个很好选择 是通过减少社区用水量进入处理厂流量的可能性。As less water flows into the plant, less volume is treated and thus less energy is consumed.An aggressive Infiltration and Inflow program can
32、 also reduce flows to the plant.Ideas for promoting water conservation includeEducating residents about high-efficiency appliances, plumbing fixtures and water-saving habitsEducating residents to reduce peak water demands to avoid the extra costs associated with operating additional pumps and equipm
33、ent during peak-flow periods由于进入处理厂的水流量越少，处理体积越少，相应的耗能越少。积极的渗流和入流程序也可减少进入处理厂的流量。促进节水的想法包括向居民宣传高效电器、管道装置和节水习惯教育居民减少高峰用水需求，防止与高峰流量期间运行更多泵和设备相关的额外本钱。 COSTS本钱Many WWTPs are beginning to identify a range of approaches fbr setting their rate structures based on full-cost recognition. Under full-cost prici
34、ng, utilities recognize their actual cost of providing service over the long term and implement pricing structures that recover costs and promote economically efficient and environmentally sound water use decisions by customers. WWTPs are encouraged to factor in the full spectrum of capital and O&M
35、costs, including energy usage (i.e., life cycle costing), in accordance with full cost pricing concepts (U.S. EPA 2006).很多WWTP开始确定一系列方法，基于全部本钱认识，设置其费率结构。在全本钱 定价下，公用事业公司确认其长期提供服务的实际本钱，并实施能够收回本钱和促进客户 做出经济高效和环保用水决策的定价结构。鼓励WWTP根据完全本钱定价概念，考虑全 部资本和O&M本钱，包括用能源(即生命周期本钱)。Energy conservation costs depend on t
36、he equipment purchased and the plans implemented. There are costs associated with tracking energy usage, equipment efficiency, and with gaining knowledge about the distribution of energy usage. Cost savings are expected as energy use decreases. According to the California Energy Commissions Electric
37、 Load Management study (2003), the Encina WWTP (36 mgd) altered the operation of certain processes to off-peak hours and realized cost savings of $50,000 per year. The study also found that the Moulton NiguelWater District, which serves 160,000 people, eliminated peak operations at several pumping s
38、tations and reduced costs by $320,000 per year. The study concluded that cost savings from implementing an energy management system to track energy for a WWTP treating an average daily flow of 15 million to 30 million gallons per day is estimated to be up to $25,000 per year.节能本钱取决于购买的设备和实施的计划。存在与跟踪
39、能源使用、设备效率以及取得 能源使用分布知识相关的本钱。预计随着能源使用量减少节省本钱。根据加州能源委员会 的电力负荷管理研究，Encina WWTP (36mgd)将某些流程操作更改为非高峰时间，实现 每年50000美元的本钱节约。这研究也发现，服务160000人的Moulton Niguel Water District消除了几个泵站的高峰期运营，每年减少了 320000美元的本钱。这一研究得出 结论，通过实施能源管理系统，跟踪WWTP处理平均每天1500万至3000万加仑日流 量，估计每年可节约高达25000美元的本钱。KEY COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY CONSER
40、VATION PLAN节能计划的关键组成A number of U.S. facilities, including the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) and the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in the San Francisco Bay area, have developed and implemented energy conservation and management plans (Taylor 2005, Cohn 2005). These pla
41、ns typically have the goal of reducing energy costs by a specified percentage.很多美国设施经制定并实施能源节约和管理计划。这些计划通常具有具体百分比的降 低能源本钱目标。The key components of an effective energy management plan are:Creating a system to track energy usage and costsPerforming energy audits of major operationsUpgrading equipment,
42、systems, and controls, including facility and collection system improvements to increase energy efficiencyDeveloping a cost-effective electric supply purchasing strategyOptimizing load profiles by shifting operations where possibleDeveloping in-house energy management training fbr operatorsThese com
43、ponents are explained more fully below.Tracking and Evaluating Energy Usage and Costs有效的能源管理计划的关键组成是：建立跟踪能源使用和本钱的体系进行主要操作能源审计升级设备、系统和控制，包括设施和集水系统改进，提高能源效率制定本钱效率高的电力供应采购策略通过可能的转换操作优化负荷变化为操作人员开展内部能源管理培训以下更全面地解释这些组成。跟踪和评估能源使用和本钱The first step in evaluating energy usage and costs at a treatment facility
44、 is gaining an understanding of where the energy is being used. This information allows the WWTP staff to identify areas fbr conservation and to determine where energy is being used inefficiently. At many WWTPs the facilitys energy use is recorded at a single recording location. The disadvantage of
45、this method is that it does not allow personnel to see the energy used by each individual process, and thus operating inefficiencies in these processes might be overlooked.评估处理设施用能和本钱的第一步是认识能源的使用位置。这一信息使WWTP工作 人员能够确定节约的区域，确定能源使用效率低的位置。在很多WWTP,设施用能在一个 记录位置记录。这种方法的缺点是人员不能看到每个工艺用能，因此可能忽略这些过程中 的低效运行。For
46、 example, the WSSC commissioned the establishment of an Energy Information System (EIS) in fiscal year 2002 (Taylor 2005). A Java Web application replaced the spreadsheets that had been used to track energy data. The EIS database tracks energy consumption, demand, and costs by major processes at the
47、 Blue Plains WWTP in Washington, DC. With this information, an energy audit can determine the most energy-intensive operations.例如,WSSC在2002财年委托建立能源信息系统(EIS) Java Web应用程序取代用于 跟踪能源数据的电子表格。EIS数据库跟踪Blue Plains WWTP主要工艺的能源消耗、需求 和本钱。采用这些信息，能源审计可确定最耗能的的操作。A facilitys energy usage can be compared with energ
48、y usage at similar facilities to identify areas that should be examined further. Once the efficiencies of different pieces of equipment and process operations are determined, the facility can begin to develop energy conservation measures by answering the following questions fbr each piece of equipme
49、nt and process:可比照设施的用能与类似设施的用能，确定应进一步分析的区域。一旦确定了不同设 备和工艺操作的效率，处理设施可通过回答每个设备和工艺以下问题，开始制定节能措施:Does the process/equipment need to run at all?Is it possible to run the process/equipment fbr fewer hours?Is it possible to shift this activity to o俘peak hours (fbr some auxiliary functions)?Are energy efficiency process modifications or equipment upgrades practical and possible while maintaining equipment efficiency?是