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1、2 20 01 15 5年年1 12 2月月份份真真题题（第第一一套套）Part I WritingPart I WritingDirection:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes towrite a short eaasy based on the picture below.You should focuson the difficulty in acquiring useful information in spite ofadvanced information technology.You are required to write a
2、tleast 150 words but no more than 200 words.We have lots of information technology.We just dont havemuch useful information.PartPart Reading Comprehension Reading ComprehensionSection ASection AAs it is,sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become abadge of honor.Plus,we live in
3、 a culture that_(37)to the late-nighter,from24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close.Its no surprise,then,that more than half of American adults dont get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eyeevery night as_(38)by sleep experts.Whether or not we can catch up on sleep-on the weekend,say
4、-is ahotly_(39)topic among sleep researches.The latest evidence suggests that whileit isnt_(40),it might help.When Liu,the UCLA sleep researcher and professorof medicine,brought_(41)sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend ofsleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night,they show
5、ed_(42)in theability of insulin(胰岛素)to process blood sugar.That suggests that catchup sleepmay undo some but not all of the damage that sleep_(43)causes,which isencouraging given how many adults dont get the hours they need each night.Still,Liu isnt_(44)to endorse the habit of sleeping less and maki
6、ng up for it later.Sleeping pills,while helpful for some,are not_(45)an effective remedyeither.“A sleeping pill will_(46)one area of the brain,but theres never goingto be a perfect sleeping pill,because you couldnt really replicates(复制)thedifferent chemicals moving in and out of different parts of t
7、he brain to go throughthe different stages of sleep,says Dr.Nancy Collop,director of the EmoryUniversity Sleep Center.A.alternativelyE.deprivationI.negotiatedB.catersF.idealJ.pierceC.chronicallyG.improvementsK.presumptionD.debatedH.necessarilyL.readyM.recommendedSection BN.surpassesO.targetClimate c
8、hange may be real,but its still not easy being green.AThe road to climate hell is paved with our good intentions.Politicians maytackle polluters while scientists do battle with carbon emissions.But the mostpervasive problem is less obvious:our own behavior.We get distracted before wecan turn down th
9、e heating.We break our promise not to fly after hearing about aneighbours trip to India.Ultimately,we cant be bothered to change our attitude.Fortunately for the planet,social science and behavioural economics may be ableto do that for us.BDespite mournful polar bears and charts showing carbon emiss
10、ions soaring,most people find it hard to believe that global warming will affect them personally.Recent polls by the Pew Research Centre in Washington,DC,found that 75-80 per centof participants regarded climate change as an important issue.But respondentsranked it last on a list of priorities.CThis
11、 inconsistency largely stems from a feeling of powerlessness.When wecant actually remove the source of our fear,we tend to adapt psychologically byadopting a range of defence mechanisms,says Tom Crompton,change strategist forthe environmental organization Word Wide Fund for Nature.DPart of the fault
12、 lies with our inner caveman.Evolution has programmed humansto pay most attention to issues that will have an immediate impact.We worry mostabout now because if we dont survive for the next minute,were not going to bearound in ten years time,says Professor Elke Weber of the Centre for Researchon Env
13、ironmental Decision at Columbia University in New York.If the Thames forResearch on Environmental Decision at Columbia University in New York.If the Thamswere lapping around Big Ben,Londoners wound face up to the problem of emissionspretty quickly.But in practice,our brain discounts the risks-andben
14、efits-associated with issues that lie some way ahead.EMatthew Rushworth,of the Department of Experimental Psychology at theUniversity of Oxford,sees this in his lab every day.One of the ways in which allagents seem to make decisions is that they assign a lower weighting to outcomes thatare going to
15、be further away in the future,he says.This is a very sensible wayfor an animal to make decisions in the wild and would have been very helpful forhumans for thousands of years.F Not any longer.By the time we wake up to the threat posed by climate changes,it could well be too late.And it were not goin
16、g to make rational decisions aboutthe future,others may have to help us to do so.G Few political libraries are without a copy of Nudge:Improving DecisionsAbout Health.Wealth and Happiness,by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein.They arguethat governments should persuade us into making better decisions-s
17、uch as saving morein our pension plans-by changing the default options.Professor Weber believes thatenvironmental policy can make use of similar tactics.If,for example,building codesincluded green construction guidelines,most developers would too lazy to challengethem.H Defaults are certainly part o
18、f the solution.But social scientists are mostconcerned about crafting messages that exploit our group mentality(心态).We needto understand what motivates people,what it is that allows them to make change.says Professor Neil Adger,of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research inNorwich.It is actual
19、ly about what their peers think of them,what their socialnorms are,what is seen as desirable in society.In other words,our inner cavemanis continually looking over his shoulder to see what the rest of the tribe are upto.I The passive attitude we have to climate change as individuals can be alteredby
20、 continuing us in-and measuring us against-our peer group.Social norms areprimitive and elemental,says Dr.Robert Cialdini,author of Influence:ThePsychology of Persuasion.Birds flock together,fish school together,cattle herdtogether just perceiving norms is enough to cause people to adjust theirbehav
21、ior in the direction of the crowd.J These norms can take us beyond good intensions.Caldini conducted a studyin San Diego in which coat hangers bearing messages about saving energy were hungon peoples doors.Some of the messages mentioned the environment,some financialsavings,others social responsibil
22、ity.But it was the ones that mentioned the actionsof neighbours that drove down power use.K Other studies show that simply providing the facility for people to comparetheir energy use with the local average is enough to cause them to modify theirbehaviour.The Conservatives plan to adopt this strateg
23、y by making utility companiesprint the average local electricity and gas usage on peoples bills.L Social science can also teach politicians how to avoid our collectivecapacity for self-destructive behavior.Environmental campaigns that tell us howmany people drive SUVs unwittingly(不经意地)imply that thi
24、s behavior is widespreadand thus permissible.Cialdini recommends some careful framing of the message.Instead of normalizing the undesirable buys yet another SUV,it reduces our abilityto be energy-independent.M Tapping into how we already see ourselves is crucial.The most successfulenvironmental stra
25、tegy will marry the green message to our own sense of identify.Take your average trade union member,chances are they will be politically motivatedand be used to collective action-much like Erica Gregory.A retired member of thePublic and Commercial ServicesUnion,she is setting upone of 1,100 action g
26、roupswith the support of Climate Solidarity,a two-year environmental campaign aimed attrade unionists.N Erica isproof that a great-grandmothercan help to lead the revolution ifyou get the psychology right-in this case,by matching her enthusiasm for theenvironment with a fondness for organizing group
27、s.I think its a terrific idea,she says of the campaign.The union backing it makes members think there must besomething in it.She is expecting up to 20 people at the first meeting she has called,at her local pub in the Cornish village of Polperro.O Nick Perks,project director for Climate Solidarity,b
28、elieves this sort ofactivity is where the future of environmental action lies.Using existing civilsociety structures or networks is a more effective way of creating change andobviously trade unions are one of the biggest civil society networks in the UK,he says.The Love Food,Hate Waste campaign ente
29、red into a collaboration last yearwith another such network-the Womens Institute.Londoner Rachel Taylor joined thecampaign with the aim of making new friends.A year on,the meetings have made lastingchanges to what she throws away in her kitchen.Its always more of an incentiveif youre doing it with o
30、ther people,she says.It motivates you more if you knowthat youve got to provide feedback to a group.PThe power of such simple psychology in fighting climate change is attractingattention across the political establishment.In the US,the House ofRepresentatives Science Committee has approved a bill al
31、locating$10 million a yearto studying energy-related behavior.In the UK,new studies are in development andsocial scientists are regularly spotted in British government offices.With the helpof psychologists,there is fresh hope that we might go green after all.47.When people find they are powerless to
32、 change a situation,they tend to livewith it.48.To be effective,environmental messages should be carefully framed.49.It is the governments responsibility to persuade people into makingenvironment-friendly decisions.50.Politicians are beginning to realise the importance of enlisting psychologistshelp
33、 in fighting climate change.51.To find effective solutions to climate change,it is necessary to understandwhat motivates people to make change.52.In their evolution,humans have learned to pay attention to the most urgent issuesinstead of long-term concerns.53.One study shows that our neighbours acti
34、ons are influential in changing ourbehavior.54.Despire clear signs of global warming,it is not easy for most people to believeclimate change will effect their own lives.55.We should take our future into consideration in making decisions concerningclimate change before it is too late.56.Existing soci
35、al networks can be more effective in creating in peoples behaviour.Section CSection CPassage OnePassage OneMore than a decade ago,cognitive scientists John Bransfgord and Daniel Schwartz,both then at Vanderbilt University,found that knowledge to a new situation but aquality was not the ability to re
36、tain facts or apply prior knowledge to a newsituation but a quality they called preparation for future learning.Theresearches asked fifth graders and college students to create a recovery plan toprotect bald eagles from extinction.Shockingly,the two groups came up with plansof similar quality(throug
37、h the college students had better spelling skills).Fromthe standpoint of a traditional educator,this outcome indicated that schooling hadfailed to help students think about ecosystems and extinction,major scientificideas.The researches decided to go deeper,however.They asked both groups to generateq
38、uestions about important issues needed to create recovery plans.On this task,theyfound large differences.College students focused on critical issues ofinterdependence between eagles(How big are they and What do they eat).Thecollege students had cultivated the ability to ask questions,the cornerstone
39、 ofcritical thinking.They had learned how to learn.Museums and other institutions of informal learning may be better suited to teachthis skill than elementary and secondly schools.At the Exploratorium in SanFrancisco,we recently studied how learning to ask good questions can affect thequality of peo
40、ples scientific inquiry We found that when we taught participantsto ask What if and How can questions that nobody present would know the answerto and that would spark exploration,they engaged in better inquiry at the nextexhibit-asking more questions,performing more experiments and making betterinte
41、rpretations of their results.Specially,their questions became morecomprehensive at the new exhibit.Rather than merely asking about something theywanted to try,they tended to include both cause and effect in their question.Askingjuicy questions appears to be a transferable skill for deepening collabo
42、rativeinquiry into the science content found in exhibits.This type of learning is not confined to museums of institutional settings.Informal learning environment tolerate failure better than schools.Perhaps manyteachers have too little time to allow students to form and pursue their own questionsand
43、 too much ground to cover in the curriculum.But people must acquire this skillsomewhere.Our society depend on them being able to make critical decisions abouttheir own medical treatment,says,or what we must do about global energy needs anddemands.For that,we have a robust informal system that gives
44、no grades,takes allcomers,and is available even on holidays and weekends.57.57.WhatWhat isis traditionaltraditional educatorseducators interpretationinterpretation of theof the searchsearch outcomeoutcome mentionedmentionedin the first paragraphin the first paragraphA.Students are not able to apply
45、prior knowledge to new problemsB.College students are no better than fifth graders in memorizing issues.C.Education has not paid enough attention to major environmental issues.D.Educated has failed to lead students to think about major scientific ideas.58.In what way are college students different f
46、rom children58.In what way are college students different from childrenA.They have learned to think criticallyB.They are concerned about social issuesC.They are curious about specific features.D.They have learned to work independently59.What is benefit of asking questions with no ready answers59.Wha
47、t is benefit of asking questions with no ready answersA.It arouse students interest in things around them.B.It cultivates students ability to make scientific inquiries.C.It trains students ability to design scientific experiments.D.It helps students realize not every question has an answer。60.What i
48、s said to be the advantage of informal learning60.What is said to be the advantage of informal learningA.It allows for failuresB.It is entertainingC.It charges no tuitionD.It meets practical need.61.What does author seem to encourage educators to do at the end of the passage61.What does author seem
49、to encourage educators to do at the end of the passageA.Train students to think about global issues.B.Design more interactive classroom activities.C.Make full use of informal learning resources.D.Include collaborative inquiry in the curriculum.Passage TwoPassage TwoTheres an old saying in the space
50、world:amateurs talk about technology,professionals talk about insurance.In an interview last year with The Economist,George Whitesides,chief executive of space-tourism firm Virgin Galactic,wasplacing his company in the latter category.But insurance will be cold comfortfollowing the failure on Octobe