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1、Unit1AnIntroductiontoBusinessEnglishTranslation1OriginofTranslationthe Tower of Babel2theTowerofBabelfromtheBibleNowthewholeearthhadonelanguageandfewwords.Andasmenmigratedtotheeast,theyfoundaplaininthelandofShinarandsettledthere.Andtheysaidtooneanother,Come,letusmakebricks,andburnthemthoroughly.Andt
2、heyhadbrickforstone,andbitumenformortar.Thentheysaid,Come,letusbuildourselvesacity,andatowerwithitstopintheheavens,andletusmakeanameforourselves,lestwebescatteredabroaduponthefaceofthewholeearth.AndtheLORDcamedowntoseethecityandthetower,whichthesonsofmenhadbuilt.3AndtheLORDsaid,Behold,theyareonepeop
3、le,andtheyhaveallonelanguage;andthisisonlythebeginningofwhattheywilldo;andnothingthattheyproposetodowillnowbeimpossibleforthem.Come,letusgodown,andthereconfusetheirlanguage,thattheymaynotunderstandoneanothersspeech.SotheLORDscatteredthemabroadfromthereoverthefaceofalltheearth,andtheyleftoffbuildingt
4、hecity.45RedlionheadBeancurdmadebyapock-markedwoman;Husbandandwifeslungslice;Rollingdonkey6BraisedPorkBallsinSoySauceMapoTofuBeefandOxTripeinChiliSauceLdagunr(GlutinousRiceRollswithSweetBeanFlour)78910“fee-payingpublictoilet”北京的一家收费厕所,门口的标示牌为“到北京的厕所领钱去”11EarliestTranslationHistoryinChina西汉学者刘向(公元前77
5、年前6年)说苑善说记载越人歌,距今二千多年。国语周语中:“故坐诸门外,而使舌人体委与之。”韦昭注:“舌人,能达异方之志,象胥之官也。”舌人:tongueman象胥:古代的翻译官拉丁语的“舌”字词根为“lingua”,称译员为“linguist”(与语言学家同字),与中文的“舌人”完全对应。12-theWest250B.C.LiviusAndronicus(里维乌斯安德罗尼柯,罗马人)translatedtheGreekepicpoem“Odyssey”inLatin.13CharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishLexicalfeaturesSyntacticfeatur
6、esStylisticfeatures141)FormalandseriousA.longprepositionsB.compoundwordsmadeupofhere/there+prepositionsC.abbreviationsD.technicalterms15Examples:(1)Incompliancewithyourcableof12th,wehaveopenedL/Ctoday.按照你方12日电报,我们今天开出信用证。(2)Weencloseherewithoneofourprice-listforyourexamination.兹随函附寄我价格表一份,请参考。(3)The
7、reafter,youmaybookorderswithusaswealwaysmaintainadequatequantitiesofreplacementpartsinstock.之后,贵方可向我公司订购,我们经常保持适当数量的零部件现货。16Moreexamples(4)WeshallcoverTPNDonyourorder.我们将为你方所订货物投保偷窃、提货不着险。(5)WeusedtodobusinesswiththemonFOBbasis.我们过去和他们按船上交货价做生意。(6)WeencloseBillofLading,ConsignmentNotewiththreecopies
8、ofCommercialInvoice,CertificateofOrigin,ImportLicense.我们附上提单,发货通知书我们附上提单,发货通知书/托运通知书,托运通知书,以及商业发票、产地证和进口许可证的三份以及商业发票、产地证和进口许可证的三份复印件。复印件。172)AccurateandspecificThecorrectexpressionoftime,price,quantity,sumofmoney,specifications,etc.18ExamplesWeshalldeliverthegoodstoyoubySeptember12.我们将于9月12日前将货交给你方。
9、我们将于9月12日,包括12日在内将货交给你方。19SyntacticFeatures1)Usingdeclarativesentences2)Usingcomplexsentences,participlesandinfinitives3)Usepassivevoice4)Usingmodalverbs20IncasethecontractisconcludedonCIFbasis,theinsuranceshallbeeffectedbythesellerfor110%ofinvoicevaluecoveringallrisks,warrisk,andS.R.C.C.risks(i.e.,
10、Strikes,Riot,andCivilCommotions).在到岸价基础上订立的合同,将由卖方按发票金额110%投保综合险、战争险、罢工险、暴乱险和民变险。21StylisticfeaturesDiversity22DefinitionsofTranslationTranslating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.Columbia EncyclopediaTranslating is the replacement of textual ma
11、terial in one language(SL)by equivalent textual material in another language(TL).J.C.Carford23To translate is to change into another language,retaining as much of the sense as one can.Samuel Johnson(Translating)is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended t
12、he text.Peter NewmarkTranslation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.Malcolm Cowley24Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of
13、meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。Eugene A.Nida25NatureofTranslation翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。意义的交流必须通过语言来实现,而每种语言都是一个独特文化的部分和载体。我们在转换一个文本的语言信息时,也在传达其蕴含的文化意义。翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换。26ClassificationsBymeans:-interpretation,translationandmachinetranslatio
14、nBythedifferencebetweenSLandTL-inter-language,intra-languageBythetreatmentofthesourcematerials-completetranslation,selecttranslation,translationandeditByregister-practical,literary,scientific27CriteriaofTranslation诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语,与汉异诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语,与汉异音音名物不同,传实不易名物不同,传实不易仆初仆初嫌其词不雅。维祇难曰:嫌其词不雅。维祇难曰:“佛言依其佛言依
15、其义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,义不用饰,取其法不以严。其传经者,当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。当令易晓,勿失厥义,是则为善。”座中咸曰:座中咸曰:“老氏称:老氏称:美言不信,美言不信,信言不美。信言不美。今传胡义,实且径今传胡义,实且径达。达。”-支谦(法句经序)28佛经是从印度取回的。印度语言的发音与汉语不同事物及其名称不同,翻译时传达原义很不容易我开始认为译文用词不雅。一位名叫祗难的人说:“翻译佛言要传达意义,不用修饰,要严格根据佛法。译者翻译经文,要使经文易懂,不失其本义,这样的译文才是好译文。”在座的人都说:“老子说:美的译文不信,信的译文不美。翻译外语的意义,直接译过来就行。”
16、29Criteriaoftranslation“译译”事三难:事三难:信、达、雅信、达、雅。求其信,已大。求其信,已大难矣。顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚难矣。顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。焉。译文取明深意,故词句之间,时有译文取明深意,故词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,斤斤于字比句次,而意义则不所颠倒附益,斤斤于字比句次,而意义则不倍本文。倍本文。至原文词理本深,难于共喻,至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前思后衬,以显其意。凡此经营,皆以则当前思后衬,以显其意。凡此经营,皆以为达:为达,即以为信也。为达:为达,即以为信也。易易曰:曰:“修修辞立诚辞立诚”。子曰。子曰“辞达而已!辞达而已!”又
17、曰:又曰:“言言之无文,行之不远之无文,行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨,亦。三者乃文章正轨,亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外,求其尔雅。即为译事楷模。故信达而外,求其尔雅。严复(18541921,天演论译例言)30YanFu(1854-1921)-AFamousChineseScholarandTranslator“信”(faithfulness):Beingfaithfultotheoriginal(忠实于原文)“达”(expressiveness):Beingexplicitandsmooth(明白晓畅)“雅”(elegance):Beingelegantindiction(措辞的优雅)31Crit
18、eriaofTranslation译者不但要求达义,并且要以传神为目的,译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。林语堂Sodim,sodark,Sodense,sodull,Sodamp,sodank,Sodead!Theweather,nowwarm,nowcold,Makesitharderthanevertoforget!HowcanthinwineandbreadServeasprotectionAgainstthepiercingwindofsunset!32CriteriaofTranslation以效果而论,翻译应像临画一样,所求的不在形似,而是神似。傅雷文学翻译的最高标准可以说
19、是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于“化境”。钱钟书真有灵感的译文,像投胎重生的灵魂一般,令人觉得是一种“再创造”。余光中 33CriteriaofTranslation泰特勒(AlexanderF.Tytler)(1747-1814)翻译“三原则”:A.Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.译文应完全复写出原文的思想;B.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesame
20、characterasthatoftheoriginal.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致;C.Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.译文应和原文同样流畅。34EugeneNida(1914-):FatherofModernTranslationTheorydynamic/functionalequivalence“Thereaderofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreaders
21、ofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit.”Corecontents:ReadersresponsePriorityofcontentoverform35Examples例一:“Xishi”,i.e.,“Xizi”,isoneofthefourmostbeautifulladiesintheChinesehistory,whowasthenativeofZhejiangprovince.“thefairlady”or“aChineseCleopatra”例二:Liar,Liar,ParentsonFire(NewsweekApril7th,2008
22、)试译1:撒谎,撒谎,父母遭殃例三:HurtingandHomeless(NewsweekMay21st,2008)试译:心无所依,身无所栖。36PeterNewmarkSLemphasisTLemphasisWord-for-wordtranslationAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationsemantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselya
23、sthesemanticandsyntacticstructureofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal“communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal(Newmark,1981:39).37英国翻译理论家Peter Newmark将语言功能分为七类:1、informative function,传达信息。如:他是我哥哥。
24、(He is my elder brother.)2、expressive function,表达感情。如:这里风景多美啊!(What a beautiful view!)3、vocative function,使听者或读者作出文本所期望的反应。如:请坐下。384、aesthetic function,使感官愉快。如:“层层的叶子中间,零星地点缀着些白花,有袅娜地开着的,有羞涩地打着朵儿的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星。”(朱自清:“荷塘月色”)The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers,some blo
25、oming gracefully;others,as if bashfully,still in bud.They were like bright pearls and stars in an azure sky.(王椒升译).395、cognitive function,人必须用语言进行思考,用语言“进行分析、综合、抽象、概括等思维活动,形成思想,表达思想6、phatic function,使交际者保持接触,也可反映交际者之间的关系。如:你好。(How do you do!)幸会。(Nice to see you!)7、metalingual function,指语言解释或命名自身特点的功
26、能。如:语言是一种独特的符号系统。(Language is a unique system of signs.)40CriterionofBusinessTranslationfaithfulnessexactnessconsistency41ViolatingFaithfulness客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时,免征所得税。ProfitsgainedbytheinvestorsandbusinessmenfromtheDevelopmentZoneenterpriseswillbeexemptedfromtaxwhenremittedoutofChina.Dividend,beexe
27、mptedfrompersonalincometax42ViolatingExactness1.我方已发了装运通知,货物会在5月30日前发出。Ivesenttheshippinginstructionstoyou.ThegoodswillbeshippedbeforeMay30.2.请根据装运须知来装运货物。Pleaseshipthegoodsaccordingtotheshippingadvice.43交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。BothpartiesagreetochangethetimeofshippingintoAugustandchangeUSdollartoRenminbi
28、.intoto44ViolatingConsistency比利时卢森堡经济联盟Belgium-LuxembourgEconomicAllianceBelgium-LuxembourgEconomicUnion(BLEU)原产地originalplaceofproductionplaceoforigin45MethodofTranslationWhatarethemethodsoftranslation?LiteraltranslationFreetranslation46LiteralTranslationByliteraltranslation,youcangettheoriginalmea
29、ningpreservingthewayofexpressionwithoutdestroyingthestylisticfeaturesandrhetoricimages.直译(LiteralTranslation):就是指译文不但完整而正确地表达原文的内容,而且还基本上保留原文表达的形式,比如保留原文所使用的词语、句子结构、修辞手法等,如原文中的比喻,原文的形象,原文的民族特色等。47直译是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位,把忠实于原文形式放在第二位,把通顺的译文形式放在第三位的翻译方法。-许渊冲48译文语序与原文一致,译文语序与原文一致,“字对字字对字”的直的直译译Withoutair,ali
30、vingthingwilldie.没有空气,生物就会死。没有空气,生物就会死。译文语序、词序、句法与原文不同,但译文语序、词序、句法与原文不同,但忠于原文,符合汉语规范,也属直译忠于原文,符合汉语规范,也属直译Togreatlyincreasethespeedofdevelopmentofourscienceandtechnologyisataskwhichbrooksnodelay.大大加快我国科学技术的发展速度乃是刻大大加快我国科学技术的发展速度乃是刻不容缓的任务。不容缓的任务。49MoreExamplesButIhatedSakamoto,andIhadafeelinghedsurely
31、leadusbothtoourancestors.但是我恨坂本,并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。HilterwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelaunchedtheSecondWorldWar,butinafewyears,hewascompletelydefeated.希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年,就被彻底击败了。50Translatethefollowingsentencesliterally.(1)他是只纸老虎。Heisapapertiger.(2)别流鳄鱼泪。Dontshedcrocodiletears.(3)应该弥补代沟。Wemustbri
32、dgethegenerationgap.(4)假冒伪劣商品fakeorpoorqualitycommodities(5)最惠国待遇most-favored-nationtreatment51MoreExamples处理人民内部的矛盾必须坚持和风细雨的方法,坚持“团结一批评一团结”的方法。Itisessentialtopersistinusingmethodsasmildasadrizzleandasgentleasabreeze,andtoadheretotheformulaof“unity-criticism-unity”indealingwithcontradictionsamongthe
33、people.52对外开放取得新进展。2003年共批准“三资”企业120家,全省“三资”企业已达480家。Newprogresshasbeenmadeintheprocessofopeningtotheoutsideworld.In2003,theprovinceapproved120“ThreeFormsofVentures”(Sino-foreignjointventures,cooperativeenterprisesandwhollyforeign-fundedenterprises),totaling480.53直译与死译直译与死译原文形式和内容在翻译后是一致时,可原文形式和内容在翻
34、译后是一致时,可以用直译的办法,达到忠实、通顺言简意赅以用直译的办法,达到忠实、通顺言简意赅的效果。的效果。如果原文形式和内容无法与译语的表达如果原文形式和内容无法与译语的表达方式一致时,仍然采用直译,会使译文不明方式一致时,仍然采用直译,会使译文不明不白,成为不白,成为“死译死译”,死译的句子既不忠实,死译的句子既不忠实于原文,又不符合译语表达方式。于原文,又不符合译语表达方式。Youcantbetoocareful.你不能太小心。你不能太小心。biologicalparents生物父母生物父母54FreeTranslationByfreetranslation,yougettheveryt
35、ruemeaningwithoutbeingconfinedtotheexpressionoftheST,theimagesandnationalfeatures,youjustconveythetruemeaningcontainedinitaccordingtothecustomofTL.意译(FreeTranslation):就是不拘泥于原文的表达形式,不受原文所使用的词语、句子结构、修辞手法等如形象,民族特色等的限制,而只是将原文的意义传达出来的翻译。55意译却是把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位,把通顺的译文形式放在第二位,而不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。-许渊冲56反映民族语言个性的方面,
36、往往要用到意译反映民族语言个性的方面,往往要用到意译 译出隐含之意译出隐含之意 译出引申之意译出引申之意 转义转义 源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语 源于俚语、口语、谑语源于俚语、口语、谑语57Physicsisthescienceofmatterandenergy.物理学是物理学是研究研究物质与能量的科学。物质与能量的科学。译出隐含之意译出隐含之意58Ourunclerememberedusinhiswill.我们的叔父指明分给我们遗产。我们的叔父指明分给我们遗产。比较:我们的叔父在他的遗嘱中提到了我比较:我们的叔父在他的遗嘱中提到了我们。们。译出引申之意译出引申之意59
37、Thehighcostofthisnewproducthasdiscouragedcommercialuse.这种新产品的高成本,使其这种新产品的高成本,使其上市销售疲上市销售疲软。软。转义转义60源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语源于典故、宗教、寓言、习语HisbehaviorwouldtrythepatienceofJob.连连最有耐心的人最有耐心的人也可能无法容忍他的行为。也可能无法容忍他的行为。ThelittlegirlisintheSeventhHeavenwithhernewbicycle.这个小女孩因有一辆新自行车而这个小女孩因有一辆新自行车而欢天喜地欢天喜地。Maryblewhotan
38、dcoldaboutgoingtocollege,everyday,shechangedhermind.玛丽对上大学的事玛丽对上大学的事摇摆不定摇摆不定,她天天改变主意。,她天天改变主意。Everybodyknowstheyarebirdsofafeather.大家都知道他们是大家都知道他们是一路货色一路货色。Itisagoodhorsethatneverstumbles.金无足赤,人无完人。金无足赤,人无完人。61源于俚语、口语、谑语源于俚语、口语、谑语TogetadecentapartmentthesedaysinNewYorkyouhavetopayanarmandaleg.目前在纽约住
39、上一套像样的公寓,必须目前在纽约住上一套像样的公寓,必须要要付出极高的代价付出极高的代价。Hefellasleepandhewasdrivinghispigstomarket.他睡着了,他睡着了,鼾声如雷鼾声如雷。Theanotherhalfofmanisthebetterhalf.男人的一半是男人的一半是女人女人。62MoreExamplesOneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝,三个和尚没水喝。和尚没水喝。我要有个三长两短,你给玉山捎个话!我要有个三长两短,你给玉山捎个话!I
40、fanythingshouldhappentome,letYushanknow!大智若愚大智若愚Atrulywisepersondoesnotshowoffhis(her)ability.63意译需留意:意译需留意:不能脱离原作这个依据不能脱离原作这个依据 不能脱离原作的语言环境不能脱离原作的语言环境64意译与乱译意译与乱译意译必须在全面把握、透彻体会原文的意译必须在全面把握、透彻体会原文的真实意义的基础上,运用相应翻译方法或改真实意义的基础上,运用相应翻译方法或改变原文句式,或综合句意,再用规范的译入变原文句式,或综合句意,再用规范的译入语加以表达。语加以表达。凭主观臆断来理解原文,不分析原
41、文结凭主观臆断来理解原文,不分析原文结构,只看词面意义,自己编造句子,势必造构,只看词面意义,自己编造句子,势必造成成“乱译乱译”。65Whichisbetter?要根据原作语言的不同情况,来决定其中该直译的就直译,该意译的就意译。一个出色的译者总是能全局在胸而又紧扣局部,既忠实于原作的灵魂。又便利于读者的理解与接受的。一部好的译作总是既有直译又有意译的:凡能直译处坚持直译,必须意译处则放手意译。”-王佐良66一译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容时,可以直译,不能表达时就意译;二原文的表达形式比译文精确、有力时,可以直译,译文的表达形式比原文精确、有力时,可以意译。-许渊冲67直译和意
42、译兼容并蓄、相得益彰没有对错之分,只有好与更好考虑译文的可传意性和可接受性68ProcessofTranslationElementsinvolvedintheprocess:AuthorofSTSTTranslatorTTReadersofTTcomprehensionexpressionrevision691)Accuratecomprehension/analysistogetthetruemessagefocus:analysisofgrammaticalrelationshipsandmeaningsofwordsandcombinationsofwords.你满家子算一算,谁的奶奶
43、妈妈不仗着主子哥儿姐儿得些便宜?偏咱们就这样“丁是丁,卯是卯”的?inallthedifferentyoungmastersandmistresseshouseholds,whichnurseandnannydoesntgetcertainperks.Whyexpectustobescrupulous?702)Smoothexpression/restructuringSLTL3)Carefulcheck-up/revision71QualificationsofaTranslatorAgoodcommandofbothlanguages:accurateunderstandingoftheS
44、LandnaturalexpressionintheTL.Encyclopedicknowledge:context,situation,cultureKeenandacuteperception:authorsideology,psyche,writingskillsandexpressionhabits;theworksscene,tone72ARed,RedRoseO,myluveslikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune.O,myluveslikethemelodie,Thatssweetlyplaydintune.RobertBurns73一朵红
45、红的玫瑰呵,我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰,六月里迎风初开;呵,我的爱人像支甜甜的曲子,奏得和谐又合拍。王佐良译一朵红红的玫瑰啊,我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰,它在六月里初开,啊,我的爱人像一支乐曲,美妙地演奏起来。-袁可嘉译一朵红红的玫瑰呵,我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰,蓓蕾初放正值花季;呵,我的爱人像一首甜甜的乐曲,旋律奏响最合时宜。-吕志鲁译ARed,RedRoseO,myluveslikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune.O,myluveslikethemelodie,Thatssweetlyplaydintune.74我爱我爱如玫瑰,六月红蕾姣。我爱如乐曲,妙奏
46、声袅袅。-毕谹译红玫瑰吾爱吾爱玫瑰红,六月初开韵晓风;吾爱吾爱如管弦,其声悠扬而玲珑。-郭沫若译ARed,RedRoseO,myluveslikeared,redrose,ThatsnewlysprunginJune.O,myluveslikethemelodie,Thatssweetlyplaydintune.75p经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量pStudy Constantly,And You Will Know Everything.The More You Know,The More Powerful You Will Be写在最后76谢谢你的到来学习并没有结束,希望大家继续努力Learning Is Not Over.I Hope You Will Continue To Work Hard演讲人:XXXXXX 时 间:XX年XX月XX日 77