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1、Grammar and usage Learning aims(学习目标):1.Graspthedefinition(定义定义)ofV-ing2.Graspthetenses(时态时态)andvoices(语态语态)ofV-ing3.Graspthefunction(功能功能)ofV-ing.一、一、动词的动词的ing形式形式概念概念动词的动词的ing形式包括两种形式包括两种:动名词动名词(具有名词特征具有名词特征)具有具有名词名词特征特征可作可作_，_，_，_现在分词现在分词具有具有形容词和副词形容词和副词特征特征可作可作_、_、_、_主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语定语定语补足语补足语表语
2、表语状语状语 语态类别 时 态 vt.主动语态被动语态ing一般式一般式(与谓语动词与谓语动词同同时时发生发生)完成式完成式(先与谓语动词先与谓语动词之前之前发生发生)二、时态和语态二、时态和语态doingbeing donehaving donehaving been done现在分词的否定式：现在分词的否定式：not doing2.The man running inthe picture is Liu Xiang.1.a running man3.The man running fastest got the first place.三、现在分词的语法功能三、现在分词的语法功能1:Att
3、ribute4.The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.小小 结结:1、V-ing形式作定语可表示动作形式作定语可表示动作_（如例（如例1、2）或表示和所修饰）或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑词之间有逻辑_动关系（如例动关系（如例3）。）。2、单个单个V-ing词作定语修饰名词一般置于词作定语修饰名词一般置于名词之名词之_（如例（如例1）；）；V-ing词组修饰名词则置于名词之词组修饰名词则置于名词之_（如例（如例2、3），），此时相当于一个此时相当于一个_从句（如例从句（如例4）。）。正在进行正在进行主主前前后后定语定语The peop
4、le sitting behind us are teachersThe expert coming from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai.=The people who are sitting behind us are teachers.=The expert who comes from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai.Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clauses.(1)a swimming man(2)a swimming poolWhats th
5、e difference between(1)and(2)?(2)a walking man(1)a walking stick=a stick for walking=a man who is walkingWhats the difference between(1)and(2)?注意：注意：动名词动名词用来说明用来说明用途用途，和被修饰的名词在逻，和被修饰的名词在逻辑上辑上_主谓关系，不可以主谓关系，不可以扩为定语从句。扩为定语从句。动名词作定语动名词作定语只能只能放在被修饰的名词的放在被修饰的名词的_面。面。如：如：.Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriv
6、erl(afishingboat=aboatusedforfishing)无无前前Your journey in Kenya is really exciting.What you did was disappointing.The nightmare I had last night was very frightening.总结：现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特征总结：现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特征,相当于相当于_,其主语通常是物其主语通常是物.2:Predicative形容词形容词 I heard the girl singing in the classroom.I not
7、iced a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.3.Object Complement:The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.常见的常见的两类两类接现在分词作宾补的接现在分词作宾补的动词：动词：感官动词：感官动词：使役动词：使役动词：等。等。see,hear,watch,find,feel,smell,observe,notice,lookat,listento等。等。have,keep,catch,leave,特殊的两个区别：特殊的两个区别
8、：1).现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别。现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别。现在分词：动作正在现在分词：动作正在。不定式：不定式：动作的动作的。试比较：试比较：1.Iheardhersingingasongjustnow.2.Iheardhersingasongjustnow.(正在进行的动作正在进行的动作)(听见全过程听见全过程)进行进行全过程全过程2).现在分词被动式与过去分词作宾补的区别。现在分词被动式与过去分词作宾补的区别。现在分词：现在分词：主动，主动，动作正在进行。动作正在进行。过去分词：过去分词：被动，被动，动作已经完成。动作已经完成。试比较：试比较：1.Isawhimbei
9、ngtakenaway.我看到他正被人带走。我看到他正被人带走。2.Isawhimtakenaway.我看到他被带走了。我看到他被带走了。(正在进行正在进行)(完成完成)1.Sixty million people _(live)in rural areas are moving to the cities every year.2.Ioftenseemyteacher_(run)ontheplayground.3.Our trip was _(disappoint).We did not find any unusual plants.PracticelivingrunFill in the
10、 blanks with the verb given in its proper form.disappointing4.I saw them _(force)the door open with a hammer.5.Theyaskedme(thank)yourmother.6.The news was _(shock).All the three boats had sunk in the storm.forcingto thankshocking4.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语1).作时间状语作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句相当于时间状语从句(常同连词常同连词when,whenever,
11、while,once,until等连用等连用)Hearing the bad news,they couldnt help crying.=When they heard the bad news,they couldnt help crying.Having received his letter,I decided to write back.=After I had received his letter,I decided to write back.2).作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being a student,I must work hard.
12、Being so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.=Because he was so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.=Because I am a student,I must work hard.=Because he didnt know what to do next,he turned to the teacher for help.Not knowing what to do next,he turned to the teacher for help.3.作条件状语作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句相当于条件状语从句Working
13、 hard,you will succeed.Putting more salt into the soup,you will find it more delicious.=If you put more salt into the soup,you will find it more delicious.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.4.作伴随状语作伴随状语,相当于并列句相当于并列句They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.5.作结果状语作结果状语His father died,leaving him
14、lots of money.=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.注意注意:lV-ing有其完成式有其完成式_,表示分表示分 词动作发生于主句动作之词动作发生于主句动作之_。l V-ing形式的否定形式的否定not要置于要置于V-ing之之_。l分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主 语语_且有逻辑且有逻辑_关系，往往可转换关系，往往可转换 为为相应的状语从句相应的状语从句。havingdone前前前前一致一致主动主动1.a.Hearing the news,tears ran down her face.b.H
15、earing the news,she cried out sadly.2.a.Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.b.Entering the classroom,nobody was found in it.Choose the correct sentence.3.a.Looking out through the window,the garden was beautiful.b.Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.4.a.Reading the eveni
16、ng newspaper,a dog started barking.b.I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.动词的动词的ing形式包括两种形式包括两种动名词动名词(具有名词特征具有名词特征)具有具有名词名词特征特征可作可作_，_，_，_现在分词现在分词具有具有形容词和副词形容词和副词特征特征可作可作_、_、_、_主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补足语补足语表语表语定语定语 doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone形形式式意意义义该动词所表达的动作与句中该动词所
17、表达的动作与句中谓语动词谓语动词所表所表达的动作达的动作同时同时发生。发生。该动词所表达的动作先于先于句中谓语动词谓语动词所表达的动作。该动词所表达的动作与句中该动词所表达的动作与句中谓语动词谓语动词所表达的动所表达的动作作同时同时发生，且表被动。通常用作原因状语。发生，且表被动。通常用作原因状语。该动词所表达的动作该动词所表达的动作先于先于句中句中谓语动词谓语动词所表达的动作，该动词与所表达的动作，该动词与句子主语句子主语为为被被动动关系；关系；。解题步骤：解题步骤：1.判断是否为非谓语动词判断是否为非谓语动词 2.与逻辑主语的关系与逻辑主语的关系 3.与谓语动词的先后关系与谓语动词的先后关
18、系非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点。非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：、具有句子结构的知识，要分清简单句与复合句，陈述句、具有句子结构的知识，要分清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句的区别与祈使句的区别、具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分清双宾语和、具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分清双宾语和复合宾语的区别复合宾语的区别、具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分清及物和不及物动词，、具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分清及物和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词的区别。一些最基础最常用的动词双
19、宾动词和复宾动词的区别。一些最基础最常用的动词的用法要烂熟于胸的用法要烂熟于胸、具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析词左右长度的复、具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析词左右长度的复合句和长难句合句和长难句考点解析：考点解析：非谓语动词是高考的一个热点非谓语动词是高考的一个热点,V-ing常考的形式常考的形式有以下几点：有以下几点：一一、时态与语态（完成时态的主动、被动形式）、时态与语态（完成时态的主动、被动形式）二、结果状语（自然而然的结果），时间状语二、结果状语（自然而然的结果），时间状语三、被动形式作定语；被动形式跟在介词后作宾语三、被动形式作定语；被动形式跟在介词后作宾语四、否定时四、否定时not
20、的位置的位置五、在问句中作主语进行回答五、在问句中作主语进行回答考点：考点：考查非谓语动词。解析：解析：该空，分词短语作时间状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系，故排除B项。由剧中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式现在分词的完成主动式。（10湖南）26.Dina,for months to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggled C.
21、having struggled D.to struggle(08陕西卷陕西卷)14._aroundtheWaterCube,wewerethentakentoseetheBirdsNestforthe2008OlympicGames.A.HavingshownB.TobeshownB.C.HavingbeenshownD.Toshow答案：答案：C。我们是被带领参观的因此是。我们是被带领参观的因此是被动语态被动语态。先参观水立方后去看鸟巢所以时态是先参观水立方后去看鸟巢所以时态是完成时态完成时态句意句意：南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。解析：解析：空格后serious flooding
22、是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。答案：答案：C.（10天津）12.It rained heavily in the south，serious flooding in several provinces.A.caused B.having caused C.causing D.to cause 考点：考点：考查现在分词短语做伴随状语及动词不定式的否定式。解析：解析：句中listen和try not to miss为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式做伴随状语。又动词不定式的否定式要在其前加not.故选
23、B。（10四川）17The lawyer listened with full attention，_ to miss any point Anot trying Btrying not Cto try not Dnot to try答案：选答案：选A.enabling表示他在捐献后的表示他在捐献后的（自然）结果（自然）结果（10江苏）28.The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,_the students to return to their cl
24、assrooms.A.enabling B.having enabled C.to enable D.to have enabled1.Their car was caught in a traffic jam,thus _ the delay.2.A.to cause B.causing 3.C.caused D.cause2.I was in the bathroom,not _ the knock at the door.A.hear B.to hear C.hearing D.heardExercise3.After seeing the movie,_.A.the book was
25、read by him B.the book made him want to read itC.he wanted to read the book D.the reading of the book interested him4.The next morning she found the man in bed,_ dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying5.There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being fo
26、llowed6.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing7.“Cant you read?”Mary said_ to the notice.A.angrily pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed D.and angrily pointing8._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received9.They apologized for _ to attend the meeting.A.their not being able B.their being not able C.them not able D.them being able not 10.Ididnothingalldaybut_tomyfriendwhoIhaventseenforalmostayear.A.writeB.towriteC.wroteD.writing