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1、实用英语语法教程一致关系实用英语语法教程一致关系1 主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称、数上要保持一致，它一般涉及三个原则：主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称、数上要保持一致，它一般涉及三个原则：（1 1）语法一致原则）语法一致原则从语法形式上取得一致，如主语为单数形式，谓语动词用第三人从语法形式上取得一致，如主语为单数形式，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：称单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The taboo against eating The taboo against eating pork occurs i
2、n more than one culture.pork occurs in more than one culture.不止一种文化有忌食猪肉的习俗。不止一种文化有忌食猪肉的习俗。（2 2）意义一致原则）意义一致原则从意义着眼来处理一致问题，如有时主语虽然形式上是单数，但从意义着眼来处理一致问题，如有时主语虽然形式上是单数，但意义为复数，此时谓语动词须用复数形式。如：意义为复数，此时谓语动词须用复数形式。如：The New York police are world-famous.The New York police are world-famous.纽约警察举世闻名。纽约警察举世闻名。（
3、3 3）邻近一致原则）邻近一致原则谓语动词的数往往和靠得最近的主语的数保持一致。如：谓语动词的数往往和靠得最近的主语的数保持一致。如：Neither the players nor the coach was confident of victory.Neither the players nor the coach was confident of victory.球员们和教练都没有取胜的球员们和教练都没有取胜的信心。信心。第1页/共26页1.1 1.1 并列结构作主语的主谓一致并列结构作主语的主谓一致并列结构作主语的主谓一致并列结构作主语的主谓一致(1)(1)以以andand连接两个名词作
4、主语时，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的连接两个名词作主语时，如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：人或物，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Mary and Linda are twin sisters.Mary and Linda are twin sisters.玛丽和琳达是双胞胎姐妹。玛丽和琳达是双胞胎姐妹。Both Jack and Tom agree to come to the party.Both Jack and Tom agree to come to the party.杰克和汤姆都同意来参加聚会。杰克和汤姆都同意来参加聚会。War,famine and
5、other calamities have brought heavy losses to the local War,famine and other calamities have brought heavy losses to the local people.people.战争、饥荒、及其他灾难给当地人民造成巨大的损失。战争、饥荒、及其他灾难给当地人民造成巨大的损失。（2 2）若）若andand连接的两个名词指同一人或物，或视为一个整体时，则动连接的两个名词指同一人或物，或视为一个整体时，则动词用单数。例如：词用单数。例如：A clerk and secretary is needed
6、 in the office.A clerk and secretary is needed in the office.办公室里需要一个做秘书的职员。办公室里需要一个做秘书的职员。The iron and steel industry is of great importance to the national economy.The iron and steel industry is of great importance to the national economy.钢铁工业对国民经济至关重要。钢铁工业对国民经济至关重要。Early to bed and early to rise
7、makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise.早睡早起使人健康、富裕、和聪慧。（看作一件事）早睡早起使人健康、富裕、和聪慧。（看作一件事）第2页/共26页（3 3）当）当andand连接的并列结构前有连接的并列结构前有each,every,no,many aeach,every,no,many a等修饰时，动词用单数。例如：等修饰时，动词用单数。例如：Every man,woman and child was given a pre
8、sent.Every man,woman and child was given a present.每个男人、女人和孩子都被赠予了礼物。每个男人、女人和孩子都被赠予了礼物。Many a student and teacher knows that the Internet is a good source of information.Many a student and teacher knows that the Internet is a good source of information.许多师生都知道互联许多师生都知道互联网是很好的信息来源。网是很好的信息来源。No sound
9、and voice is heard for a long time.No sound and voice is heard for a long time.很长时间听不到声响。很长时间听不到声响。（4 4）由）由or,eitheror,eitheror,neitheror,neither nor,not only nor,not only but also,not but also,not,but,but等连接的两个或两个以上的并列主等连接的两个或两个以上的并列主语，一般按语，一般按“邻近一致邻近一致”原则来确定其谓语动词的形式。例如：原则来确定其谓语动词的形式。例如：Neither his
10、 training nor his experience as a railway engineer qualifies him for his job.Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engineer qualifies him for his job.他所受过的训练和拥他所受过的训练和拥有的经验，都不能使他胜任当火车司机的工作。有的经验，都不能使他胜任当火车司机的工作。Either you or he is driving against traffic regulations.Either you or he is
11、 driving against traffic regulations.不是你就是他违章驾驶。不是你就是他违章驾驶。Not just the students but even their teacher likes this novel.Not just the students but even their teacher likes this novel.不仅是学生，甚至他们的老师都很喜欢这本小不仅是学生，甚至他们的老师都很喜欢这本小说。说。第3页/共26页（5 5）当主语后跟有）当主语后跟有accompanied by,along with,as much as,as well as
12、,besides,but,accompanied by,along with,as much as,as well as,besides,but,combined with,except,in addition to,includingcombined with,except,in addition to,including，instead ofinstead of，like,no less than,plus,like,no less than,plus,rather than,together withrather than,together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词仍按主语的单
13、、复数而定。例如：等引导的词组时，其谓语动词仍按主语的单、复数而定。例如：No one but Mary and Jim was there then.No one but Mary and Jim was there then.当时除了玛丽和杰姆外，没有别人在场。当时除了玛丽和杰姆外，没有别人在场。She no less than I is keen to visit Oxford University.She no less than I is keen to visit Oxford University.她比我更想参观牛津大学。她比我更想参观牛津大学。The President,alo
14、ng with his wife and daughter,is paying a visit to China.The President,along with his wife and daughter,is paying a visit to China.总统与妻子女儿总统与妻子女儿正在中国访问。正在中国访问。The father,rather than the brothers,is responsible.The father,rather than the brothers,is responsible.应负责的是父亲，而不是兄弟。应负责的是父亲，而不是兄弟。All the tea
15、m members,in addition to the captain,have left.All the team members,in addition to the captain,have left.除了队长，所有的队员都离开了。除了队长，所有的队员都离开了。第4页/共26页1.2 1.2 集体名词作主语的主谓一致集体名词作主语的主谓一致集体名词作主语的主谓一致集体名词作主语的主谓一致（1 1）有有些些集集体体名名词词（尤尤其其是是有有生生命命的的），如如cattle,cattle,mankind,mankind,militia militia(民民兵兵),),people,peop
16、le,personnel,police,poultrypersonnel,police,poultry（家禽），（家禽），youthyouth等作主语时，其谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如：等作主语时，其谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如：As As the the thieves thieves knew knew that that the the police police were were looking looking for for them,them,they they went went off off in in different different directions.dire
17、ctions.当贼得知警察正在搜寻他们时，他们四处跑散。当贼得知警察正在搜寻他们时，他们四处跑散。Our personnel are very highly trained.Our personnel are very highly trained.我们的人员训练有素。我们的人员训练有素。（2 2）有有些些集集体体名名词词（尤尤其其是是无无生生命命的的），如如clothing,clothing,equipment,equipment,furniture,furniture,hardwarehardware（五五金金制制 品品）,information,information,jewelry,j
18、ewelry,luggage,luggage,machinery,machinery,merchandisemerchandise（商商 品品）,poetry,poetry,stationerystationery（文具）等作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：（文具）等作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The merchandise has arrived undamaged.The merchandise has arrived undamaged.商品完好无损地运到。商品完好无损地运到。His luggage was entrusted to a fellow-student.His
19、 luggage was entrusted to a fellow-student.他的行李已托付给了同学。他的行李已托付给了同学。第5页/共26页（3 3）有有些些集集体体名名词词，如如army,army,audience,audience,band,band,class,class,committee,committee,couple,couple,crew,crew,crowd,crowd,facultyfaculty（全全体体教教员员）,family,family,government,government,group,group,juryjury（陪陪审审团团）,public,pu
20、blic,school,school,staffstaff（全全体体人人员员）,team,team,troop,troop,union,union,villagevillage等等，若若被被视视为为整整体体时时，谓谓语语动动词词用用单单数数形形式式，若若被被视视为为组组成集体的具体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：成集体的具体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The company are mostly young people.The company are mostly young people.这家公司的成员大都是年轻人。这家公司的成员大都是年轻人。The The government
21、government has has ordered ordered its its troops troops to to launch launch the the biggest biggest offensive offensive against against the the armed armed rebellion.rebellion.政府已命令它的军队向武装叛乱分子发动最大规模的进攻。政府已命令它的军队向武装叛乱分子发动最大规模的进攻。The The government government have have discussed discussed the the iss
22、ue issue for for a a long long time time but but they they have have not not reached reached an an agreement.agreement.政府对此事已讨论了很久，但还没有达成协议。政府对此事已讨论了很久，但还没有达成协议。第6页/共26页1.3 1.3 单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则来确定谓语动词的形式。常用的这单复数同形的名词作主语时，要根据意义一致的
23、原则来确定谓语动词的形式。常用的这类名词有：类名词有：aircraft,antelopeaircraft,antelope（羚羊）（羚羊）,crossroads,crossroads（十字路口）（十字路口）,deer,fish,deer,fish,headquarters,means,series,species,sheep,worksheadquarters,means,series,species,sheep,works等。如：等。如：Every means has been tried.Every means has been tried.每种方法都试过了。每种方法都试过了。The me
24、ans of communication between here and outside are interrupted.The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted.这里和外界的通讯这里和外界的通讯工具都中断了。工具都中断了。The species of fish are numerous.The species of fish are numerous.鱼的种类繁多。鱼的种类繁多。This species of rose is very rare.This species of rose is ve
25、ry rare.这种玫瑰花很稀罕。这种玫瑰花很稀罕。One aircraft was brought down by the enemy fire.One aircraft was brought down by the enemy fire.一架飞机被敌人的炮火击落。一架飞机被敌人的炮火击落。Three aircraft were damaged.Three aircraft were damaged.三架飞机被击伤。三架飞机被击伤。第7页/共26页1.4 1.4 带数量词的名词词组作主语的主谓一致带数量词的名词词组作主语的主谓一致带数量词的名词词组作主语的主谓一致带数量词的名词词组作主语的
26、主谓一致（1 1）表示数目、距离、金额、时间等的名词作主语时，通常将它们当作一个整体看待，谓语动词用单）表示数目、距离、金额、时间等的名词作主语时，通常将它们当作一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：数形式。例如：Fifteen years represents a long period of his life.Fifteen years represents a long period of his life.十五年在他一生中是一段很长的时间。十五年在他一生中是一段很长的时间。Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.Four t
27、housand dollars is more than she can afford.四千美元超出了她所能承受的范围。四千美元超出了她所能承受的范围。但当强调这类词组的复数意义时，谓语动词也可用复数形式。例如：但当强调这类词组的复数意义时，谓语动词也可用复数形式。例如：These twenty minutes of cross-questioning were the worst I ever spent.These twenty minutes of cross-questioning were the worst I ever spent.这这2020分钟的盘问是我有生以来最难分钟的盘问
28、是我有生以来最难熬的时刻。熬的时刻。（2 2）主语为）主语为“分数分数/百分数百分数ofof名词名词”时，谓语动词的形式由时，谓语动词的形式由ofof词组中的名词是单、复数而定。例如：词组中的名词是单、复数而定。例如：About two thirds of the students have passed the exam.About two thirds of the students have passed the exam.大约三分之二的学生通过了考试。大约三分之二的学生通过了考试。More than 90%of the watches on sale are made in China
29、.More than 90%of the watches on sale are made in China.在售中的手表超过百分之九十是中国制造的。在售中的手表超过百分之九十是中国制造的。第8页/共26页（3 3）主语为）主语为“many a+many a+名词（单数）名词（单数）”，“more than one+more than one+名词（单数）名词（单数）”或或“one and a one and a half+half+名词（复数）名词（复数）”时，谓语动词用单数。例如：时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Many a true word is spoken in jest.Many a
30、true word is spoken in jest.笑谈之中至理多。笑谈之中至理多。Many an hour was spent in interviewing the applicants.Many an hour was spent in interviewing the applicants.花了很多时间对申请人进行面试。花了很多时间对申请人进行面试。More than one person is involved in this.More than one person is involved in this.与此有牵连的人不止一个。与此有牵连的人不止一个。（4 4）带有量词词组）
31、带有量词词组“a kind(portion,list,body,quantity,pair,species,series,sort)+of+a kind(portion,list,body,quantity,pair,species,series,sort)+of+名名词词”作主语时，谓语动词往往用单数形式。如：作主语时，谓语动词往往用单数形式。如：A pair of scissors is needed in this work.A pair of scissors is needed in this work.这一工作需要一把剪刀。这一工作需要一把剪刀。A series of debate
32、s between the students was scheduled for the next week.A series of debates between the students was scheduled for the next week.下周学生们将有一下周学生们将有一系列的辩论。系列的辩论。A large portion of the reports is missing.A large portion of the reports is missing.大部分的报告丢失了。大部分的报告丢失了。第9页/共26页（5 5）“a number of+a number of+名词
33、（复数）名词（复数）”，谓语动词用复数形式；，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of+the number of+名词（复数）名词（复数）”，谓语动词用单数形式；，谓语动词用单数形式；“the majority+the majority+名词（复数）名词（复数）”，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：A number of students are from mountainous districts.A number of students are from mountainous districts.许多学生来自山区。许多学生来自山区。The number of
34、 pages in this book is three hundred.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.本书的页数为本书的页数为300300页。页。The majority of doctors believe that smoking is harmful to health.The majority of doctors believe that smoking is harmful to health.大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。（6 6）当主语为）当主语为“half/most/rest
35、/plenty+of+half/most/rest/plenty+of+名词名词”时，随后的动词形式按名词是单、复数时，随后的动词形式按名词是单、复数而定。例如而定。例如:Half of the work is done.Half of the work is done.工作干完了一半。工作干完了一半。Half of the books are novels.Half of the books are novels.有一半的书是小说。有一半的书是小说。Most of his money was spent on collecting antiques.Most of his money was
36、 spent on collecting antiques.他大部分的钱都花在收集古董上了。他大部分的钱都花在收集古董上了。Most of the students were absent.Most of the students were absent.大多数学生缺课了。大多数学生缺课了。第10页/共26页1.5 1.5 代词作主语的主谓一致代词作主语的主谓一致代词作主语的主谓一致代词作主语的主谓一致（1 1）all,none,someall,none,some等代词作主语时，要遵循意义一致的原则，其谓语单、复数形式根据它等代词作主语时，要遵循意义一致的原则，其谓语单、复数形式根据它们所代替
37、的词的含义来确定。例如：们所代替的词的含义来确定。例如：All that glitters is not gold.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。闪光的未必都是金子。None of the children has/have ever heard of the story.None of the children has/have ever heard of the story.没有一个孩子听过这个故事。没有一个孩子听过这个故事。（2 2）主语为）主语为each,either,neithereach,either,neither等代词时，谓语动
38、词用单数形式。例如：等代词时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Either of these young ladies is perfectly qualified to teach French.Either of these young ladies is perfectly qualified to teach French.这两位女士都完全有资格教法这两位女士都完全有资格教法语。语。Each of you is responsible for the education of the child.Each of you is responsible for the education of
39、the child.你们中每个人都对这个孩子的教育有责你们中每个人都对这个孩子的教育有责任。任。Neither of the young men who had applied for this position was accepted.Neither of the young men who had applied for this position was accepted.申请这一职位的两个申请这一职位的两个年轻人都未被录用。年轻人都未被录用。第11页/共26页（3 3）代词）代词somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one,everybo
40、dy,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,no one,everybody,everyone,something,anything,nothing,everythingsomething,anything,nothing,everything作主语时作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如：谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Nobody was seen on the road.Nobody was seen on the road.路上一个人也看不到。路上一个人也看不到。Everything is ready for the party.Ever
41、ything is ready for the party.宴会的一切准备工作都已就绪。宴会的一切准备工作都已就绪。（4 4）在）在“one of+one of+复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句”的结构中，从句的谓语动词用复数形式；但当的结构中，从句的谓语动词用复数形式；但当oneone之之前有前有the onlythe only，the very the very 修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词形式与修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词形式与oneone一致，用单数形式。例如：一致，用单数形式。例如：Mr.Gilmore is one of those men who appear to be frie
42、ndly,however,it is very hard to deal with Mr.Gilmore is one of those men who appear to be friendly,however,it is very hard to deal with him.him.吉尔摩先生是那些表面看上去很友好，可实际很难对付的人之一。吉尔摩先生是那些表面看上去很友好，可实际很难对付的人之一。She is the only one of the women who refuses to accept the offer.She is the only one of the women
43、who refuses to accept the offer.她是那些女子中唯一一位拒绝她是那些女子中唯一一位拒绝接受帮助的人。接受帮助的人。第12页/共26页1.6 1.6 以以以以-s-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致（1 1）以）以-ics-ics 结尾的表示结尾的表示“学科学科”的名词（如：的名词（如：mathematics,politics,statistics,economics,athleticsmathematics,politics,statistics,economics,athletics等）等）
44、作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Mathematics is the study of numbers.Mathematics is the study of numbers.数学就是对数的研究。数学就是对数的研究。Statistics is a branch of mathematics.Statistics is a branch of mathematics.统计学是数学的一个分支。统计学是数学的一个分支。（2 2）以）以-s-s 结尾的疾病名称，如结尾的疾病名称，如mumpsmumps（腮腺炎），（腮腺炎），diabetesdiabetes（糖尿
45、病），（糖尿病），ricketsrickets（佝偻病）等作主语（佝偻病）等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.腮腺炎是一种传染病。腮腺炎是一种传染病。Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas.Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas.糖尿病是胰脏的疾病。糖尿病是胰脏的疾病。（3 3）以）以-s-s 结尾的表示事件、国家、机构、作品、报刊等名词
46、作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：结尾的表示事件、国家、机构、作品、报刊等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The United StatesThe United States borders on Canada in the North.borders on Canada in the North.美国北面与加拿大接壤。美国北面与加拿大接壤。The New York TimesThe New York Times is published daily.is published daily.纽约时报纽约时报每日出刊。每日出刊。第13页/共26页（4 4）以以-s-s结结尾尾表表示示衣衣
47、物物或或工工具具的的名名词词，如如clothes,clothes,trousers,trousers,shoes,shoes,pantspants（短短衬衬裤裤，裤裤子子）,shortsshorts（短短裤裤）,glasses,glasses,scissors,scissors,compasses,compasses,chopsticks,chopsticks,scales,scales,headphonesheadphones等等作作主主语语时时，谓谓语语动动词词通通常常用用复复数数形形式式。例如：例如：His His glasses glasses are are broken,broke
48、n,so so he he cancan t t see see well.well.他他的的眼眼镜镜砸砸碎碎了了，因因而而看看不不清清楚。楚。但但如如果果这这类类名名词词前前用用了了a a pair pair of,of,two two pairs pairs ofof等等，谓谓语语动动词词的的形形式式则则取取决决于于pairpair的数的形式。例如：的数的形式。例如：A pair of trousers was found under the bed.A pair of trousers was found under the bed.在床底下找到了一条裤子。在床底下找到了一条裤子。（5
49、5）以以-ings-ings 结结尾尾的的名名词词（如如belongings,belongings,clippings,clippings,earnings,earnings,fillings,fillings,lodgings,lodgings,surroundingssurroundings等等）作作主主语语时时，通通常常作作复复数数看看待待，谓谓语语动动词词用用复复数形式。例如：数形式。例如：Their earnings come to 5000 dollars a month.Their earnings come to 5000 dollars a month.他们的收入每月达他们的
50、收入每月达50005000美元。美元。The The surroundings surroundings of of the the house house are are remarkably remarkably picturesque.picturesque.那那房房屋屋周周围围的的环环境景色如画。境景色如画。第14页/共26页（6 6）以）以-s-s结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等专用名词往往作复数用，谓语动词也用复数形式。结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等专用名词往往作复数用，谓语动词也用复数形式。例如：例如：The West IndiesThe West Indies are a large gro