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1、1 INTRODUCTION第1页/共30页1Ten Principles of Economics第2页/共30页Economy.The word economy comes from a Greek word for“one who manages a household.”第3页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSA household and an economy face many decisions:Who will work?What goods and how many of them should be produced?What resource
2、s should be used in production?At what price should the goods be sold?第4页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSSociety and Scarce Resources:The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.Scarcity.means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the
3、goods and services people wish to have.第5页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSEconomics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.第6页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people make decisions.People face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think a
4、t the margin.People respond to incentives.第7页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS How people interact with each other.Trade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.第8页/共30页TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Th
5、e forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works.The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.第9页/共30页Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.“There is no
6、such thing as a free lunch!”第10页/共30页Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.To get one thing,we usually have to give up another thing.Guns v.butterFood v.clothingLeisure time v.workEfficiency v.equity第11页/共30页Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs
7、Efficiency v.EquityEfficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.第12页/共30页Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Decisions require comparing costs
8、and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.第13页/共30页Principle#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketbal
9、l star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.第14页/共30页People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.Principle#3:Rational People Think at the Margin.Marginal changes are small,incremental adjustment
10、s to an existing plan of action.第15页/共30页Principle#4:People Respond to Incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!第16页/共30页Principle#5:Trade
11、Can Make Everyone Better Off.People gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.第17页/共30页Principle#6:Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity.A market economy is an economy that
12、 allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.第18页/共30页Principle#6:Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Econ
13、omic Activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an“invisible hand.”Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell,they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result,prices
14、 guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.第19页/共30页Principle#7:Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.When the market fails(breaks down)government can inter
15、vene to promote efficiency and equity.第20页/共30页Principle#7:Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes.Market failure may be caused by an externality,which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.market power,which is the ability of a single person or firm
16、 to unduly influence market prices.第21页/共30页Principle#8:The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.第22页/共30页Principle#8:The Standard of Living D
17、epends on a Countrys Production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.第23页/共30页Principle#8:The Standard of Living Depends on a Countrys Production.S
18、tandard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations production.第24页/共30页Principle#9:Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of
19、 inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money,the value of the money falls.第25页/共30页Principle#10:Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemploym
20、ent:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!第26页/共30页SummaryWhen individuals make decisions,they face tradeoffs among alternative goals.The cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities.Rational people make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits.People
21、 change their behavior in response to the incentives they face.第27页/共30页SummaryTrade can be mutually beneficial.Markets are usually a good way of coordinating trade among people.Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable.第28页/共30页SummaryProductivity is the ultimate source of living standards.Money growth is the ultimate source of inflation.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.第29页/共30页感谢您的观看。第30页/共30页