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1、动名词1 构成与特点动名词与现在分词同形，均由动词原形+ing构成。动名词具有名词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。同时，动名词仍保留着动词的一些特征，可以带宾语和状语，并有完成式和被动语态。1)动名词的否定式动名词的否定式由“not+动名词”构成。He was criticized for not coming to class.他因没有来上课而受到批评。She made her father angry by not taking his advice.她没有采纳她父亲的意见，使她父亲很生气。He was scolded for not telling the truth.他因没
2、说真话而挨了骂。2)动名词的一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或之前发生，有时则表示一般性动作。He loves talking with people.他喜欢跟人聊天。(一般性)He is proud of being rich.他以富有为荣。(同时)She is looking forward to seeing you again.她盼望着再次见到你。(之后)I am confident of winning the match.我有信心赢得这场比赛。(之后)Thank you for giving me so much help
3、.谢谢你给我这么大的帮助。(之前)3)动名词的完成式动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Im not aware of having done wrong.我不知道自己做错了。He denied having taken the money.他否认拿了钱。He prided himself on having done good work.他以工作出色而感到自豪。He was given a medal for having done excellent work.他因工作出色而获得了一枚奖章。提示如果上下文已经明显地表示出动名词和谓语动词的时间先后，也可用一般式代替完成式。I r
4、emember seeing her somewhere.我记得在某个地方见过她。(=having seen)He was praised for saving the girl.他因抢救那个女孩而受到表扬。(=having saved)After going over the lesson,he watched TV. 复习完功课，他就看电视了。(=having gone over)4)动名词的被动式如果动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者，就要用动名词的被动式。动名词的被动式有一般式和完成式的区别。He doesnt like being treated like that.他不喜欢别人那
5、样对待他。He didnt mind being called a fool. 他并不介意被人称为傻子。She prided herself on having been given such a good chance.她因得到了这样一个好机会而自豪。I remember once being taken/having been taken to the museum.我记得曾被带到过这个博物馆。提示在after，before和without等词后的被动式必须用being done结构。Before being called, remain where you are.叫你之前，待在原地别动
6、。Tom left the playhouse without being seen.汤姆离开了游戏室没有人发现。5) want等后接动名词主动式表示被动含义want (需要)，need(需要)，require(需要)，deserve(应得)等动词后要用动名词的主动形式，表示被动意义，也可用不定式被动式。比较：The floor requires washing.地板需要清洗了。The car needs repairing.这辆汽车要修理了。(=to be repaired)The clothes want washing.这些衣服需要洗了。(=to be washed)The book d
7、eserves reading.这本书值得一读。(=to be read)My pen needs filling.我的钢笔需要灌墨水了。The paper needs checking.试卷需要检查。The museum deserves designing carefully.博物馆需要精心设计。This point deserves mentioning here.这一点值得在这里提一下。The room needs cleaning up.房间需要彻底清扫一下。但是，如果后有by短语表示施动者，或宾语是一个较具体的动作，则要用不定式被动式。This machine wants to b
8、e repaired by an expert.这部机器要由专家来修。(不用repairing)The medicine needs to be taken three times a day.这药一天需要吃3次。(不用taking)2 用法1)作主语Eating too much is harmful to health.吃得太多对健康有害。Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.集邮是他的爱好之一。Taking a walk in the evening is so nice.晚间散散步真快活。Swimming is good exercise.游泳
9、是很好的运动。Being a primary school teacher is not easy.当一名小学老师不容易。Getting angry is not a natural way to act. It is just a bad habit, like smoking. 生气不是好的自然表现，它只是一个坏习惯，就像抽烟一样。他们提前完成这项工作是可能的。Their finishing the work ahead of time is possible. =It is possible their finishing the work ahead of time.提示在“It is
10、 no use/no good fun nice /useless+动名词”结构中，it是形式主语，动名词为真正主语。Its no use crying.哭没有用。Its so nice talking with her.同她谈话真愉快。It is fan taking a walk in the rain.雨中散步真好。It is a waste of time arguing with him about the matter.同他争辩这件事真是浪费时间。2)作宾语Have you finished reading the book?这本书你读过了吗？(动词宾语)He likes watc
11、hing football matches. 他喜欢观看足球赛。(动词宾语)She is fond of playing the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。(介词宾语)He is used to taking a walk in the evening. 他习惯于在晚间散步。(介词宾语)They succeeded in reducing the number of deaths from heart disease. 他们成功地降低了心脏病的死亡人数。(介词宾语)Theres still hope of our winning the match.这场比赛我们还有希望获胜。(介词宾语)Hen
12、ry is angry about not being invited to the meeting.没有被邀请出席会议，亨利很生气。(介词宾语)Stay where you are before being called. 在叫到之前，待在原处不要动。(介词短语)He stole out of the hall without being seen.他悄悄溜出了大厅，没有人发现。(介词短语)3)作表语His favourable sport is playing basketball.他喜爱的运动是打篮球。Her job is taking care of the children.她的工作
13、是照看孩子们。That is asking for trouble.那是自找麻烦。The cake smells inviting.这饼香味怡人。提示有时候，用动名词或动词不定式作表语均可。What she likes is watching/to watch the children play games.她喜欢看孩子们做游戏。4)作定语He may be in the reading-room.他可能在阅览室里。She bought a writing desk.她买了一张写字台。其他如：a washing machine 洗衣机a smoking room吸烟室a waiting roo
14、m 候车室an opening speech 开幕词working hours 工作时间a racing car 赛车an operating table 手术台a guessing game 猜字游戏a closing speech 闭幕词reading materials阅读材料a collecting tin 募捐盒an ironing board烫衣板a diving board跳板a dancing hall舞厅a changing room更衣室a watering can喷壶3 动名词的逻辑主语与复合结构动名词可以有逻辑主语，通常是形容词性物主代词(my,his,their)或名
15、词所有格(Marys，LiMings)。但是，如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物，则要用普通格；如果是不定代词或指示代词作动名词的逻辑主语，其形式不变。这种“逻辑主语+动名词”结构称为动名词的复合结构。动名词复合结构可以作主语、宾语或表语。His coming is a great help. 他的到来是一个很大的帮助。(形容词性物主代词+动名词)(主语)The students getting good results made her happy.学生们获得好成绩使她高兴。(名词所有格+动名词)(主语)Please excuse my giving you so much trouble.
16、请原谅我给你带来这么多麻烦。(形容词性物主代词+动名词)(宾语)He insisted on Marys living in the room.他坚持让玛丽住在这个房间里。(名词所有格+动名词)(宾语)I dont like Li Hongs doing like that.我不喜欢李红那样做。(名词所有格+动名词)(宾语)I dont believe their team winning the match.我不相信他们队能赢那场比赛。(无生命事物+动名词)(宾语)Do you think of that being true?你认为那是真的吗？(指示代词+动名词)(宾语)He sugges
17、ted somebody taking over the job.他建议某人接管那个工作。(不定代词+动名词)(宾语)My worry is her not having much experience.我的担心是她经验不足。(形容词性物主代词+动名词)(表语)提示动名词复合结构位于句首时，该结构中的名词要用名词所有格；动名词复合结构作宾语时，该结构中的名词多用所有格，也可用普通格。I remember Toms opening the window.我记得是汤姆开的窗。=I remember Tom opening the window.I dont mind Chen Hongs doin
18、g it.陈红做那件事我没意见。=I dont mind Chen Hong doing it.2在口语中，可用“人称代词宾格+动名词”结构。I dont like him doing that.我不喜欢他做那件事。4 用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词、介词等1) enjoy等+动名词英语中有些动词短语、动词及短语后要求用动名词作宾语，或在某层意思上要求用动名词。常用的有：enjoy(喜爱)，appreciate(欣赏)， celebrate(庆祝)，fancy (想象)， finish(完成)，consider(考虑)，avoid (避免)，excuse (原谅)，deny(否认)，mind(介
19、意)，keep(继续)，suggest(建议)，discontinue(停止)，dispute(不同意)，postpone(推迟)，prevent (阻止)，pardon (饶恕)，risk(冒险)，resist (抵制)，forgive (原谅)，dislike(不喜欢)，delay (耽搁)，miss(错过)，practise(练习)，spend (花费)，admit(承认),advise(劝告)，recommend (建议)，confess(承认)，escape(逃避)，detest(厌恶)，quit(结束)，involve(包含)，mention(提及)，resent(憎恶)，tole
20、rate(容忍)，put off(推迟)， give up (放弃)，keep on (继续)，come to (结果)，lead to (导致), devote oneself to(献 身于)，feel like(想 要)，explain(解 释)，imagine(想象)，cant stand(不能忍受)，cant help(不禁)，look forward to (期待)，object to(反对)，take to (喜欢)，understand (理解)He enjoyed swimming in the lake.(正)他喜欢在湖里游泳。He enjoyed to swim in t
21、he lake.(误)He denied taking the key. (正)他否认拿了钥匙。He denied to take the key.(误)She objects to going there.(正)她反对去那里。She objects to go there.(误)He considered going to college. (正)他考虑过上大学。He considered to go to college.(误)She escaped being hurt in the accident.她逃过了那场事故，没有被伤着。I cant stand your talking to
22、 me like that.我不能容忍你那样同我谈话。I cant fancy his saying that.我不能想象他说那种话。提示consider可用于“consider+连接代词或连接副词+不定式”结构中。Im considering how to persuade her to accept the proposal.我在考虑如何说服她接受这个建议。Ill consider whether to sell the old car.我将考虑是否把那辆旧车卖掉。2)promise等+不定式有些动词后只用不定式作宾语，或在某层意思上只用不定式作宾语。常用的有：care(在意)，decli
23、ne (拒绝)， expect(预期)，fail(没能)， hope(希望)，mean(打算)，decide(决定)，refuse(拒绝)，promise (答应)，desire (希望)，pretend(假装)，undertake(承担)，want(要)，ask(要求)，agree (同意)，manage(设法)，offer(提供)，wish(希望)，guarantee (保证)，demand (要求)，beg(请求)，seek(试图)，long(渴望)，choose(愿意)，hesitate(犹豫)，happen(碰巧)， prove (证明)，aim (意在、旨 在)，swear (发
24、誓)，arrange(安排)， prepare (准备)，seem (似乎)， appear(好像)，tend (有助于)，threaten (威胁)，cant afford(付不起、抽不出)，cant wait(不能等)，turn out (to be)(结果是)等。He pretended not to see her.他假装没看见她。I dont care to see him again.我不想再见到他。He didnt mean to hurt her.他不是故意伤害她。He cant afford to pay the money.他付不起钱。3)可用动名词或不定式作宾语的动词或短
25、语(1) start等+动名词或不定式start, begin, continue, attempt, intend, plan, propose 等可用动名词或不定式作宾语，意义上通常没有差别。She started writing /to write a letter.她开始写一封信。He proposed making /to make another try.他提议再试一次。I intend growing /to grow more flowers in the coming spring.我打算来年春天种更多的花。She will continue studying /to stu
26、dy Chinese.她将继续学中文。He attempted lying /to lie. 他企图说谎。I plan going /to go myself.我打算亲自去。提示上面几个动词后跟的动词如果是know，understand等表示“认识”或“了解”的动词，则要用不定式，因为动名词有连续进行的意味，而“认识”或“了解”表示的是短暂的动作。I begin to understand her.我开始了解她了。I started to realize the meaning of his words.我开始了解他话中的意思了。begin和cease 如表示有意地“开始，结束”做某事，多用动
27、名词，也可用不定式，否则要用不定式。比较：She began working on it last month.她上个月开始这项工作。(有意的动作)She began to realize she had made a mistake.她开始意识到自己犯了错误。(逐渐意识到，不是有意的)He ceased driving long ago.他早就不开车了。(有意地不再开，可能害怕出事故)He ceased to breathe.他停止了呼吸。(非有意行为，死亡是无法自我控制的)(2)“like+动名词”不同于like+不定式like, love, hate, prefer 等动词后可接动名词或
28、不定式作宾语，但有区别。后接动名词时，表示习惯性的、一般性的动作；接不定式时，通常表示某一次的、具体的动作(但有时也可表示习惯性的、一般性的动作)。比较：I love taking a walk in the evening.我喜欢在晚间散步。(习惯性动作，也可用to take)I love to take a walk now.我想现在散步。(一次性具体的动作，不可用taking awalk)I prefer watching TV to going to the cinema.我喜欢看电视胜过看电影。(一般性动作)I prefer to watch TV rather than go to
29、 the cinema tonight.我今晚想看电视，不想去看电影。(某一次具体的动作，注意采用prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.结构)另外要注意，上面几个动词后的动名词所表示的动作，不一定是主语本身的动作，可能是他人所发生的动作；而不定式所表示的动作，则通常是句中主语本身的动作。She likes swimming in summer.夏天她喜欢游泳。(或：夏天她喜欢看别人游泳。swimming 为主语she本人的动作或他人的动作)She likes to swim in summer. 夏天她喜欢游泳。(swim为she本人的动作)(3)“reme
30、mber+动名词”不同于“remember+不定式”remember和forget 后可接动名词或不定式，但意义上有区别。后接动名词时，表示已经发生的过去的动作；后接不定式时，表示尚未发生的将来的动作。比较：I remember seeing/having seen the boy somewhere.我记得在某个地方见过这个男孩。Remember to call on her before she leaves home.记着在她离家之前要去看她。(to call on her 为将来要做的动作)I remember calling on her before she left home.我
31、记得在她离家之前去看过她的。(calling on her 指过去已完成的动作)Dont forget to write a letter to him.不要忘了给他写信。(指将来要写)I forget writing a letter to him.我忘记了曾经给他写过信。(指过去曾经写过)(4)“stop+动名词”不同于“stop+不定式”stop, try, want, regret 等动词后可接动名词或不定式，但意义上有区别。比较：She stopped writing the letter.她停止写信。(不写了。stop+动名词：停止做某事)She stopped to write
32、the letter.她停下来去写信。(停止做别的事而写信。stop+不定式：停下一件事而做另一件事)The doctors tried to save her life. 医生们努力抢救她的生命。(try+不定式：努力做某事)The doctors tried talking in English.医生们试着用英语谈话。(try+动名词：试着做某事)The old man wants to wash.老人想洗澡了。(自己洗。want+不定式：想做某事)The old man wants washing.老人需要洗澡了。(要别人洗。want+动名词：需要。=The old man wants
33、to be washed.)I regret to say I dont like the book.很遗憾地说，我不喜欢这本书。(regret + 不定式：遗憾地说出令人不愉快的事情)I regret wasting so much time there.在那里浪费了这么多时间，我很遗憾。(regret+动名词：对做某事感到遗憾)(5)“go on +现在分词”不同于“go on+不定式”go on后可接现在分词或不定式，但有区别。后接现在分词时，表示继续做某事；后接不定式时，表示(做完一件事后)进而做另一件事。后接介词with时，后面要跟名词。比较：He went on reading t
34、he book. 他继续在读那本书。Having read the first story, he went on to read the second. 读完第一个故事后，他接着读第二个故事。He went on with the work.他继续工作。(6)“learn+动名词”不同于“learn+不定式”learn后可接动名词或不定式，但有区别。后接动名词时，表示“学习”，与study同义；后接不定式时，意为“学会了”。比较：He has learned driving for two months. 他学习驾车已经2个月了。He has learned to drive within
35、two months.他在2个月内学会了开车。(7)“be afraid of +动名词”不同于“be afraid+不定式”be afraid of后可接动名词，而be afraid后可接不定式。接动名词时表示“害怕”，接不定式时表示“因害怕而不敢去做”。比较：He is afraid of falling down the tree. 他害怕从树上掉下来。(不用to fall down)He was afraid to go out at night, so he stayed at home. 他晚上不敢出去，所以待在家里。(8) cant bear和cant endurecant be
36、ar和cant endure均表示“不能容忍”，后可接动名词或不定式，含义上通常没有差别。She cant bear seeing/to see animals treated cruelly.她不忍看到动物受到虐待。He cant endure to be laughed at/being laughed at. 他受不了别人的嘲笑。(9) accustom oneself to和be accustomed to accustom oneself to 表示“使习惯于”、be accustomed to 表示“习惯于，惯于”，两者后均可接动名词或不定式，复杂些的动作多用不定式。You mus
37、t accustom yourself to getting up/to get up early.你必须使自己习惯于早起。He is accustomed to working/to work hard. 他习惯于努力工作。She belongs to that class of people who are accustomed to have their own way.她属于那一类人，习惯随心所欲，自主行事。4) allow+动名词和allow sb. +不定式在 allow，permit,advise,recommend 等后，如果有表示“人”的名词或代词作宾语，后接不定式，否则用动
38、名词。比较：She didnt allow swimming in the lake.她不允许在那个湖里游泳。She didnt allow his swimming in the lake.她不允许他在那个湖里游泳。She didnt allow the children to swim in the lake.她不允许孩子们在那个湖里游泳。Iadvise leaving early. (正)我建议早些动身。I advise his leaving early.(正)我建议他早点动身。I advise him to leave early. (正)我建议他早点动身。I advise him
39、leaving early.(误)5)介词等+动名词有些介词或介词短语后可以接动名词作宾语，如for, after, before, on, against, since, by, without, despite, besides, in favour of, as a result of, instead of,as well as,in spite of 等。比较：on+动名词=when+句子(或as soon as+句子)after+动名词=after +句子before+动名词=before+句子since +动名词=since+句子He felt better after taki
40、ng the medicine.他吃了药就感到好些了。(=after he took the medicine) They are in favour of leaving at once. 他们同意立刻动身。On hearing the news, she burst into tears.她听到这个消息就哭了起来。6)what about等+动名词在下面几种结构中，常用动名词：“What about+动名词”怎样？(提出建议)“How about+动名词”如何？(提出建议)“What do you say to +动名词”你觉得怎么样？“It is no good/use+动名词”没有好处
41、/用处“There is no use+动名词”没有用处“No parking/No smoking/No spitting”禁止停车/禁止吸烟/禁止吐痰What about going out for a walk?出去散散步怎样？What do you say to putting off the party?你觉得把晚会推迟行不行？It is no good/use talking to him. 同他谈没有用。也可以说：It is no good/use to talk to him.7)名词+of+动名词(1)在purpose/idea/habit/objection/method
42、of doing sth.结构中，of后只能用动名词。He went into the forest for the purpose of studying the animals there. 他到森林里去，为的是研究那里的动物。She has the habit of taking a walk in the evening.她有晚间散步的习惯。He has the idea of living alone. 他有独居的想法。(2)在way, chance, opportunity后，可用of doing sth.动名词结构，也可用不定式。It is the best way of sol
43、ving the problem.这是解决问题的最好办法。(=the best way to solve)Im glad to have this opportunity of speaking to you. 我很高兴有这个机会同你说话。(=have the opportunity to speak to you)It is a good chance of learning from foreign friends.这是向外国朋友学习的好机会。(=a good chance to learn from)8)动名词作主语和不定式作主语的区别动名词作主语表示一般的、非一次的、抽象的动作；不定式
44、作主语常表示具体的、某一次的、特定的动作。Swimming is good for health.游泳对健康有益。Crying over split milk is no use.覆水难收。Keeping a house is a tiring job.管理家务是一件累人的事。Boating on the lake is fun.在湖上划船很有乐趣。Reading is taught early here.这里识字教育开始得很早。To make a speech here is an honour.在这儿演说很荣幸。To walk there took me two hours.步行到那里花了
45、我2个小时。=It took me two hours to walk there.但不定式作主语有时也可表示一般的、非一次的动作。To tell lies is wrong.说谎是错误的。=Telling lies is wrong.To master a language requires efforts.掌握一门语言要下工夫。=Mastering a language requires efforts.另外，用动名词或不定式作主语时，要注意主语和表语的一致。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。=To see is to believe.To respect others i
46、s to respect oneself.尊重别人就是尊重自己。=Respecting others is respecting oneself.5 几个疑难用法（不定式、分词和动名词)1)be+过去分词和get+过去分词考 The fence was painted by Tom.(being, getting)答案 being“be+过去分词”为被动语态的基本形式，常可同“get+过去分词”换用。但“be+过去分词”侧重于状态，而“get+过去分词”侧重于动作。另外，“be+过去分词”后可跟主语补足语，而“get+过去分词”后则不可。比较：The window was broken.这个窗
47、子被打破了。(侧重状态)The window got broken.(侧重动作)He was asked a lot of questions. (正)他被问了许多问题。He got asked a lot of questions. (误)“be+过去分词”后可由by引导动作执行者，而“get+过去分词”则不可；但如果by所引导的动作执行者为无生命名词，则又可同“get+过去分词”结构连用。比较：这封信是一个美国女孩写的。The letter was written by an American girl.(正)The letter got written by an American girl.(误)The man got struck by a stone.那人被一块石头击中了。2) to become还是becoming考 Her wish is a musician when shegrows up.答案 to become不定式和动名词都可以作表语，并常可换用；但是，表示某一个具体动作或某一将来的动作时，通常用不定式，而表示比较抽象的一般动作时，则常用动名词。比较：Her job is teaching Chinese.她的工作是教中文。(指泛指的行为，表示职业)He