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1、代词代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词，使用代词可以避免重复，使句子简洁。1 代词的种类代词可以分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词。1-1 人称代词1)人称代词图示表示“我”、“你”、“他”等的词称为人称代词。人称代词有人称、数、格的变化，第三人称单数还有性的不同，图示如下：数 单数 复数人称格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I我 me we我们 us第二人称 you你，您 you you你们 you阳性 he 他 him他们第三人称 阴性she 她 her they她们 them它们中性 it它 it2)人称代词的用法(1)作主
2、语(用主格)He is not a Newton,but a Shakespeare. 他不像是牛顿式的人物，倒像是莎士比亚式的人物。We took the advice of our parents to majoreconomy.我们接受了父母的建议，主修经济学。It is very cold here in winter.这里冬天很冷。提示几个人称代词并列作主语或宾语时，出于礼貌，其排列次序为：youhe/sheI(单数的场合)，weyouthey(复数的场合)，heshe或hisher(两性并列)。但表示承认错误或承担责任时要说I/weyouhe/they。You,he and I a
3、ll like the book.你、他和我都喜欢这本书。She knows either you or him.她不是认识你，就是认识他。He and she dont agree with me.他和她不同意我的看法。I and he like to stay here for another week.我和他想再在这里待一周。长辈对晚辈、长官对下属说话时，如果长辈和长官是第一人称，可将放在前面。I and my children love to hear her sing. 我和我的孩子们都喜欢听她唱歌。I and my secretary will attend the meeting
4、.我和我的秘书将参加会议。she和he 还可以用来表示拟人，带感情色彩；she 可指月亮、土地、国家、轮船、猫、鸟类等柔美、可爱的东西或动物，he可指马、大象、狗等动物。The moon has risen. She is round and bright.月亮升起了，她又圆又亮。There was a swallow in the tree just now. She has flown into the blue sky.刚才树上有一只燕子，她已经飞到蓝天中去了。The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.狗看见主人就摇起了尾巴。China
5、will always do what she has promised todo.中国总会信守承诺的。The Queen Mary was on her first voyage then.“玛丽女王”号当时在作处女航。指代自己的宠物、爱车等，男主人常用he/his，女主人常用she/her。My car still runs perfectly.She has been working for me for over ten years. 我的车依然运行良好，我开她已经10多年了。在“It isthat”强调句型中，如果人称代词作主语，用主格，如果人称代词作宾语，用宾格。It is she
6、 who/that is singing in the room.是她在房间里唱歌。It was him whom/that she saw in the classroom just now.她刚才在教室里看到的是他。(2)作表语(用主格)Oh, its he. 哦，是他。提示在口语中，常用宾格人称代词作表语。“Whos that?”“Its me/her.”“谁？”“是我/她。”(3)作宾语(用宾格)A. 作及物动词的宾语I saw him in the street yesterday.我昨天在街上看见了他。She teaches them English.她教他们英语。B. 作介词的宾
7、语I shall go with her.我将和她一起去。You cant do the work without him.没有他你做不了这项工作。提示介词as和than后的人称代词往往用宾格，连词as和than后的人称代词往往用主格。他跑得和我一样快。He runs as fast as me. (as作介词)He runs as fast as I. (as作连词，相当于as I do)她法语说得和我一样好。She speaks French as well as me.(as作介词)She speaks French as well as I do.(as 作连词)1-2 物主代词1)物
8、主代词图示物主代词是用来表示所有关系的，也称为人称代词的所有格。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语，相当于形容词；名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，相当于名词，可以作主语、表语或宾语。物主代词图示如下：人称数 单数 复数my 我的 our 我们的your你的，您的 your 你们的第三人称 his他的，her她的，its它的 their 他们的，她们的，它们的第一人称 mine我的 ours 我们的yours 你的，您的 yours 你们的his他的，hers她的，its它的 theirs 他们的，她们的，它们的2)物主代词的用法(
9、1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语Her bag is on the desk.她的书包在桌子上。That is our classroom.那就是我们的教室。(2)名词性物主代词作名词用本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，因此，后面不可再加名词。A. 作主语。My brother is a worker and hers is a soldier.我弟弟是一个工人，她弟弟是一个战士。(hers=herbrother)This is your pen. Mine is in the box.这是你的钢笔，我的钢笔在盒子里。(mine=my pen)B. 作表语。These books a
10、re ours.这些书是我们的。Those pictures are not yours,but theirs. 那些画不是你(们)的，而是他们的。It is hers.这是她的(东西)。C. 作宾语。He borrows your bike and you may botrow mine.他借你的自行车，你可以借我的。(作及物动词的宾语)I can lend the books to her friends and to his.我可以把书借给她的朋友和他的朋友。“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语，表示强调。比较：She is a friend of mine.(正)她是我的一位朋
11、友。She is a friend of me.(误)She is a friend of my.(误)That dog of theirs never bites.(正)他们的那条狗从不咬人。That dog of their never bites. (误)That dog of them never bites. (误)比较：This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。(照片为我所有，但不一定是我本人的照片)This is a photo of me. 这是我本人的照片。(照片上是我本人)提示注意，英、汉两种语言在使用物主代词方面有一些不同。汉语中表示某人所有的物
12、主代词常可省略，而英语中则需明确表示出来。She put on her new dress and went to the party.她穿上新衣服去参加晚会。Please take off your shoes.请把鞋子脱掉。1-3 反身代词1)反身代词图示反身代词是借助self或selves 构成的词，表示“本人，本身，亲自”等意思，指动作反身到动作执行者本身或进行强调。反身代词图示如下：人称数 单数 复数第一人称 myself我自己 ourselves我们自己第二人称 yourself你自己，您自己 yourselves你们自己第三人称 himself 他自己herself 她自己its
13、elf它自己 themselves 他们自己，她们自己，它们自己2)反身代词的用法(1)作宾语(动词宾语或介词宾语)Please help yourself to some tea. 请自己用茶。(作动词宾语)She always thinks of others,never of herself.她总是为别人着想，从不为自己着想。(作介词宾语，不可用her)He teaches himself English.他自学英语。(作动词宾语，主语和宾语指同一个人，不用him)He is old enough to look after himself.他长大了，能够自己照顾自己了。She made
14、 a name for herself.她使自己出了名。(2)作句中名词或代词的同位语，表示“自己，本人，亲自”，以加强语气，也可以放在句尾He himself did the work.这项工作是他自己做的。(也可以说：He did the work himself.)I want to see the picture myself.我想亲自看看那幅画。(3)作表语My brother is not quite himself today.我弟弟今天不太舒服。The man admitted that the thief was himself.那人承认那个小偷就是他自己。(4)反身代词还可
15、与某些动词或介词搭配，构成习惯用语by oneself独自，单独地behave oneself表现得体，有礼貌for oneself为自己devote oneself to致力于of oneself自动地among themselves在他们之间amuse oneself自娱find oneself in不知不觉处于talk to oneself自言自语think to oneself自己思忖teach oneself自学enjoy oneself by以自娱call oneself自称make oneself at home 随便些dress oneself自己穿excuse oneself
16、自我辩解avail oneself of 利用seat oneself坐下(=be seated)absent oneself缺席(=be absent)come to oneself苏醒过来，醒悟过来help yourself to自取，请你随便吃一点keep sth. for oneself把留给自己make oneself understood使自己让别人理解She is used to speaking to herself.她习惯于自言自语。Behave yourself!规矩点！(对孩子等用语)He lost himself in the woods.他在森林里迷了路。(=lost
17、 his way)1-4 指示代词1)指示代词图示表示“这个”，“那个”，“这些”，“那些”等意思的代词叫做指示代词。单数 this这个 that 那个 same 同样的 such 这样的 it它 so如此，这样复数these 这些 those 那些 same 同样的 such这样的2)指示代词的用法(1) this, that, these, those 的用法(这些词通常指物，也可指人)A.作主语。This is a map.这是一张地图。Whose pens are those? 那些是谁的钢笔？B. 作宾语。Have you read this?你读过这个吗？I like these
18、but she likes those.我喜欢这些，而她喜欢那些。C.作表语。Her plan is this.她的计划是这样的。His worries are those.他的烦恼就是那些。D. 作定语。I dont like that man.我不喜欢那个人。She is fond of those books.她喜欢那些书。(2)指示代词的用法区别A. this和these 一般指在空间和时间上较近的事物，that和those一般指在空间和时间上较远的事物。This is a map of China and that is a map of theworld.这是一张中国地图，那是一张
19、世界地图。They are living together in these days. 这些日子里他们生活在一起。In those years they led a hard life.在那些岁月里，他们生活很艰难。B. this和these 常指后面将要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that和those 常指前面已经讲到过的事物，起承上的作用。I shall say this to you: he is an honest man.我将对你说这一点：他是一个诚实的人。Please remember these words: we want peace, but we are not afrai
20、d of war.请记住这些话：我们热爱和平，但是我们不害怕战争。He felt ill. That is why he didnt come.他病了，那就是他没来的原因。C.在电话中，this 表示打电话者，that 表示接电话的对方。Hello! This is Mary (speaking). 喂，我是玛丽。Whos that please?请问是哪位？(美国用Whosit？或 Whos this?)D. that和those 可以代替前面已提到过的名词，以避免重复。This book is as interesting as that you read lastmonth.这本书与你上
21、个月读的那本书同样有趣。The cars made in this city are more expensive than those made in that city.这个城市造的汽车比那个城市造的汽车贵。(3) same的用法(same常与the连用)A. 作主语(通常用单数谓语动词)。The same has happened to her.同样的情况发生在她身上。The same is the case with them.他们的情况也一样。B. 作表语。下不下用对我来提解“Ht,it is all he same to me.C. 作宾语。They all said the sa
22、me.他们都说了同样的话。D.作定语。They arrived there on the same night.他们在同一天晚上到达那里。E. 用于“the sameas”结构中，意为“同一样”。He went to the same school as Tom.他同汤姆上同一个学校。(4) such的用法A. 作主语(多指刚说过的或上文提到的事)。Such is his reason.这就是他的理由。Such is what he told me.这就是他告诉我的。B. 作定语。I have never seen such a tall tree.我从未见过这么高的树。Such things
23、 are not familiar to me.这类事我不熟悉。样的。用于“suchras结构中，意为“像这She has visited such beautiful cities as Nanjing and Hangzhou.她曾访问过像南京和杭州这样美丽的城市。D.用于“such as”结构中，意为“诸如之类的”。I like drinks such as tea and coffee. 我喜欢喝诸如茶和咖啡之类的饮料。(5) so的用法so作指示代词用时，代替一个句子或短语所表达的观点、事情，主要有下面几种用法。A：在肯定句中，用于Imafraid，Ihope后，代替上文提出的观点、
24、事情。A. Have you missed the start of the film?你没有看到影片的开头部分是吗？B: Im afraid so.恐怕是的。(不可说Im not afraid so)A:I hope they stay together.我希望他们在一起。B:I hope so too. 我也希望如此。B: I hope not.我不希望如此。(不可说Idonthope so)B.在肯定句和否定句中，用于think，suppose，guess, believe, expect, imagine, reckon 等后，代替上文提出的观点、事情。A: Are the roads
25、 blocked by snow? 道路被大雪阻塞了吗？B: I believe so.我相信是的。A: Do you think hes upset?你认为他不高兴吗？B: I think so. /I dont think so. /I think not.我认为是的。/我认为不是的。C.在肯定句中，so表示与上文的情况相同时，所引导的句子要用倒装结构。He quickened his steps, and so did I.他加快了脚步，我也同样。D.在肯定句中，用于句首，指代上文提出的观点、事情，意为“如此，的确如此”。A: My eyes are slightly different
26、 colors. 我两眼的颜色有点差别。B: So they are.的确是这样的。A: The man looks like James Dean.那个男的看上去像詹姆斯迪恩。B: So he does.的确如此。A: There, there is a sculpture outside therestaurant.瞧，餐厅外有座雕像。B: So there is.的确有。A: Im sorry Im late.抱歉，我来晚了。B: So you should be.你本该如此。E. do so可用来代替“动词+宾语”，以避免重复。这种用法的do so的主语必须与上文“动词+宾语”的主语一
27、致。若主语不一致，不可用do so，而可用do it或do that。I agreed to lend him some money and Ill do so very soon.我答应借些钱给他的，我很快就会做。He resigned last week. It was a pity that he hadnt done so earlier.他上周辞职了，可惜他没有早点这么做。I havent time to weed the garden. Whos going to do it/do that?我没有时间给花园锄草。谁去做呢？(本句不可用do so)提示如果替代的动作不是由主观愿望支
28、配的，不可用do so。我丢了钱包，可我不知道怎么丢的。I lost my wallet, but I didnt know I did. (正)I lost my wallet, but I didnt know I did so.(误)1-5 相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词，有eachother和one another 两组。一般来说，each other用于两个人或物之间，one another用于两个或两个以上的人或物之间，但这种区别在现代英语中已不明显。1)作宾语You and I know each other very well.你我相互都很了解。(作动词宾语)All t
29、he children here are fond of one another.这里所有的孩子相互都很喜欢。(作介词宾语)2)作定语用each others或one anothers所有格形式。They pointed out each others weak points.他们相互指出弱点。提示each other有时可以分开使用，这时，each可以用作主语。Each tries to do better than the other in theirwork.两人彼此都力争在工作中比对方做得更好。1-6 it 的用法1)it用作代词(1)指代事物或前面提到过的事物“Whats in th
30、e picture?”“Its a tower.”“图画里是什么？”“是一座塔。”Its the wind shaking the door.是风刮得门响。Youve helped her a lot; she will never forget it.你曾经给过她许多帮助，她永远也不会忘记。Jacks mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but it didnt help. 杰克的母亲不断地告诫杰克要更加努力工作，但这没有用。(2)指人“Who is it?” “Its me.” “是谁？”“是我。”Is it a boy o
31、r a girl?是男婴还是女婴？ (it指ababy)(3)表示时间或季节It is seven oclock now.现在7点钟。“What day is today?”“It is Friday.” “今天星期几？”“今天星期五。”“What is the date today?“Its the third ofMay.”“今天几号？”“今天5月3号。”“What season is it?”“Its autumn.”“现在是什么季节?”“是秋天。”(4)表示距离How far is it from the school to your home?从学校到你家多远？It is twent
32、y miles from here to the village.从这里到那个村庄20英里路。(5)表示气候It is cold today. 今天天气冷。“What was the weather like yesterday?” “It wasfne.”“昨天天气怎样？”“天气晴朗。”It often rains here in summer. 这里夏天时常下雨。(6)表示情况How is it going with you?你近来情况怎样？Where does it hurt?哪儿痛？(7)代替指示代词this, that“Whose pen is this? “Its mine.”“这
33、是谁的钢笔？”“是我的。”(8)在性别不计或不详时指代婴儿What alovely boy!Is it aboy?多可爱的小宝宝，是男孩吗？She is expecting another baby and hopes it will beagirl.她又快生孩子了，希望是个女孩。(9)指代动物指代动物不带感情色彩时用it。She went to the cat and started stroking it.她走上前去，开始抚摸那只猫。(10)电话用语中Hello, itis Tom.喂，我是汤姆。“Who is it speaking?”“Its Frank.”“是哪位？”“我是弗兰克。”
34、(11)用于询问某一人或物的答语中“Whos that singing over there?“Its Mary.”“谁在那边唱歌？”“是玛丽。”“Whats that?“Its my wallet.”“那是什么？”“那是我的钱包。”(12)用于指未知的人、不确定的人A: Some one is at the door.门口有人。B: Who is it? 谁呀？A:Who is making so much noise?谁这么吵？B:It must be the children.那一定是孩子们。(13)用于who/whom is it that, why is it that, what
35、is it that, if I can help it, how is it with,it fared well with 等惯用结构中How is it with your husband?你丈夫好吗？It fared well with us.我们生活得很好。If I can help it,I dont like working with them.如果可能，我不喜欢同他们一起工作。Why is it that you refused to pay the money?你为什么拒绝付款？Whom was it that she gave the letter to?她把那封信给谁了？
36、2)it用作形式主语it 常用来代替不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语，位于句首，而被替代的真正主语后置。(1)it+谓语+不定式It is easy to climb the hill.爬那座小山很容易。It is his duty to settle the problem.解决那个问题是他的责任。It is not proper to do so.这样做不恰当。(2)it+谓语+动名词短语当表语是no use,no good,useless, waste,worthwhile，dangerous 等时，主语常用动名词，这种情况常用it作形式主语，代替动名词。It is no use
37、 arguing with him.同他争辩没用。It is no good going there. 到那里去没有用处。It is exciting working here with you.在这里同你一起工作很令人兴奋。It is dangerous playing with fire.玩火是危险的。(3)it+谓语+名词性从句(主语从句)It is clear that she is the best student in the class.很明显，她是班上最好的学生。Its a pity that you cant go with her.你不能同她一块去，真遗憾。Its cert
38、ain that he will get on well with them.可以肯定，他会同他们相处得很好。It is said that he is doing fine in school.据说他在学校里表现很好。It doesnt matter whether he comes or not. 他来不来都没有关系。It wasnt clear enough what he meant.他的意思还没有弄清楚。3) it用作形式宾语不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作宾语时，如果后面带有宾语补足语，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语(不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句)放在宾语补足语后面。这类
39、动词常用的有：think，find, feel, consider, believe, make, take, prove, imagine, count, regard, deem, suppose等。I found it not easy to get on with Jim. 我发现同吉姆相处不容易。She thought it best to wait for him.她认为最好等他。I find it a great pleasure meeting you here.在这里遇见你真令人愉快。I think it useless quarreling with her.我想同她争吵没
40、有用处。I think it best that you should stay here.我想你最好待在这里。I have made it clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here. 我已经讲得很清楚，任何人不准在此处吸烟。4)it用于强调结构it常可在“itis/was+被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)+that(强调部分指人时还可用who/whom)+句子的其他部分”强调结构里用作先行词。It was I who/that met him in Nanjing.在南京遇到他的是我。(强调主语)It was him whom/that I m
41、et in Nanjing.我在南京遇到的是他。(强调宾语)It was in Nanjing that I met him.我是在南京遇到他的。(强调地点状语)1-7 疑问代词英语中疑问代词共有5个，用来构成特殊疑问句，分别是：who(谁)，whom(谁)，whose(谁的)，what(什么)，which(哪个、哪些)。1)who和whom的用法who是主格，在句中作主语和表语，whom是宾格，在句中作宾语。Who came here yesterday?昨天谁来这里了？(作主语：who+谓语+其他成分)Who is that young man?那个年轻人是谁？(作表语：who+一般疑问句
42、)Whom/Who do you want to see?你想见谁？(作动词宾语：whom+一般疑问句)Whom/Who are you talking about?你们在谈论什么？(作介词宾语)提示who在口语中也可以作宾语。2)whose的用法whose 既可作名词用，也可作形容词用。whose作形容词用时，后接名词。whose在句中可作定语或表语。定用ee book is this这是谁的书(形容词，作表语hose is the desk？这个书来是谁的？(名词，作3) what的用法what既可作名词，也可作形容词。作形容词用时，后接名词。what在句中可作主语、定语、表语或宾语。Wh
43、at makes him so happy?什么使他如此高兴？(作主语：what+一般疑问句)What is she?她是干什么的？(作表语：what+一般疑问句)What is Tom doing?汤姆在干什么？(作宾语：what+一般疑问句)What class does he teach?他教第几班？(作定语：what+名词+一般疑问句)4) which的用法which 提出两种或两种以上的可供选择的人或物，可作名词，也可作形容词，在句中充当主语、定语、宾语和表语。This is mine. Which is yours?这是我的。哪一个是你的？(作主语：which+谓语)Which o
44、f you will go with him?你们中间哪一个同他一起去？(作主语：which+of短语+谓语+其他成分)Which would you like, tea or coffee? 你想喝茶还是喝咖啡？(作宾语：which+一般疑问句)Which book is more interesting?哪一本书更有趣？(作定语：which+名词+谓语)比较：Which is she looking for?她在找哪一个？(哪一本书，哪一支钢笔，哪一个练习本)钢笔ht is she looking for?她在找什么？(书、钱。Which(one) is your brother?(照片上
45、)哪一个是你弟弟？(要求从众人中辨别出来，指出其特征)What is your brother?你弟弟从事什么职业？(要求说出其职业)She is Miss Mary.她是玛丽小姐。Who is she?她是谁？(问某人的姓名、身份用who)She is a teacher.她是一位教师。What is she?她是做什么工作的？(问某人什么职业用what)What sport do you like best?你最喜欢什么运动？(不限定范围)Which game do you like best?你最喜欢哪一种游戏？(限定在一定范围内)提示注意下面3个错句：Which of they is
46、better? (误)(应该用宾格them)Which of cars do you like better? (误)(cars前应有the，表特指)Which of the guestion is more difficult? (误)(question应为复数)5) who, what, which等后面加上后缀-ever，可构成其强调形式Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。Take whichever you wish.随便拿哪一个都行。1-8 不定代词用来修饰或代替任何不定数字或不定范围的词叫做不定代词。常用的不定代词如下：one(一个)，both(
47、两个都)，some(某个/某些)，any(任何一个)，other(别的/其他)，another(另一个)，each(各个)，every(每一个)，all(所有的/一切)，either(两者之一)，neither(两者都不)，none(没有人，没有任何东西)，few(少)，little(少)，many(许多)，much(许多)。1) one的用法one可以指人或物，表示“一个人”或“某一个”。one既可作名词，也可作形容词，在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语等。one的所有格形式是ones，反身代词是oneself，复数形式是ones。(1)泛指人，表示“人，人人”One must do ones duty.人要尽责。(作主语，定语)One should be strict with oneself.一个人应该严格要