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1、百度文库-好好学习，天天向上外文原文外文原文 Introduction to Civil Engineering Introduction to Civil EngineeringAbstract:Abstract:The civil engineering is a huge discipline,but the most important isarchitecture,whether in China or abroad,has a long history,long-termdevelopmentprocess.The whole world is changing every day
2、,but the architecture also along withthe progress of science and development.Mechanics findings,material of update,ever more scientific technology into the architecture.But before a room with a tile tocover the top of the house,now for comfort,different ideas,different scientific,promoted the develo
3、pment of civil engineering,making it more perfect.Key wordsKey words:Civil engineering;Architecture;Mechanics;MaterialsCivil engineering is build various projects collectively.It was meant to be andmilitaryprojectcorresponding.In English the history of CivilEngineering,mechanical engineering,electri
4、calengineering,chemical engineering areall civil,because they all have civilian character.Later,as the project development ofscienceand t ech nol ogy,mech ani cal,el ect ri cal,c hem ical has gradual lyformedindependentscientific,to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized far,inEn gl ish
5、,t o En gi neeri ng i ncl ud e wat er co ns er va nc y proj ec t,po rtEngineering,Whileinour country,water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close andcivil engineering relatively independent engineering constructionof object,both refers to that builton theground,undergroundwate
6、rengineering facilities,also refers to applied materials equipmentand conduct of theinvestigation,design and construction,maintenance,repair and other professional-1百度文库-好好学习，天天向上technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food,clothing,shelter and transporthas close relation of the proje
7、ct.Among them with live relationship is directly.Because,to solve the live problem must build various types of solvethe line,food and clothes problem both direct side,but also a indirect side.Line,must build railways,roads,Bridges,Feed,must be well drilling water,waterc o n s e r v a n c y,f a r mi
8、r r i g a t i o n,dr ai n a ge wat e r s uppl y f or t h e ci t y,t h at i s di r ect rel at i on.Indirectly relationship is no matter whatyou do,manufacturing cars,ships,orspinning and weaving,clothing,or even production steel,launch satellites,conductingscientific research activities are inseparab
9、le from build various buildings,structuresand build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development,yet hasevolvedintolargescale comprehensive discipline,it has out many branch,such as:architecturalengineering,the railway engineering,road engineer
10、ing,bridgeengineering,special engineering structure,water and wastewater engineering,port engineering,hydraulic engineering,environment engineering disciplines.Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines,and has its importantattributes of:integrated,practicality,unity,Civil engineering for t
11、he developmentofand the improvement of peoples life provides an important material andtechnicalbasis,for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting,engineeringconstruction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process,therefore,construction and realestate become in many cou
12、ntries and regions,economic-2百度文库-好好学习，天天向上powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning,survey,design,construction of thefloorboard.Purpose is for human life and production provide places.houses willbelike a man,its like a mans life planning environment is responsible by the planners,Its lay
13、out and artistic processing,corresponding to thebody shape looks andtemperament,isresponsible by the architect,Its structure is likeapersonsbonesandlife expectancy,the structural engineer is responsible,Its water,heatingventilationand electrical facilities such asthe human organand the nerve,isbythe
14、equipmentengineer is responsible for.Also like nature intact shaped like people,in the cityIdistrict planning based on build houses,and is theconstruction unit,reconnaissanceunit,design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensivecoordination and cooperation process.After al
15、l,but is structural stress body reaction force and theinternal stress andhow external force balance.Building to tackle,also must solve the problem ismechanical problems.We have to solve the problem of discipline called architecturalmechanics.Architectural mechanics have can be divided into:statics,m
16、aterialmechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical mechanicsis discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factorsaffecting the working condition of,also is the building of intensity,stiffness-3百度文库-好好学习，天天向上andload,bear load and load of structure and component
17、 can causethe surrounding objects in their function,and the object itself by the load effect anddeformation,and there is the possibility of damage,but the structure itself has certainresistance to deformation and destruction of competence,and the bearing capacityofthe structure size is and component
18、 of materials,cross section,and the structuralproperties of geometry size,working conditions and structurecircumstance these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved throughcalculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role.Buildingmaterial iswith human society produc
19、tivity and science andtechnology improves graduallydeveloped.In ancient times,the human lives,the line USES is the rocks andthe 12th to 4th century BC created tiles and tiles，human being only useful man-madematerials made of housing.After the 17th century,with the pig iron and wroughtiron,until the
20、18th century had Portland cement,just make later reinforced concreteengi nee ring ge t vi go rou sal l sor ts of highstren gt h stru ct ura lmaterials,newdecoration materials and waterproof material development,criterionand20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are clo
21、selyrelated to the widely application.In all materials,the most main and most popularissteel,concrete,lumber,masonry.In recent years,by using two kinds of materialadvantage,will make them together,the combination of structure was developed.-4百度文库-好好学习，天天向上Now,architecture,engineering quality fit and
22、 unfit quality usually adopted materialsquality,performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection,in meet thesame technical indicators and quality requirements,under the precondition of choiceof different material is different,use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construc
23、tion process,building construction is andarchitectural mechanics,buil ding m at eri al s also im port antis t o t he mi nd of t hedesigner,intention and idea intorealistic process,from the ancient cavemanto the skyscrapers,from rural to urban country road elevated road all need throughconstruction m
24、eans.A construction project,including many jobs such as dredging engineering,deep foundation pit bracingengineering,foundation engineering,reinforced concrete structureengineering,structural lifting project,waterproofing,decorateprojects,each type of project has its own rules,all need according todi
25、fferent construction object and construction environment conditions using relevantconstruction technology,inwork while,need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole,each project between reasonableorganizing and coordination,better play investment engineeringconstruction
26、 in the benefit,while also issued by the state in strict accordance withthe relevant construction technology standard,thus further enhance Chinasconstruction level to ensure construction quality,reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata,building weight
27、 eventually to stratum,have to bear.FormationSupport building the rocks were referred to asfoundation,and t hebuildings o n the ground and undert h eu p p e rs t r u c t u r eo fs e l fr e s p e c tand liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or componentcalled foundation.Foundation,a
28、nd the foundation and the superstructure is a bui-5百度文库-好好学习，天天向上lding of three inseparable to the function is different,but in load,under theaction of themare related to each other,is the interact ion of the whole.Foundationcanbedividedintonaturalf o u n d a t i o n a n d a r t i f i c i a l f o u
29、n d a t i o n,b a s i c a c c o r d i n g t othe buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallowand foundation is the guarantee of the quality of he buildings and normal use closebutton,where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintainoverall stability and if the sett
30、lement of foundation produce in building scopepermitted inside,and foundation itself should have sufficient strength,stiffness anddurability,also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaininretaining water and relevant measures.As people living standard rise ceaselessly,the peo
31、ple to their place of buildings p a c e h a s b e c o m e n o t o n l y f r o m t h e n u m b e r,a n d p u tforwardhigherrequirementfrom quality are put car higher demandsthat the environment is beautiful,havecertain comfort.This needs to decorate a building to be necessary.If architectureMajor eng
32、ineering constitutes the skeleton of the building,then after adornmentbuilding has become the flesh and blood organism,final with rich,perfect appearancein peoples in front,the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material relatedproperties,with existing construction technolo
33、gy,the mosteffective gimmick,to achieve conception must express effect.Building outfit fix-6gto百度文库-好好学习，天天向上consider the architectural space use requirement,protect the subject institutions from damage,give a person with beautiful enjoying,satisfy the requirements of fireevacuation,decorative mater
34、ials and scheme of rationality,construction technologyand economic feasibility,etc.Housing construction development and at the same time,like housingconstruction as affecting people life of roads,Bridges,tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects,it ha
35、s made greata c h i e v e m e n t s,t h ef u t u r eo ft h ec i v i le n g i n e e r i n gw i l lo c c u p yi np e o p l e sl i f em o r e important environment worsening population increase,people to fightfor survival,to strive for a more comfortable livingenvironment,and will paymoreattentionto ci
36、vilthe near future,some major projects willbebuilt,insert roller skyscrapers,across the,more convenient traffic wouldnot dream.The development of science and technology,and the earth is deterioratingenvironment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development,provide mankind br
37、oader space of living.Inrecent years,engineering materialsmainly is reinforced concrete,lumber and brick materials,in the future,the traditionalmaterials will be improved,more suitable for some new buildingmaterials market,especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction oftowards a
38、higher point.Meanwhile,design methodof precision,design work ofa u t o m a t i o n,i n f o r m a t i o na n d i n t e l l i g e n tt e c h n o l o g yo fi n t r o d u c i n g,w i l lb ep e o p l eh a v e a morecomfortableliving word,and the development of the theoryand new materials,the emergence of
39、 the application of computer,high-techintroduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional.Because hundreds of thousands,even hundreds of thousands of lines to building-7百度文库-好好学习，天天向上each place structur
40、e clearly reflected.Without a gentle state of mind,do what thing justfloating on the surface,to any a building structure,to be engaged in business andcould not have had a clear,accurate and profound understanding of,the nature is no good.In this business,probably not burn the midnight oil of courage
41、,not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up,will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry.Should have a single responsible heartI ones life in my hand,thousands of life in my hand.Since the civil,should choosdependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally,this is a c
42、onstant pursuit of perfect industry.Pyramid,spectacular now:The Great Wall,the majestic.But if no generations of the pursuit of today,wemalsousethaesortofthyeeoldest way to build this same architecture.Design a buildingstructure is numerous,but this is all experienced centuries of clarification,thro
43、ughcontinuous accumulation,keep improving,innovation obtained.And such pursuit,not confined in the past.Just think,if the design of a building can be like calculationone plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp,that was not for what?Therefore,a civil engineer is in constant of in of the most
44、simple structure,theleast cost,the biggestcivil,choosing a steadfast diligence,innovation,pursuit of perfect path.-8百度文库-好好学习，天天向上1.1.外文翻译外文翻译土木工程概论土木工程概论摘要：摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动
45、了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。关键词：关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料。土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于土木工程，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，土木工程就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，土木工程还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设-9百度文库-好好学习，天天向上计施工，保养，维修等专
46、业技术。土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食、衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，
47、特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。建筑工程就是兴建房屋规划，勘测，设计，施工的总称。目的是为人类的生产和生活提供场所。房屋好比一个人，它的规划就像人生活的环境，是由规划师负责的；它布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质，是由建筑师负责的；它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命，-10百度文库-好好学习，天天向
48、上是由结构工程师负责的；它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经，是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样，在城市我地区规划基础上建造房屋，是建设单位，勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。结构说穿了，不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决，也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为：静力学，材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的工作状况，也就是建筑的强度，刚度，稳定性。在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周
49、围的物体对它们的作用，同时物件本身受载荷作用而产生变形，并且存在着被破坏的可能性，但是结构本身就具有一定抵抗变形和破坏的能力，而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料，截面的几何尺寸，受力性质，工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。建筑材料在建筑中也有着举足轻重的作用。建筑材料是随着人类社会生产力和科学技术的提高而逐步发展起来的。远古时代，人类的住、行采用的是石块和树木。公元前 124 世纪先后创制了瓦和砖，人类才有用人造材料做成的住房。17 世纪有了生铁和熟铁以后，直到 18 世纪有了波特兰水泥，才使后来的钢筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃发展。如今各种高强度结构材料、新型
50、装饰材料和防水材料的开发，则和 20 世纪中期以来高分子有机材料在土木工程中的广泛应用-11百度文库-好好学习，天天向上密切相关。在所有材料中，最为主要和最为大众的是钢材、混凝土、木材、砌体。近年来，采用两种材料的优点，将它们组合在一起，做成的组合结构得到很快发展。现在的建筑中，工程质量的优劣通常与所采用材料的优劣，性能及使用的合理与否有直接的联系，在满足相同技术指标和质量要求的前提下，选择不同的材料不同的使用方法，都对工程的造价有直接的影响。在建筑过程中，建筑工程施工是和与建筑力学，建筑材料同样重要的一个环节。建筑施工是将设计者的思想，意图及构思转化为现实的过程，从古代的穴居巢处到现在的摩天