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1、2005 The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low,rate of inflation.They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 stock.I
2、am skeptical.A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues,irrespective fluctuations in income;and increasingly the 2 outlookof universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3 business firms.The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4 in
3、creases the demand foreducation.The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job(this is primarily a factor in 5 graduateand professional-school tuition;the poor ones job prospects,6 the more sense it makes toreallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make ones
4、elf more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 include softmajors,student evaluations of teachers,giving studentsa governance role,and eliminate required courses.8 Sky-high tuitions have causeduniversities to regard their students as customers.Just as busine
5、ss firms sometimescollude to shorten the 9 rigors of competition,universities collude to minimize the cost tothem of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations,so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlierfrom professional teams.
6、And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities,theIvy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students,by agreeing not toaward scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10customer.200
7、6 We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings.Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2message:the English speaker has i
8、n his disposal vocabulary and a 3set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4thoughts and feelings,in a variety of styles,to the other English 5 speakers.Hisvocabulary,in particular,both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes,increases in size as he growsold as a
9、result of education and experience.6But,whether the language store is relatively small or large,the systemremains no more,than a psychological reality for tike inpidual,unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7member of his linguistic community;he bas to give tile s
10、ystem aconcrete transmission form.We take it for granted rice two most 8common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs(speech or by visual signs(writing.And these are 9among most striking of human achievements.102007 From what has been said,it must be clear that no one c
11、anmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1 _ _ records ofancient languages show us language in a new and 2 _ emerging state.It is often said,ofcourse,that the language 3 _ _ originated in cries of anger,fear,pain and
12、 pleasure,and the 4 _ necessary evidence is entirely lacking:there are no remotetribes,no ancient records,providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5 _than we find in English.It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory,but in6_other grounds to
13、o the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure.The fact that7such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference8between t
14、hese noises and language proper.We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions,instinctive to large extent,9whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are10wholly conventional.08The desire to use language as a si
15、gn of national identity is avery natural one,and in result language has played a prominent _1_part in national moves.Men have often felt the need to cultivate _2_a given language to show that they are distinctive from another _3_race whose hegemony they resent.At the time the United States _4_split
16、off from Britain,for example,there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a _5_different language from those of Britain.There was even one _6_proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew.Others favouredthe adoption of Greek,though,as one man put it,things woul
17、dcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English _7_and made the British learn Greek.At the end,as everyone _8_knows,the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before._9_Since nearly two hundred years now,they have shown the
18、world _10_that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.09 专八改错原题Proofreading&Error Correction:The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the furt
19、her difference(1_ between shcool lore and nursery lore.In nursery lore a verse,learntin early childhood,is not usually passed on again when the little listener(2_ has grown up,and has children of their own,or even grandchildren.(3_ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingIt may b
20、e something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground(4_ lore,therefore,a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the veryhour(5_it is learnt;and in the general,it passes between children ofthe(6_same age,or nearly so,since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more
21、than five years.If therefore,a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years,or(7_even just for fifty,it follows that it has been retransmitting overand over;very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three(8_hundred young hearers and tellers,and the wonder is that
22、 it remains live(9_ after so much handling,to let alone that it bears resemblance to the(10_2010 年专八真题改错原文So far as we can tell,all human languages are equally complete and perfect asinstruments of communication:that is,every language appears to be as well equipped asany other to say the things its
23、speakers want to say.It may or may not be appropriate totalk about primitive peoples or cultures,but that is another matter.Certainly,not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or thecultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass.But this is not the fault o
24、f theirlanguage.The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal more precision andsubtlety than we can in English,but this is not because the Eskimo language(one of thosesometimes miscalled primitive is inherently more precise and subtle t han English.Thisexample does not bring to light a defect
25、in English,a show of unexpected primitiveness.The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in differentenvironments.The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds ofsnow,presumably,if the environments in which English was habitually used made su
26、chdistinction important.Similarly,we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as preciseand subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed part ofthe Eskimos life.For obvious historical reasons,Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about mo
27、torcars with the minute discrimination which is possible today:cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us,puzzled,to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens.How many of us could distinguish between a chaise,a landau,a
28、 victoria,a brougham,acoupe,a gig,a diligence,a whisky,a calash,a tilbury,a carriole,a phaeton,and aclarence?2005 答案解析:1.investing应改为 invested。这里说“投资于”普通股中的捐赠金价值损失惨重,既然是投资,就是指人去投资,即 endowments(that wereheavily invested in.括号内的部分是被省略的部分,本句形式上是主动,实际意义上为被动,因此应该把 investing改为invested,否则逻辑上和语法上都是说不通的。2.在
29、irrespective和 fluctuations 之间加上介词 of。irrespectiveOf是一固定用法,意指“不论,不管,不顾,”等,如:irrespective Of the cost 不惜工本,irrespective of theconsequences不顾后果,irrespective of duty status 不论职位高低。此处指公司不顾收入的波动变化。3.把 those改为 that。本句的后半部分主要强调的是大学里的“看法或观点”(outlo ok 与企业公司的看法或观点不一样,即着眼点在于对两种不同团体看法的对比。既然前面用的是单数形式,后面也应用单数形式,基本
30、语法规则是前后应一致,本句为代词 those的误用,所以应把 those改为 that。4.在 fact和 economic 之间力口上关系代词 that。这是一个同位语从语,that在同位语从句中是不能省略的,否则就很可能出现意思所指不清的麻烦,所以此处必须加上关系代词 that。5.把定冠词 the去掉。定冠词与一名词连用,表示某个或某些特定的人或物或机构等,而此处的 in the school,一则意思不清,二则可能指在某人正在某个具体学校做某事。这一层意思与本文上下文不相吻合。比较之下,in school 是一固定说法,表示“在上学或求学”、“在校读书”正符合本文上下文的意思。因此应把
31、定冠词去掉。6.把形容词 poor改为其比较级 poorer。这句中的 poor与后面的 more 形成一对比较关系,表示“越越”,根据这一思路,我们应把形容词 poor改为其比较级poorer,以表达一种对称关系。7.在 ways和 which之间加上一个介词 in。在 ways和 which之间加上一个介词in,表示 in these ways,即指通过前面提到的这些方法。相似的句子较多,如:Not allsounds made by animals serve as language,and we have only to turn to that extra ordinarydisco
32、very ofecho-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarianrole.(动物发出的声音并不是都能当作语言,因此我们只好求助于蝙蝠回声定位的这种非凡的发展,探究一下语音在何种情况下起着绝对有用的作用。8.这里应该用动词的lng形式,即 eliminating,以便使句型结构与前面的giving(students a governance role保持一致,否则句子结构和意思都显得不正确。9.将 shorten(缩短;使变短改为 reduce或 weaken。此处属于用词不当。应
33、将shorten(缩短;使变短改为 reduce(使精神垮下来;使身体瘦弱或 weaken(使削弱;使衰减,可表示文中所表示的“减弱竞争的残酷性”。10.将 to give discounts on 改为 to give discounts to their best customer。意为实业公司给最好的客户提供优惠。而 give discount on something则指就某一商品打折扣,显然与本文的上下文是相悖的。因为本文一直在讨论就如何避免为抢最好的生源而展开恶性竞争,为抢好学生捉供优厚奖学金,与公司为抢客源,给最好的客户提供优惠道理是一样的。所以应做上述改动。2006 1.agr
34、eeing-agreed2.加 these/those 在 words 前3.in his disposal-at his disposal4.enables-enable5.the other English speakers-other English speakers6.old-older7.seen-understood/perceived/comprehended8.take it for granted-take for granted9.or-and10.加 the 在 most 前2007(1an d or(2 show showing(3去掉 the(4and but_(5
35、large lager_(6 in on_(7 return response_(8 去掉 on(9 _a_(10 these those_2008 1.in result 改成 in fact,2 moves改成 movements.3 distinctive 改成 distinct或 different4 At 改成 When5 by 改成 with6 those改成 that7 删除 on,8 At 改成 In9 carrying with 改成 carrying on with10 Since 改成 For09 answer(1illustrate改为 illustrated(与前文的
36、 shown保持一致(2 the 改为 a(此次应该用不定冠词表示泛指(3their改为 his(代词与前文 a little listener 在单复数上保持一致(4something 改为 anything(这里 anything from.to.表示大约在.之间(5therefore改为 however(根据上下文逻辑关系(6 in the general去掉 the(习惯用法 in general 表示总的来说,一般不用冠词(7 currently 改为 current(这里起的是表语的作用,需要形容词而不是副词(8 it has passed改为 it has been passed
37、(主动改为被动,与前文保持一致(9 live 改为 alive(live 作形容词讲为“现场直播的”意思,这样显示需要用 alive(10 to let alone改为 let alone(let alone 为习惯搭配,意思是“更不2010 年专八真题改错参考答案1 be后插入 as;2 their改为 its;3 There改为 It;4 Whereas改为 But5 further 改为 much6 come改为 bring;7 similar 改为 different;8 will 改为 would;9 as important去掉 as;10 the part 去掉 the2004
38、改错One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate.This power is usually delegated to committees-eitherstanding committees,special committees set for a specific(1_purpose,or joint committees consisted of members of both houses.(2_Investigations are h
39、eld to gather information on the need forfuture legislation,to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches,and in rare occasions,to lay the(3_groundwork for impeachment proceedings.Frequently,committee
40、srely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings(4_and to make out detailed studies of issues.(5_There are important corollaries to the investigative power.Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results.Most(6_committee hearings are open to public and are reported(7_
41、widely in the mass media.Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers(8_to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9_Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses,and to cite fo
42、r contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony.(10_1.答案:special committees or special committees【详细解答】多项并列用句型 either.or.or。2.答案:consisted consisting【详细解答】consist of 意思是“由.构成”,故该处应用现在分词短语。3.答案:in on【详细解答】固定搭配 on.occasions4.答案:rely rely on【详细解答】固定搭配
43、 rely on sb.to do something5.答案:make out make【详细解答】make out 意思是“辨认出”,而此处意思是“对.做详细的研究”,故用“make detailed studies of.”即可。6.答案:its their【详细解答】此处指代的是“investigations”,故用复数。7.答案:public the public【详细解答】the+adj.可表示某一类人,此处意思是“面向公众”,故应用“thepublic”。8.答案:nevertheless therefore(thus【详细解答】此处不是表示意思的转折,而是与前文构成因果关系,故
44、可改为therefore 或 thus。9.答案:citizenry citizens【详细解答】citizenry 为集体名词,意为“全体公民”,且为旧用法;citizens 指公民,强调具体的群体。10.答案:these those【详细解答】those 指代 witnesses,即指代名词复数做定语从句的先行词,而these不行2003 改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families.They quicklyb
45、rought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred(1_years of a steady decline,producing the“baby boom.”These young(2_adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that Went for more tha
46、n two decades and caused a major(3_but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns.Fromthe 1940S through the early 1960s,Americans married at a high rate(4_and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.(5_Less noted but equally more significant,the men and women on who(6_formed famili
47、es between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the(7_divorce rate after a postwar peak;their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well(8_as later decades.Since the United States maintained its dubious(9_distinction of having the highest divor
48、ce rate in the world,thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in(10_Europe.Contrary to fears of the experts,the role of breadwinner andhomemaker was not abandoned.1.答案:heighthigh【详细解答】height为不可数名词,意为“高度,身高,海拔,顶点”等,故此处应改为可数名词 high。2.答案:a【详细解答】此处 steady decline指稳定下降的行为、过程而不是其结果
49、,为不可数名词,故应去掉定冠词 a。3.答案:wenton【详细解答】go on为固定搭配,意为“持续”。4.答案:highhigher【详细解答】根据上下文,此处应为比较级。5.答案:EuropeEuropean【详细解答】根据上下文,此处应用形容词作定语修饰名词 counterparts。6.答案:more【详细解答】由上下文可知,more与 equally矛盾,故应去掉。7.答案:neverthelessalso【详细解答】由上下文可知,此处讲的内容与前部分内容之间为递进关系,而非转折关系。8.答案:thatthose【详细解答】由上下文可知,此处所指代的应为前面复数形式的 marria
50、ges,故指示代词也应该用复数形式。9.答案:SinceAlthough(或 While【详细解答】从逻辑上讲,此处应表达让步关系,而非因果关系。10.答案:into【详细解答】to.extent 为固定搭配,意为“到程度”2002 改错There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciationcomparable to that existing in spelling(orthography.One is the fact that pronunciation islearntnaturally