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1、20192019 年英语（一）考研真题年英语（一）考研真题SectionSection Use of EnglishUse of EnglishDirections:Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation
2、appsare available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without aphone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 tocivilization, one of
3、which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answertwo questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is thenearest watersource? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if youhead
4、 downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13
5、 , even in denseforest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other pathspeople carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizonfor 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of lightpollu
6、tion.18 , assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leaveon the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASome BMost CFew DAll2. Aput Btake Crun Dcome3. ASince BIf C Though DUntil4. Aformally Brelatively Cgradually Dliter
7、ally5. Aback Bnext Caround Daway6. Aonto Boff Cacross Dalone7. Aunattractive Buncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8. Asite Bpoint Cway Dplace9. ASo BYet CInstead DBesides10. Aimmediately Bintentionally Cunexpectedly Deventually11. Asurprised Bannoyed Cfrightened Dconfused12. A problem Boption Cview Dres
8、ult13. A Above all BIn contrast COn average DFor example14. Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate15. Afrom Bthrough Cbeyond Dunder16. Aposts Blinks Cshades Dbreaks17. Aartificial Bmysterious Chidden Dlimited18. AFinally BConsequently Cincidentally DGenerally19. Amemories Bmarks Cnotes Dbelongings20. Arestr
9、ict Badopt Clead DexposeSectionSection Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionPart APart ADirections:Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Text 1Financial regulations in Brit
10、ain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of bigbanks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years iftheir banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” ruleis to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking
11、and to restore public trust in financialinstitution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-makingnot only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for futuregenerations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in pub
12、licly tradedcompanies, says the Bank of Englands top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant ofclassical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than puttingthem aside to be e
13、aten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, hasdropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, whodemand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest inlong-term research or to build u
14、p customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterlycapitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “Thereseems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense
15、of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission inspeech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce“short-termi
16、sm.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ asubstantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long -termism,” such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hol
17、d onto acompany investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in acompany.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executivesto think beyond their own time atthe company and on behalf ofall stakeholders. Britainsnew rule is a reminder to ba
18、nkers that society has an interest in their performance, not just forthe short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.A. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB. h
19、elp corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-maki
20、ngC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23.23. It It is is arguedargued thatthat thethe influenceinfluence ofof transienttransient investmentinvestment onon publicpublic companiescompanies cancanbe_.be_.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporar
21、y24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of
22、the following would be the best title for the text?25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Text 2Grade inflation-the gradual
23、 increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over thepast few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, inwhich students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policyoften buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”is
24、helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating astudents overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as college
25、s continueto do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduationrates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to givethem a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition toco
26、llege-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow allundergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about thegrade itself and more about encouraging students
27、to retake courses critical to their degreeprogram and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, OhioState Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake acourse and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them
28、 to graduateon time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well.For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures like those,
29、mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the endof the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding t
30、oconsumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a collegedegree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are asqualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seemto be aligned.26. What is
31、 commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?2
32、7. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges
33、 to_.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?29. What does the phra
34、se “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiv
35、eness by_.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3Text 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, TheModern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the
36、 electric light bulb, theauthor produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethicalquestions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”Whatis intelligence, identify, or consciousness?
37、 What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea ofrobots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted onpopu
38、lar sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation wherethere are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually i
39、s and how you could everbuild a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming useof autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human driverssometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex c
40、ombinationof instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell themin that moment. AI “vision” today isnot nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And toanticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are b
41、ased on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore -based agency that is helpingthe government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore,other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to e
42、stablish their own guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate internatio
43、nalnorms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or humanrights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea thatdecisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make s
44、ure that the thinking of intelligent machinesreflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and notFrankensteins out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelleys31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI
45、scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eagleman32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnesss opinion, our current knowledge of cons
46、ciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehic
47、lesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledge is one of34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35. Which o
48、f the following would be the best title for the text?35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AIs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlT
49、ext 4Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make onlinepurchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighterwallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions
50、 thatstates said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it moredifficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchaseto a state where the business didnt have a