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1、 初中语法专题时态.时态的定义：时态的定义：作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式。（不同的时间，用不同的时态。）.一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时.一、一般现在时一、一般现在时.一、一般现在时：一、一般现在时：概念概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month),once a week,on Sunday,etc.基本结构基本结构：be动词；行为动词.否定形式否定形式：am/is/are+not;谓
2、语动词为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，加动词原型。一般疑问句一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。.否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示：肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I am a teacher.Am I a teacher？I am not./Imnot a teacher.Am I not a teacher？He/She is a teacher.Is he/she a teacher？He/She is not/isnt a teacher.Is he/she
3、 not a teacher？或Isnt he/she a teacher？It is Mary.Is it Mary？It is not/isnt Mary.Is it not Mary？/Isnt it Mary？We/You/They are teachers.Are we/you/they teachers？We/You/They are not/arent teachers.Are we/you/they not teachers？或Arent we/you/they teacher？.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I work.Do I work？I do
4、nt work.Do I not work？或Dont I work？He/She/It works.Does he/she/it work？He/She/It does not/doesnt work.Does he/she/it not work？或Doesnt he/she/it work？We/You/They work.Do we/you/they work？We/You/They do not/dont work.Do we/you/they not work？或Dont we/you/they work？.特别提示：特别提示：have(has)在表示“有”时，否定形式为haven
5、t(hasnt)或have not(has not)，变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时，其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。.e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons？()Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons？()她有教钢琴的经验吗？Had you a good time going hiking yesterday？()Did you have a good time goi
6、ng hiking yesterday？()你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗？.注意：注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。e.g.We wont go to the park if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园。When I grow up,I will go to America.我长大后要去美国。.动词第三人称单数形式变化规则.规则规则例子例子一般在词尾加一般在词尾加-s-s，(清辅音后清辅音后读读/s/s/，在浊辅音后读，在浊辅音后读/z/z/；在在t t后读后读/ts/,/ts/,在在d d后读后读/dz/dz/。)PlayPla
7、yplays plays leaveleaveleavesleavesswimswimswimsswims以字母以字母s,x,ch,sh,os,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词结尾的词加加-es-es，读，读/iz/,/iz/,如果动词原形如果动词原形词尾已有词尾已有e,e,则只加则只加-s-s。pass pass passes passes fixfixfixesfixesteachteachteaches teaches wishwishwisheswishesdododoesdoes以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y y结尾的词结尾的词，先变，先变y y为为i,i,再加再加-es,-es,读读/z/z
8、/studystudystudies studies carrycarrycarriescarriesflyflyfliesflies.二、一般过去时二、一般过去时.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc
9、.基本结构：be动词；行为动词.否定形式：否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。.肯定句：肯定句：1、was/were+其他2、谓语动词使用过去式形式，V-ed分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to do used to do”和“would+动词原形”。.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I was a teacher.Was I a teacher？I was not a teacher.Was
10、I not a teacher？He/She was a teacher.Was he/she a teacher？He/She was not/wasnt a teacher.Was he/she not a teacher？或Wasnt he/she a teacher？It was Mary.Was it Mary？It was not/wasnt Mary.Was it not Mary？/Wasnt it Mary？We/You/They were teachers.Were we/you/they teachers？We/You/They were not/werent teach
11、ers.Were we/you/they not teachers？或Werent we/you/they teacher？.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I worked.Did I work？I did not/didnt work.Did I not work？或Didnt I work？He/She/It worked.Did he/she/it work？He/She/It did not/didnt work.Did he/she/it not work？或Didnt he/she/it work？We/You/They worked.Did we/you
12、/they work？We/You/They did not/didnt work.Did we/you/they not work？或Didnt we/you/they work？.构成规则构成规则例子一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。looklooked playplayedworkworked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlikeliked livelivedhopehoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplanplanned stopstoppeddropdropped结尾是“辅音字
13、母y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-edstudystudied worryworriedcrycried.三、现在进行时三、现在进行时.1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now,at this time,days,look.listen等时间状语做标志。3.基本结构：主语+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。.6.6.使用情况使用情况1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g.He is reading.They are talking now.2)、当前一段时
14、间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g.They are working these days.3)、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.肯定式肯定式I am working.We/You/They are working.He/She/It is working.疑问式疑问式Am I working？Are we/you/they working？Is he/she/it working？否定式否定式I am not working.We/You/They are not working.或We/You/They arent working.
15、He/She/It is not working.或He/She/It isnt working.疑问否定疑问否定式式Am I not working？Are we/you/they not working？或Arent we/you/they working？Is he/she/it not working？或Isnt he/she/it working？.现在分词的变法有：现在分词的变法有：1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing,E.g.jump-jumping2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing.E.g have-having write-writing3)、.以重读闭音节末尾
16、只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing.E.g.sit-sitting put-putting .四、过去进行时四、过去进行时.1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构 主语+was/were+doing+其他 4.否定形式：主语+was/were+not+doing+其他 5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。.肯定式
17、肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I/He/She/It was working.Was I/he/she/it working？I/He/She/It was not working.或I/he/she/it wasnt working.Was I/he/she/it not working？或Wasnt I/he/she/it working？We/You/They were working.Were we/you/they working？We/You/They were not working.或We/You/They werent working.Were we/yo
18、u/they not working？或Werent we/you/they working？.过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night,at that time,at noon yesterday,last Sunday 等。也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。.五、一般将来时五、一般将来时.构成构成:1、will,shall+动词原形，其中shall只用于第一 人称,will 可以用于所有人称。.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I/We shall work.Shall I/we work？I/We shall not
19、 work.Shall I/we not work？I/We/You/They/He/She/It will work.Will I/we/you/they/he/she/it work？I/We/You/They/He/She/It will not work.Will I/we/you/they/he/she/it not work？.2、be going to表示将来：be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也用来表示自然现象。e.g.Im going to gather some materials about Picasso.我打算搜
20、集一些有关毕加索的材料。Its going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气。.3、be doing表示将来。常用于这种结构的动词有go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。这种用法往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。e.g.Im doing my experiment tomorrow.明天我要做实验。Shes leaving early tomorrow morning.明天她很早就出发。.4、be to do表示将来。这种结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去
21、做的事或即将发生的动作。e.g.The president is to visit China next week.总统下周来访问中国。The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.会议明天一早召开。.时间状语：时间状语：Tomorrow,next day(week,month,year),soon,in a few minutes,by,the day after tomorrow,etc.be going to与与will/shallbe going to指当前的、已计划过或思考过的意图和打算，will/shall表示未事先思考或未计划过的意图；b
22、e going to还可表示客观迹象表明马上要发生，而will则表明说话者的观点、主观意识。另外will/shall还可作情态动词用，表示感情色彩。.e.g.It will be Christmas soon.很快就是圣诞节了。(强调将来的状态)I am going to listen to music.我打算听听音乐。(现在的打算，指向将来)Ill answer the door.我去开门。(未经事先考虑的意图)Im going to see him tomorrow.我打算明天去看他。(事先经过思考).Look at the clouds.There is going to be a st
23、orm.看看这些云彩，暴风雨要来了。(客观迹象)I hope it will be warm tomorrow.我希望明天会暖起来。(主观意愿).否定形式否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do；主语+will/shall not do+其他 一般疑问句一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。e.g.She will be back in three days.She will not be back in three days.Will She be back in three days?They are going to clean their c
24、lassroom.They are not going to clean their classroom.Are they going to clean their classroom?.六、过去将来时六、过去将来时.表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时。如I thought it was going to be fun.时间状语时间状语：-soon/the next day-that-clause(名词性从句或上下文中-).构成：构成：（would/should+动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式was goi
25、ng to do）He said that he would wait for me at the gate.他说他将在大门口等我。.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式I/We should/would work.Would/Should I/we work？I/We Should/would not work.Would/Should I/we not work？You/They/He/She/It would work.Would you/they/he/she/it work？You/They/He/She/It would not work.Would you/t
26、hey/he/she/it not work？.七、现在完成时七、现在完成时.1.1.现在完成时概念：现在完成时概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。.2.2.基本结构：基本结构：主语+have/has+p.p（过去分词）+其他 3.3.时间状语：时间状语：yet,alreadyyet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,sincsince+时间点，forfor+时间段，recently,lately,in the past few years,etc.during/
27、in/over the last years或in recent years.4.4.否定形式：否定形式：主语+have/has+not+p.p（过去分词）+其他 5.5.一般疑问句：一般疑问句：have/has+主语+p.p（过去分词）+其他?.肯定式肯定式疑问式疑问式否定式否定式疑问否定式疑问否定式He/She/It has worked.Has he/she/it worked？He/She/It has not worked.或He/She/It hasnt worked.或Hes/Shes/Its not worked.Has he/she/it not worked？Hasnt h
28、e/she/it worked？I/We/You/They have worked.Have I/we/you/they worked？I/We/You/They have not worked.或I/We/You/They havent worked.或IveWeve/Youve/Theyve not worked.Have We/you/they not worked？或Havent We/you/they worked？.非延续性动词和延续性动词非延续性动词和延续性动词 非延续性动词不能用于完成时，需进行转换才能用。但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/since等
29、时间状语连用。.非延续性动词的转换：leavehave been awaydiehas been deadbuyhave hadborrowhave keptopenhave been openclosehave been closedbeginhave been onfinishhave been overarrivehave been地点comehave beenin+地点11、gohave been地点.12、come backbe back,13、get upbe up,14、fall asleepbe asleep,15、becomebe,16、joinbe in/a member
30、of,17、receivehave,18、catch/get a coldhave a cold,19、get marriedbe married，.延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用 在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小时了。（）His father has died for three years.他父亲去世三年了。（）当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：.（1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指
31、这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：He has been asleep for an hour.（fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延续。）His father has been dead for three years.（die为短暂动词，“死”后的状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）.have(hashave(has)beenbeen和和havehave(hashas)gone gone 的区别的区别 have been to a place:“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；He has bee
32、n to Shanghai.have gone to a place:“去了”，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。He has gone to Shanghai.八、过去完成时八、过去完成时.过去完成时过去完成时 1 1、概念：、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past-in-the-past）”。-|-|-|-|-|-|-那时以前那时以前 那时那时 现在现在 2 2、构成：过去完成时由、构成：过去完成时由“助动词助动词 had+had+过过去分词去分词”构成，其中构成，其中 had had 通用于各种人称。通用于各种人称。T
33、hey had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.3、它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。E.g.I had reached the station before 9:00 oclock.I had not reached the station before 9:00 oclock.Had you reached the station before 9:00 ocl
34、ock?.4、过去完成时的时间by过去的时间by the end of过去的时间复合句的主句为一般过去时,宾语从句表达过去发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时.Before I went to bed,I had read a newspaper.He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.过去完成时的其它用法：过去完成时的其它用法：1、用于when引导的从句的，主句的动作在从句的动作之前。e.g.They had already had supper when I got home.我到家时他们已经吃过了晚饭。2、用于afte
35、r的从句e.g.After I had finished my homework,I helped my mother with housework.我做完作业后，帮助妈妈做了家务活。.练习题。1My mother often _(watch)TV at home.2My mother _(watch)TV yesterday.3My mother _(watch)TV this time yesterday.4My mother _(watch)TV now.5My mother _(watch)TV tomorrow evening.6My mother _(watch)TV for 2 hours.7My mother said that she _(watch)TV by nine yesterday evening.8My mother said that she _(watch)TV next week.