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1、(八八)非谓语动词非谓语动词一、动词不定式一、动词不定式1.动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式的句法功能 (1)不定式作主语不定式作主语 To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another.此时，常用此时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。It isnt easy for her to find a new job.(2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford，agr
2、ee，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish等。等。I promised not to be late.介词介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不，不 定式就要省略定式就要省略to。It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.They did nothing but complain.(3)不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语某些动词如某些动词如tell，want，
3、wish，advise，order，require，expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，allow，forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。My doctor advised me to take a rest.某些感官动词如某些感官动词如feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等或等或 使役动词如使役动词如have，let，make等后面可接不带等后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补的不定式作宾语补 足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须带足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就
4、必须带to 符号。符号。Did you notice anyone go into the house?Was anyone noticed to go into the house?某些动词如某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后可等后可 接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而 且要用且要用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。News services make it possible for newspapers to give their readers news from
5、around the world.(4)不定式作定语不定式作定语 Do you have the ability to read and write English?作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词 最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动
6、作。最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.(5)不定式作状语不定式作状语不定式一般作目的状语，还可用短语不定式一般作目的状语，还可用短语in order to 或或so as to。He sat down to have a rest.不定式有时可作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用不定式有时可作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用only to。He left，
7、never to return.He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果：不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果：He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。To be honest，I know nothing about it.(6)不定式作表语不定式作表语 The first step is to check the victims breathing.All I did w
8、as(to)press the button.(7)“疑问词不定式疑问词不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.【注注】此时不可用此时不可用if to do结构。结构。2.不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态 时时态态主主动语态动语态被被动语态动语态一般一般时时to do to be done进进行行时时to be doing 完成完成时时to have doneto ha
9、ve been done (1)不定式的时态不定式的时态 不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。I wish to finish my business and get away.He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.不定式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动不定
10、式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动 词之前。词之前。He is generally considered to have invented the telephone.(2)不定式的语态不定式的语态 当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时，用主动语态；如当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时，用主动语态；如 果是被动关系则用被动语态。果是被动关系则用被动语态。He refused to go abroad.He refused to be taken abroad.【注注】下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义：下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义：不定式作定语时。不定式
11、作定语时。She has a sister to look after.不定式放在形容词之后时。不定式放在形容词之后时。This book is difficult to understand.个别动词用在个别动词用在“be不定式不定式”结构中表将来或应该时。结构中表将来或应该时。I think he is to blame.我认为他应该受到责备。我认为他应该受到责备。3.不定式的省略问题不定式的省略问题 有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定 式符号式符号to。这种情况常出现在动词。这种情况常出现在动词expect，hop
12、e，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try或或be glad，be happy或或would like/love等后面。如果不定式中含有等后面。如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，这时，这 些词也可保留。些词也可保留。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.“I didnt tell him the news.”“Oh，you ought to have.”二、动名词二、动名词1.动名词的功能动名词的功能 (1)动名词作主语动名词作主语 Watching them is a thrilling ex
13、perience.【注注】有时用有时用it 作形式主语，而把动词的作形式主语，而把动词的ing 形式放在句子的形式放在句子的 后部。后部。It is no use crying over spilt milk.(2)动名词作宾语动名词作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语：下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等。等。I
14、 admit breaking the window.下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out，cant stand，end up，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy(in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)等。等。He didnt want to end up going home alone.下列动词或
15、短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不同。同。Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school.请你在上请你在上学的路上记住替我把这封信寄出去。学的路上记住替我把这封信寄出去。I remember turning off the light before I left the office.我记得在离开办公室前关上了灯。我记得在离开办公室前关上了灯。动词动词like，love，prefer，hate，continue等后接不定式或动名词等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但如
16、表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的行为要用不定式。行为要用不定式。I like swimming，but I dont like to swim this afternoon.动词动词allow，advise，forbid，permit等后接动名词作宾语，但要等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语。接不定式作宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.动词动词need，require，want作作“需要需要”解时，其后要用动名词的解时，其后要
17、用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动语态作宾语。主动语态或不定式的被动语态作宾语。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.形容词形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于worthy 的用法。的用法。The place is worth visiting.The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.介词后要接动名词作宾语。介词后要接动名词作宾语。What do you mean by saying that?I congratulated
18、them on getting married.(3)动名词作表语动名词作表语 My hobby is growing flowers.(4)动名词作定语动名词作定语 He had a very expensive walking stick.2.动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态 主主动语态动语态被被动语态动语态一般一般时时doingbeing done完成完成时时having donehaving been done He went away without saying anything.He came into the room without being seen.Im sorry
19、 for having wasted so much of your time.I forgot having been given a Christmas gift years ago.3.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构 动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主 语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。I cant imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat.My coming back home
20、 late made my mother very angry.三、分词三、分词1.现在分词的功能现在分词的功能 (1)现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语 下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see，hear，notice，observe，watch，listen to，look at，have，keep，leave，find，catch，feel等。等。She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.【注注】如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为主语补足如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为主语补足 语。语。The boy w
21、as caught cheating in the exam.(2)现在分词作表语现在分词作表语 The movie is very boring.(3)现在分词作定语现在分词作定语 现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。The taxi taking us to the airport broke down.【注注】being done形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间 是被动关系。是被动关系。The house being built will serve as a library.
22、正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。(4)现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句行为方式、伴随状况等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句 子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的主子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的主 谓关系。谓关系。The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces.Jack came running over.
23、【注注】如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词 的独立主格结构。的独立主格结构。Weather permitting，well play golf this afternoon.We explored the cave，Peter acting as a guide.现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分 词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：generally speaking“一般一般 来说来说”；frankly speaking“坦
24、白地说坦白地说”；judging from.“根据根据 来判断来判断”；considering.“考虑到考虑到”等。等。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly.2.现在分词的时态和语态现在分词的时态和语态主主动语态动语态被被动语态动语态一般一般时时doingbeing done完成完成时时having donehaving been done Not knowing her address，I wasnt able to contact her.I saw him being taken away when I passed by hi
25、s house.Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre.Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.3.过去分词过去分词 过去分词一般在句中作宾补、表语、定语和状语，通常表示已过去分词一般在句中作宾补、表语、定语和状语，通常表示已 完成的被动动作或一种状态。完成的被动动作或一种状态。Youd better have the television repaired.Some of the people invited to the party cant
26、come.The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.Given a chance，I can surprise the world.He stood in front of the room with his arms folded.四、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语四、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语1.过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是 没有一定的时间性。没有一定的时间性。Have you read the novel
27、 written by Dickens?2.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动 词所表示的动作同时发生。词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.3.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.五、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别五
28、、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1.感官动词感官动词(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，notice等等)和使役动词和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词 (不带不带to的不定式的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正 在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。刚才我听见她唱了一首英
29、文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。2.leave后接三种形式作宾补时，意为后接三种形式作宾补时，意为“使使处于某种状态处于某种状态”。sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事让某人一直做某事 （宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系表示动作正在进行）（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系表示动
30、作正在进行）sth.undone留下某事未做留下某事未做 leave （宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以 undone.unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多）为多）sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事留下某人做某事 sth.to be done留下某事要做留下某事要做 （不定式表示将来的动作）（不定式表示将来的动作）Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.The guests left most of the dishes untouched，b
31、ecause they didnt taste delicious.He left，leaving me to do all the rest work.3.have，get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示表示“使、让、使、让、叫叫”之意。之意。（1）have sth.doneget sth.done“使使/让某事由别人去做让某事由别人去做”。Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.【注注】have sth.done还表示还表示“使遭受使遭受”之意。之意。Tom had his leg broken while pl
32、aying football.The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.【注注】“have sb.doing”若用于否定句中，其中若用于否定句中，其中have有有“容忍容忍”之之 意。意。I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.Mother had me go to the shop and
33、buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking.He wont listen to me.六、注意以下表达的意义区别六、注意以下表达的意义区别 过关落实过关落实1.The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed!A.arrived B.arrives C.to arrive D.arriving 解析：解析：不定式不定式to arrive to arrive 作作the last one the last one 的后置定语，表示的后置定语，表示“最最 后来的那个人后来的那个人”。答案：答案：C 2.I smell someth
34、ing _ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?A.burning B.burnt C.being burnt D.to be burnt 解析：解析：强调强调“闻到某物正在燃烧闻到某物正在燃烧”，选择，选择v v.inging形式，且此处形式，且此处burn burn 为不及物动词，因此不用被动形式。为不及物动词，因此不用被动形式。答案：答案：A3.At the beginning of the class，the noise of desks _could be heard outside the classroom.A.opene
35、d and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being opened and closed D.to open and close 解析：解析：句中意为句中意为“桌子桌子(抽屉抽屉)正在被打开、关上的声音正在被打开、关上的声音”，强调，强调 动作正在进行，用动作正在进行，用being donebeing done。答案：答案：C 4.The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day.A.watered B.watering C.water D.to water 解析：解析：unless
36、wateredunless watered作条件状语，表示条件，作条件状语，表示条件，waterwater因和主语因和主语 (the flowers)(the flowers)为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。答案：答案：A5.As a result of the serious flood，twothirds of the buildings in the area _.A.need repairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair 解析：解析：主语中分数修饰的名词为复数主语中分数修饰的名词
37、为复数(the buildings)(the buildings)，故排除，故排除 B B、C C；need doingneed doing等于等于need to be doneneed to be done，表示被动。，表示被动。答案：答案：A 6.You cant imagine what difficulty we had _ home in the snowstorm.A.walked B.walk C.to walk D.walking 解析：解析：have difficulty(in)doing have difficulty(in)doing sthsth.做某事有困难，固定做某
38、事有困难，固定 句型，在本句中句型，在本句中difficultydifficulty提前了。提前了。答案：答案：D7.Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh，yes.How often I have regretted _ his advice!A.to take B.taking C.not to take D.not taking 解析：解析：regretregretv v.inging形式表示后悔做过某事；形式表示后悔做过某事；v v.inging形式的否形式的否 定式在其前面加定式在其前面加notnot。答案：答案：D 8.The country has alre
39、ady sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent _ at the end of last March.A.has been launched B.having been launched C.being launched D.to be launched 解析：解析：having been launchedhaving been launched等于等于which has been launchedwhich has been launched，表示表示“已经被发射已经被发射”。答案：答案：B9.Come on，please give
40、 me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _ my mind，I almost break down.A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled 解析：解析：workwork与与fillfill为主谓关系，故用为主谓关系，故用fillingfilling作宾补。作宾补。答案：答案：B 10.As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _，and asked myself what I was going to do.A.m
41、oved B.moving C.to move D.being moved 解析：解析：此处此处movingmoving在句中做伴随状语。在句中做伴随状语。答案：答案：B11.I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.A.working；stopping B.to work；stopping C.working；to stop D.to work；to stop 解析：解析：stand doing stand doing sthsth.忍受做某事；忍受做某事；re
42、fuse to do refuse to do sthsth.拒绝拒绝 做某事，均为固定搭配。做某事，均为固定搭配。答案：答案：C 12.He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.A.to be told B.to tell C.told D.telling 解析：解析：“onlyonly不定式不定式”结构表示一种出乎意料的结果结构表示一种出乎意料的结果(失望，失望，沮丧等沮丧等)，此处用不定式的被动式表示，此处用不定式的被动式表示“却被告知却被告知”。答案：答案：A13.It
43、is difficult to imagine his _ the decision without any consideration.A.to accept B.accept C.accepting D.accepted 解析：解析：本句中本句中his acceptinghis accepting作动词作动词imagineimagine的宾语。的宾语。答案：答案：C 14.Russ and Earl were auto mechanics _ the same pay，but Earl had more ambition.A.to earn B.to have earned C.earni
44、ng D.earned 解析：解析：本句中本句中earningearning为后置定语，相当于为后置定语，相当于who earnedwho earned。答案：答案：C15.In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf，and he woke suddenly with a start.A.chased B.to be chased C.be chased D.having been chased 解析：解析：see oneself donesee oneself done看到自己被看到自己被；句子用过去分词；句子用过去分词 chasedchased表示被动表示被动(被追逐被追逐)。答案：答案：A