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1、The Glorious Messiness Of English Historical development of EnglishThe story of English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages.英语的历史是典型的大量窃取其他语言的历史English history about the development is divided into four periods.英语的发展历史大约分为四个时期First period was the origin of English.第一个时
2、期是英语的起源Followed by the emergence and development of core English vocabulary.其次是核心英语词汇的产生和发展Then there is English improvement.接下来就是英语的日趋完善Last is the development of modern English.最后是当代英语的发展The origin of EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brough
3、t to Britain by Germanic invaders and/or settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands.Initially,Old English was a diverse group of dialects,reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain.One of these dialects,Late West Saxon,eventually became
4、 predominant.英语是一种西日耳曼语言,起源于盎格鲁-弗里西亚方言由日耳曼入侵者和/或定居者从一些地方-现在的西北德国和荷兰带到英国。最初,古英语是一个多样化的群方言,反映了不同起源的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国的英国。其中的一个方言-晚西撒克逊,最终成为主导。When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C.,English did not exist.The Celts,who inhabited the land,spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh.凯撒在公元前55年入侵不列颠时，英
5、语尚不存在。当时不列颠的居民凯尔特人使用的语言流传下来主要成了威尔士语。New words came with the Germanic tribesthe Angles,the Saxons,etc.that slipped across the new North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century.Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.新的词汇随日耳曼部落盎格鲁、萨克逊等部落-而来，他们在5世纪的时候越过北海在不列颠定居。他们共同形成了我们称之为盎格鲁-萨克逊的社会。
6、They have handed down many farming vocabulary,including sheep,ox,earth,wood,field and work.他们留下了许多农耕词汇，包括sheep、ox、earth和wood。Development of core English vocabulary Have been used by Christians of Greece,and Latin have also enriched English vocabulary,such as angel,and.基督教曾使用的希腊语和拉丁语也丰富了英语词汇。比如“angel
7、”（天使）、“angel”（门徒）和“angel”（殉难者）。The Vikings from Scandinavia also brought to English many words that begin with sk,like skirt and sky.Each such addition gave English more richness,more variety.北欧海盗也给英语带来了许多以sk开头的词汇，如sky和skirt.这都使得英语更加丰富和多样化。During the Norman conquest United Kingdom in 1066，English gr
8、adually developed into an enriched languageMiddle Englishwith about 10,000”borrowed”French words.在1066年诺曼人征服英国后，英语逐渐成为大大丰富了的拥有10000多个“借来”法语词汇的语言中古英语。Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution.Printing brought into English the wealth of new t
9、hinking that sprang from the European Renaissance.Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page,and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual,and Greek words Latin and thermometer.Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions,like v
10、ideo,television and cyberspace.大约在1476年，威廉.卡克斯顿在英国制造了一台应刷机，由此掀开了一场信息传播技术的革命。印刷术把欧洲文艺复兴运动中涌现的大量思想传入英国。希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册，成千上万的拉丁词，如capsule（航天舱）和habitual（惯常的），希腊词，如catastrophe(大灾难）和thermometer（温度计）等也随之涌入。今天我们任然借用拉丁、希腊语命名新的发明创造，如video、television和 cyberspace.（虚拟空间）等。Later United States independence also
11、makes English the further development.后来美国的独立也使得英语进一步发展English has gradually developed into two branches-British English and American English.英语逐渐发展成为两个分支-英式英语和美式英语。The development of modern English现代英语的发展English,like many languages,uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic grammar.But most importan
12、tly,it has a large and extensive vocabulary,of which about 80%is foreign.It has borrowed and continues to borrow words from Spanish and French,Hebrew and Arabic,Hindi-Urdu and Bengali,Malay and Chinese,as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia.This language characteristic makes it unique i
13、n history.英语像许多语言一样使用语音字母以及比较基本的语法。但最重要的是，它拥有庞大且覆盖面宽广的词汇，其中约有80%是外来词。它从西班牙语和法语、希伯来语和阿拉伯语、印地-乌尔都语和孟加拉语、马来语和汉语，以及西非和波利尼西亚等各种语言中曾经借用过并继续借用各种词汇。这一特点使得它成为历史上独一无二的语言。Generously speaking,the glorious messiness of English represents the deeply rooted ideas of freedom and tolerance.总的来说，英语的发展史体现的就是一种根深蒂固的自由精神和包容精神。