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1、The Literature of Reason and RevolutionII Literature of Revolution 1(1763 1810)nThe historical background pp.14-15nLiterary history:(pp.16-18)n17th C.Am.Lit was primarily religious,18th C.Am.Lit.was political.nAlthough Am.Lit.did not achieve full maturity in the 18th century,its scope was at least w
2、idened.nPublic Occurrences,1st Am.newspaper,1690n1st magazines in 1741II Literature of Revolution-2nToward the end of the century,several notable literary personalities emerged amid the tumult of the Am.Revolution.Main table Major writersnBenjamin FranklinnThomas PainenThomas Jefferson nPhillip Fren
3、eauBenjamin Franklin(17061790)His life His achievements His literary worksHis life 3moved to Philadelphia,where he obtained employment as a printer in 1723(1 year only)then sailed to London for 2 more years in 1730 Franklin married Deborah Read His life 4served as clerk(1736-51)and member(1751-64)of
4、 the colonial legislature and as deputy postmaster of Philadelphia(1737-53)and deputy postmaster general of the colonies(1753-74).In addition,he represented Pennsylvania at the Albany Congress(1754),called to unite the colonies during the the French and Indian WarHis life 5during the years 1757-62 a
5、nd 1764-75,Franklin resided in England returned to Philadelphia in May 1775 and immediately became a distinguished member of the Continental Congress in less than a year and a half after his return,the aged statesman set sail once again for Europe,beginning a career as diplomat His life 6 in 1785 Fr
6、anklin became president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania in 1787 he was elected as first president of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery in 1790 at the age of 84,Franklin passed away in Philadelphia and was laid to rest in Christ Church Burial Ground.His
7、achievements hailed as an outstanding contributor in the fields of science,politics,economy and literature A printer At the age of twenty-two,I opened my own printing shop Pennsylvania Gazette Poor Richards Almanack appointed the official printer of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin-Inventor Swim fins,
8、/bifocals,a glass armonica,watertight bulkheads for ships,the lightning rod,an odometer,and the wood stove(called the Franklin stove)Statesman the French and Indian War sent to Europe to represent the colonies signed the Declaration of Independence Founding Father and the documents he signed the Dec
9、laration of Independence Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France Treaty of Alliance with France Treaty of Peace with Great Britain Constitution of the United States of America Librarian started a lending library and in 1731 the first lending library was founded in AmericaPhilosopher“But dost thou l
10、ove Life,then do not squander Time,for thats the stuff life is made of.”one of Americas great thinkers Musician found simple beauty in simple tunes played several musical instruments,including the violin,harp,and guitar His great interest in music lead him to build his own glass armonicaArmonica Thi
11、s simple musical instrument was played by touching the edge of the spinning glass with dampened fingers.The armonicas beautiful tones appealed to many composers,including Mozart and Beethoven.Ecomonist 1Franklins personal ideas about economy helped to shape the countrys economy.Economist 2helped to
12、establish the paper currency system in America His idea Franklin believed that the only true way to wealth was through hard work.The soul of the American DreamThis noble idea became the soul of the American Dream,the idea that all people are created equal and each person has the same opportunity to
13、achieve success.Writer He would have become a man of letters if he had shifted into other fields of study than literature.Autobiography(an account of a persons life written by himself or herself)Franklin His literary worksThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Memoires De La Vie Privee.,published in
14、 Paris in March of 1791 The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin,LL.D”published in London in 1793/the first English TranslationHis literary worksPoor Richards Almanac (1729)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin(1797/1793)Poor Richards Almanac 1the first volume of his serial of commonsense phi
15、losophy and witty maxims.For the next twenty-five years it would be one of the most widely read journals in the British colonies and the most famous American almanac.Franklin stopped writing for the almanac by 1748 and sold it in 1758.It continued to be published until 1796.Poor Richards Almanac 2Fi
16、rst number(1733)of Benjamin Franklins Poor Richard Poor Richards Almanac 3 A decorated copy of Benjamin Franklins Poor Richards Almanack awaits guests Thursday evening,March 23,2006 in the Blue Room of the White House,at a Social Dinner hosted by President George W.Bush and Mrs.Laura Bush in honor o
17、f the 300th birthday of Benjamin Franklin.Poor Richards Almanac 4Ben used it to express his sense of humor.The Autobiography 2this classic piece of Americana was originally written for Franklins son William,then the Governor of New Jersey.The work portrays a fascinating picture of life in Philadelph
18、ia,as well as shrewd observations on the literature,philosophy and religion of the time.The Autobiography 3Franklin wrote the first five chapters of his autobiography in England in 1771,resumed again thirteen years later(1784-85)in Paris and later in 1788 when he returned to the United States.Frankl
19、in ends the account of his life in 1757 when he was 51 years old.The Autobiography 4Considered to be the greatest autobiography produced in Colonial America Major themes of his literary works national identity Puritanism rationalism the growing awareness of America as a country with values and inter
20、ests distinct from those of England His styleP.1920The power of expression,simplicity,a subtle humorSarcasticessentially an eighteenth-century writer its didacticism,its refusal to limit literature to belles lettres,its ideal of the philosophe or universal genius,and its emphasis on the rhetoric of
21、persuasion Detailed study of The AutobiographyActual reading of the textSelect some of the ideas or sayings that have caught your eyeballDiscission of the selectionReview QuestionsBenjamin Franklins achievementsFranklins theme and styleReadings for next weekFreneauThe Wild HoneysuckleThe Indian Bury
22、ing GroundMajor writersBenjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtues l1.TEMPERANCE Eat not to dullness;drink not to elevation.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl2.SILENCE Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself;avoid trifling conversation.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl3.ORDERLet all your thin
23、gs have their places;let each part of your business have its time.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl4.RESOLUTION Resolve to perform what you ought;perform without fail what you resolve.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl5.FRUGALITY Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself;i.e.,waste n
24、othing.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl6.INDUSTRY Lose no time;be always employd in something useful;cut off all unnecessary actions.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl7.SINCERITY Use no hurtful deceit;think innocently and justly,and,if you speak,speak accordingly.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Vi
25、rtuesl8.JUSTICE Wrong none by doing injuries,or omitting the benefits that are your duty.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl9.MODERATION Avoid extreams;forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl10.CLEANLINESS Tolerate no uncleanliness in body,c
26、loaths,or habitation.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl11.TRANQUILLITY Be not disturbed at trifles,or at accidents common or unavoidable.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl12.CHASTITY Rarely use venery but for health or offspring,never to dullness,weakness,or the injury of your own or anothers pe
27、ace or reputation.Benjamin Franklins Thirteen Virtuesl13.HUMILITY Imitate Jesus and Socrates Major writersThomas Paine(1737-1809)nHis lifenHis literary worksnThe American Crisis nHis styleThomas Paine(1737 1809)nThe most articulate spokesman or pamphleteer of Am.RevolutionnCame to US with the help B
28、.FranklinnIndicted for treason and forced to take refuge in FranceT.PainePaines major literary worksnCommon Sense(1776):it called for independence.It displays Paines great genius for memorable phrases and emotion-packed language.nThe American Crisis(1776 1783):it is his chief contribution to Am.Revo
29、lution and Am.Lit.nThe Age of Reason(1794):it is about religion.II.The American Crisisn backgroundnThe reading of the text paineGeorge Washington(1732-1799)nCommander in Chief of the Continental army during the American Revolutionnfirst president of the United States(1789-97).The Battle of TrentonnA
30、 battle fought at Trenton,New Jersey on Dec.26,1776nWashington led 2,400 patriots across the Delaware River,surprised and routed the Hessian garrison of 1,500 men under Col.Johaan Rall,and captured over 900.The Americans suffered 4 wounded.nThis brilliant victory coupled with that at Princeton on Ja
31、n.3,1777,led to the recovery of Western New Jersey and greatly raised Patriot morale.PaineStyle:(definition)nThe habitual manner of expression of an author.nAn authors style is the product of choices,made consciously or unconsciously,about elements such as voc.organization,diction,imagery,pace,and e
32、ven certain recurring themes or subjects.Paines style-1nHe possessed the gift of using key words and phrases which had a magnetic effect upon those who read them.nHe could electrify his audience with the written words.Paines style-2nThe essays were written in a simple,clear,and forceful style.nHe wr
33、ote with urgency,excitement,and bold simplicity.nHe was a master of rhetorician.His arguments were cruelly simple,his presentation of issues blandly(平淡平淡无奇的）无奇的）elementary.Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)nHis LifenDeclaration of IndependenceHis life 1n powerful advocate of libertyn born in 1743 in Alberm
34、arle County,Virginia,nHe studied at the College of William and Mary,then read law.nIn 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton,a widow,and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home,Monticello.nHe died on July 4,1826.His life 2 Epitaph n“Here lies Thomas Jefferson,Author of the Declara
35、tion of American Independence,of the Statue（章程）of Virginia for Religious Freedom and Father of the University of Virginia.”His life 3nJefferson was eloquent as a correspondent,but he was no public speaker.nHe contributed his pen rather than his voice to the patriot cause.nAs the silent member of the
36、 Congress,Jefferson,at 33,drafted the Declaration of Independence.Jefferson The Declaration of Independence 1nDrafting committee of Declaration of Independence(P35):John Adams,Franklin,Roger Sherman,Robert R.Livingston and Thomas Jefferson.n“We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all Men are c
37、reated equal,they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights:that among these are Life,Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.”The Declaration of Independence 2(text analysis)nA profound and eloquent statement of political philosophy-the philosophy of democracy and freedom;nA stateme
38、nt of specific grievances(不满、冤情）designed to prove that George III had subverted（破坏）American freedom;nA solemn statement of independence and pledge of support for that policy.Main tableQuestions for reviewnPaines contribution to USA and his writing style.nWhat is the basic argument for“The Declaratio
39、n of Independence”?Phillip Freneau(1752-1832)nHis lifenHis literary worksnHis themesnHis stylenSome literary terms n“The Wild Honey Suckle”Phillip Freneau(1752 1832)n“Poet of the Revolution”,“Father of American PoetrynNoted as important precursor of the Romantic movement in poetry.nGenerally conside
40、red the most important early American poet before William Cullen Bryant.Phillip FreneauFreneaus literary worksn“The Power of Fancy”n“The House of Night”:It is infused with a haunting,gloomy atmosphere,foreshadowing the Gothic mood of Poe.n“The Beauties of Santa Cruz”:It blends the praise of nature w
41、ith social protest in his characteristic manner.It reflects his romantic appreciation for that natural beauty of the islands.Phiilip freneauFreneaus themesnNature(The Wild Honeysuckle.)nWar(To the Memory of the Brave Americans)nIndian customs(The Indian Burying Ground)Phillip freneauFreneaus stylenH
42、e was neoclassical by training and taste and yet romantic in essential spirit.nHis early couplets were ornate，but later he developed a natural,simple,and concrete diction,best illustrated in“The Wild Honeysuckle”.Phillip Some literary termsnClassicismnNeoclassicismnRomanticism Classicism-1nClassicis
43、m(古典主义）：It is a critical term or body of doctrine thought which is derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture,particularly in literature,philosophy,art,or criticism.Classicism-2nIt stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes,mainly drawn from the critical utteran
44、ces of the Greeks and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature.Classicism-3nThese include restraint;restricted scope;dominance of reason;sense of form;unity of design and aim;clarity;simplicity;balance;attention to structure and logical organization;interest in style;se
45、verity of outline;moderation;self-control;intellectualism;decorum;respect for tradition;conservatism,and good sense.termsNeoclassicism-1nNeoclassicism(新古典主义新古典主义)：a type of classicism which draws its name from its finding in classical literature of ancient Greek and Roman writers and in contemporary
46、 French neoclassical writings the models for its literary expressions and a group of attitudes toward life and art.Neoclassicism-2nNeoclassic ideals had concrete effects on literature.The Neoclassicists believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy.Neoclassi
47、cism-3nThey followed some fixed laws and rules:nPoetry should be lyrical,epical,didactic(教导的，说教的），satiric or dramatic.nProse should be precise,direct,smooth and flexible.nDrama should be in heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）;the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observed.termsRomanticism-
48、1nRomanticism:nFriedrich Schlegel:established the term romantisch in literary contexts(that which is romantic depicts emotional matter in an imaginative form,he said.)nAugust Schlegel(his brother):implied that romantic literature is in contrast to that of classicism.Romanticism-2nMany hold to the th
49、eory that it was in England that the romantic movement really started.At any rate,quite early in the 18th c.one can discern a definite shift in sensibility and feeling(sentiment),particularly in relation to the natural order and Nature.Phillip freneau“The Wild Honeysuckle”1786na nature lyric(抒情诗：a s
50、hort poem directly expressing the poets own thoughts and emotions.Its forms are:ballad（民谣）,ode（颂诗）,elegy（挽歌）,and sonnet（十四行诗.)nBest before BryantnRediscovered in the 20th c.“The Wild Honeysuckle”-2nBackground:n written in 1786 after he saw a bunch of flower in South Carolinannot rediscovered until 2