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1、第四单元 语法-定语从句（1）关系代词选择技巧语法知识精讲Grammar定语从句()关系代词的用法定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词,起“定语”的作用,修饰说明名词、代词或主句的全部内容;通常在被修饰的词语(即“先行词”)之后,由“关系词”引导。要学好定语从句,就必须理解透“关系词”具有的三种功能:连接从句,引导一个定语从句;指代“先行词”;在定语从句中充当句子成分。“关系词”依据其在定语从句中的功能,又分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”两种。本单元主要学习关系代词的用法。要正确使用关系代词就必须掌握其指代功能和语法功能。(1)常见的关系代词的用法关系代词及其语法功能指代功能例句that在从句中做主语
2、、宾语或表语指物A plane is a machine that can fly.(做主语)The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious.(做宾语) The modern plane is not the machine (that) it was when first invented.(做表语)指人Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there.(做主语)The girl(that)we saw yesterday is Jims sister.(做宾语)He is no longer a li
3、ttle boy (that) he used to be.(做表语)续表关系代词及其语法功能指代功能例句which在从句中做主语或宾语指物They planted the trees which didnt need much water.(做主语)The fish (which)we bought were not fresh.(做宾语)who在从句中做主语指人The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.The boy who broke the window is called Wang Hua.whom在从
4、句中做宾语指人The professor(whom)you mentioned hasnt come yet.The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.Mrs Brown is the professor to whom you should write.whose在从句中做定语指人Henry is the boy whose mother is our English teacher.指物The novel whose cover was broken belongs to me.(2)只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况用法例句先行词为
5、all,much,little,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,no one等代词时I have said all(that)I want to say.Is there anything(that)I can do for you?续表用法例句先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰,或本身就是最高级、序数词时This is the best film that has been shown in the city.Well never forget the first lesson (that)our English teacher gave
6、us.先行词被the only,the very,the last,just,all,every,no,little,few,any等修饰时This is the very book(that) I want to buy.There is little work(that) you can do.The only thing (that) I can do is to have a rest.先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the man and the things that they saw.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时Which is the h
7、otel that he stayed at last night?Who is the man that is reading over there?先行词做主句的表语时China isnt the country(that)it used to be.先行词是there be句式中的主语时There is a table in the corner that is folded away.(3)只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况用法例句当关系代词前有介词时This is the house in which he once lived.引导非限制性定语从句时Football,wh
8、ich is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.一个句子中有两个限制性定语从句时,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用whichHe bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.当先行词本身是that时The clock is that which tells the time.(4)只用who不用that引导定语从句的情况用法例句先行词是指人的
9、不定代词时Among his seven children,Nancy is the one who the old man loves the most.在there be句式中,先行词指人时There is someone who is singing downstairs.(5)关系代词as的用法关系代词as的用法可位于句首/句中/句末),位置灵活常做主动语态的宾语常做被动语态的主语常用于be known(expected,announced,reported,shown)等结构中只能指代主句整个概念,不能指代单个先行词可以引导(非)限制性定语从句引导限制性定语从句时常和the same
10、,such等连用the sameas指不同的人或物,the samethat指相同的人或物as不用于引导否定的定语从句Taiwan, as/which you know, is an inseparable part of China.As you know, Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as/which you know.The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as we agreed beforeha
11、nd.The professor,as we had expected,gave us a wonderful speech.As is known to all,China has made great achievements in the last 20 years.He is from the south,as I learn from his accent.Ive never heard of such things as he told.He made the same mistakes as you did.【拓展】关系代词在从句中做主语时,应根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的
12、单复数。He is the only one of the students who knows French.(the only one为先行词)He is one of the students who know French.(students为先行词)关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词做动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不能在关系代词前)时常可省略。The boy(that/who/whom)we saw last night was Li Ming.定语从句中的常见错误:a.缺先行词。Is this school that you visited last year?(应在sch
13、ool后加上the one)b.缺引导词。Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.(应在Children后加上who,关系代词做主语时不能省略)c.成分重复。This is the house where I lived there years ago.(where和there成分重复,应删除there)语法知识专练单句语法填空1.They were well trained by their mastershad great experience with caring for these animals.2.A school in
14、Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.On the edge(边缘) of the jacket,there is a piece of clothgives off light in the dark.3.She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fit.4.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day
15、 of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.5.Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.6.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme,one of purposes is to relieve worldwide starvati
16、on.7.My eldest son, work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the moment.8.The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.9.In their spare time,they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, is on the rooftop of their house.10.Around me
17、 in the picture are the things were very important in my life at that time:car,magazines and musical instruments.11.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.12.But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well
18、 as beauty.She is determined to carry on with her education.13.Please send us all the informationyou have about the candidate for the position.14.Oct.1st, is our National Day,is always celebrated with singing and dancing.15.I got an email from Susan, said she was going abroad for sightseeing.Fantast
19、ic!Thats what she has been dreaming of.参考答案1.who考查定语从句的关系词。此处先行词是their masters且关系词在从句中做主语,故用who。2.that/which分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为a piece of cloth,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/which。3.which句意:她和她的家人骑自行车上班,这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知,此处用which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的句子,且which在从句中做主语。4.that/which分析句子结构可知,此处引导定语从句,先行词为a st
20、udy,指物,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/which。5.that/who根据语境并分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词是Many westerners,指人,且定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系代词that/who。6.whose本题用whose引导非限制性定语从句,并在从句中做定语,修饰后面的名词purposes。注意:whose用作关系代词时,可用于指人,也可用于指物。7.whose先行词是My eldest son,定语从句中缺少定语,故用whose引导从句。8.that句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。“we meet in our daily
21、 lives”是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是problems,且先行词前有little修饰,故关系词用that。9.which先行词是garden,定语从句中缺少主语,故用which引导非限制性定语从句。10.which/that本题用which或that引导定语从句,that或which在从句中做主语。11.which“which is not good for the health”为非限制性定语从句,故填which。12.who根据本句的结构我们可以看出,此处应是一个非限制性定语从句。先行词是Sarah,故填who。13.that句意:请把你掌握的有关申请那个职位的人的所有信息发给我们。分析题意和句子结构可知,“you have about the candidate for the position”做定语修饰前面的information。句中have是一个及物动词,由此可以看出定语从句中缺少宾语,故用关系代词。又因为information被all修饰,所以不能用which做关系代词。故填that。14.which考查定语从句。先行词为Oct.1st,从句中缺少主语,所以需要用关系代词,又由于前面有逗号,是非限制性定语从句,所以用关系代词which。15.which考查定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰an email,且在从句中做主语。