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1、专八英美文化大纲AnOutlineofBritishLiteraryHistoryEarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature1.Beowulf,epicinoldBriton2.Romance3.Ballads4.GeoffreyChaucer,thefounderofEnglishpoetry,“TheCanterburyTalesTheEnglishRenaissance(16thfirsthalfof17th)1.CharacteristicofRenaissance:1)athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2
2、)keeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(humanism)2.ThomasMore,thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanists,“Utopia3.Poetsinthisperiod:(Thesonnet,anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed,wasintroducedtoEnglandfromItalybySirThomasWyattandHenryHoward)SirPhilipSidney(1554-86),lovesonnets:“Astr
3、ophelandStellaWalterRaleigh(1552-1618),“DiscoveryofGuianaEdmundSpenser(1552-99),“TheShepherdsCalendar(apastoralpoemin12books);“TheFaerieQueene(hismasterpiecededicatedtoQueenElizabeth).HeisthefirstmastertomakeModernEnglishthenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.JohnLyly(1554-1606),aromancewriterforthegen
4、tlereader,“Euphues4.ProseWriter:FrancisBacon(1561-1626),“Essays(58ones).Itcoversawidevarietyofsubjects,suchaslove,truth,friendship,parentsandchildren,beauty,studies,riches,youthandage,garden,death,andmanyothers.Theyhavewonpopularityfortheirprecision,clearness,brevityandforce.5.Drama(thehighestgloryo
5、fEnglishRenaissance)universitywits:Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNash.Theymaderapidprogressindramatictechniquebecausetheyhadaclosecontactwiththeactorsandaudience.ChristopherMarlowe(1564-93):1)Tamburlaine;2)TheJewofMalta;3)DoctorFaustusBenJonson(1572-1637):1)EverymaninHisHumor;2)Volpone,ortheFox;
6、3)TheAlchemist;WilliamShakespeareFourTragedies:1)Hamlet2)Othello3)KingLear4)MacbethCelebratedcomedies:1)TheMerchantofVenice2)TheTamingoftheShrew3)AMidsummerNightsDream4)AllsWellThatEndsWellothercelebratedones:1)TitusAndronicus2)RomeoandJuliet3)HenryV4)TwelfthNight5)JuliusCaesar6)TimonofAthens7)TheTe
7、mpest8)AntonyandCleopatraTheNeoclassicalPeriod1.JohnMilton(1608-1674):1)ParadiseLost2)ParadiseRegained3)SamsonAgonistes2.JohnBunyan(1628-1688):ThePilgrimsProgress3.MetaphysicalPoets(mysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform):1)JohnDonne(1572-1631),thefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.2)GeorgeHe
8、rbert(1593-1633),“thesaintoftheMetaphysicalschool,singsthegloryofGod3)AndrewMaevell,aPuritan4.JohnDryen(1631-1700):1)AllforLove(atragedy)2)AnEssayofdramaticPoesy(Itestablishedhispositionastheleadingcriticoftheday.)5.RichardSteele(1672-1729),arepresentativeoftheEnlightenmentinEnglishliterature,thefou
9、nderof“TheTatler(anewspaper)6.JosephAddison(1672-1719),anotherrepresentativeoftheEnlightenmentinEnglishliterature,thefounderof“TheSpectator(adailypaper)7.AlexanderPope(1688-1744),themostimportantpoetandclassicistinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.1)EssayonCriticism(didacticpoeminheroiccouplets)2)TheRape
10、oftheLock3)PopesHomer(histranslationof“Illiadandhalfof“Odysseyinheroiccouplets)8.JonathanSwift(1667-1745):GulliversTravels9.DanielDefoe(1660-1731):1)RobinsonCrusoe2)CaptainSingleton3)MollFlanders4)ColonelJacque10.SamuelRichardson(1680-1761):Pamela,or,VirtueRewarded11.HenryFielding(1707-1754):1)TomJo
11、nes2)JosephAndrews12.TobiasSmollett(1721-1771):RoderickRandomdoczj/doc/1dbe3ea4102de2bd960588d6.urenceSterne(1713-1768):1)TristramShandy2)ASentimentalJourney14.RichardBrinsleySheridan(1751-1816),aplaywright:TheSchoolforScandal15.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784),alexicographercriticandpoet:Dictionary16.Olive
12、rGoldsmith(1730-1774):TheVicarofWakefield17.EdwardGibbon,historian:TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpireAppendix:Classicism:itisaliterarytrendthatdominatedFrenchliteratureinthe17thand18thcenturies,withasignificantinfluenceonEnglishwriting,especiallyfrom1660to1780.TheclassicistsmodeledthemselvesonGreekan
13、dLatinauthors,andtriedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandLatinworks.SentimentalismandPre-RomanticisminPoetrySentimentalistpoetrymarksthemidwayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsoppositeRomanticisminEnglishpoetry.Dissatisfiedwithreason,whichclassicistsappealedto,sentiment
14、alismappealedtosentiment,“tothehumanheart.Sentimentalismturnedtothecountrysideforitsmaterial,andsoisinstrikingcontrasttoclassicism,whichhadconfineditselftotheclubsanddrawing-rooms,andtothesocialandpoliticallifeofLondon.1.ThomasGray(1716-1771):ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard2.WilliamCowper(1731-1800
15、):TheTask(alongpoem)Pre-Romanticism:1.WilliamBlake(1757-1827):1)SongsofInnocence2)SongsofExperience2.RobertBurns(1759-1796):1)TheScotsMusicalMuseum2)SelectedCollectionofOriginalScottishAirs3.RomanticisminBritishLiterature1.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850),pilotandleaderofRomanticisminEngland:LyricalBall
16、ads(themanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry)2.SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834):1)TheRimeoftheAncientMariner2)KublaKhan3)Christabel.ColeridgeisalsothefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.3.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1822):1)ChildeHaroldsPilgrimage2)DonJuan(masterpiece)4.PercyByssheShelley(1792-1822):1
17、)QueenMab2)TheRevoltofIslam3)PrometheusUnbound4)Lyrics:OdetotheWestWindToaSkylarkLovesPhilosophyetc.5)ADefenceofPoetry(literarycriticismonpoetry)5.JohnKeats(1795-1821):longpoems:IsabellaEndymionTheEveofSt.AgnesODES:OdetoMelancholyOdeonaGrecianUrnOdetoaNightingaleOdetoAutumn6.CharlesLamb(1775-1834),a
18、nessayist:1)TheEssaysofElia2)TalesfromShakespeare7.WalterScott(1771-1832),founderofhistoricalnovel:1)Ivanhoe2)Woodstocketc.8.JaneAusten(1775-1817):1)PrideandPrejudice2)SenseandSensibility3)NorthangerAbbey4)Emma5)MansfieldparkTheVictorianPeriod(roughlyrealism)1.CharlesDickens(1812-1870):1)thePickwick
19、papers2)OliverTwist3)NicholasNickleby4)TheOldCuriosityShop5)AmericanNotes6)DombeyandSon7)DavidCopperfield8)HardTimes9)ATaleofTwoCities10)GreatExpectations2.CharlotteBronte(1816-1855):JaneEyre3.EmilyBronte(1818-1848):WutheringHeights4.AnneBronte(1820-1849):TheTenantofWildfellHall5.WilliamMakepeaceTha
20、ckeray(1811-1863):VanityFair:ANovelWithoutaHero6.ElizabethCleghornGaskell(1810-1865):MaryBarton,aTaleofManchesterLife7.GeorgeEliot(1819-1880):1)SilasMarner2)AdamBede3)TheMillontheFloss8.ThomasCarlyle(1795-1881),aprosewriter:1)TheFrenchRevolution2)HeroandHero-Worship9.ThomasBabingtonMacaulay(1800-185
21、9):HistoryofEngland10.AlfredTennyson(1809-1892),poet:1)InMemoriam2)TheIdyllsoftheKing11.RobertBrowning(1812-1889),introducingtoEnglishpoetrythedramaticmonologue:1)TheRingandtheBook2)shortlyricssuchas“thepiedPiperofHamelin;“Home-thoughts,fromAbroadLiteraryTrendsattheTurnofthe19th-20thCentury1.GeorgeG
22、issing(1857-1903),undertheinfluenceofnaturalism:NewGrubStreet2.RobertLouisStevenson(1850-1894):1)TreasureIsland2)StrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hydeetc.3.Aestheticism:“artforartssake-representatives:1)WalterPater2)OscarWilde4.OscarWilde(1856-1900):1)ThePictureofDorianGray(novel)2)AWomanofNoImportance3)
23、LadyWindermeresFan4)AnIdealHusband5)TheImportanceofBeingEarnest6)Salome(tragedy)EnglishLiteratureinthe20thCenturyRealists1.HenryJames(1843-1916):1)ThePortraitofaLady2)TheAmbassadors3)TheGoldenBowl2.HerbertGeorgeWells(1866-1946):1)TheTimeMachine2)TheIslandofDr.Moreau3)TonoBungay(socialsatire)3.JohnGa
24、lsworthy(1867-1933):TheForsyteSaga2)AModernComedy4.WilliamSomersetMaugham(1874-1965):1)OfHumanBondage2)TheMoonandSixpence5.JesephConrad(1857-1924):1)TheNiggeroftheNarcissus2)LordJim3)HeartofDarkness6.E.M.Forster(1879-1970):1)HowardsEnd2)APassagetoIndia7.DavidHerbertLawrence(1885-1930):1)TheWhitePeac
25、ock2)SonsandLovers3)TheRainbow4)WomeninLove5)LadyChatterleysLover8.GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950):1)Mrs.WarrensProfession2)MajorBarbara3)HeartbreakHouseModernismStreamofconsciousness1.JamesJoyce(1882-1941):1)Dubliners2)APortraitoftheArtistsasaYoungMan3)Ulysses4)FinnegansWake2.VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941):
26、1)Mrs.Dalloway2)TotheLighthouse3)TheWavesImagism1.WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939),Irishpoetanddramatist,NobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein19232.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965):1)FourQuartets2)TheWasteLandOutlineofAmericanLiteraryHistory(1)colonialperiod(early17thlate18th)AmericanPuritanismJonathanEdwards,(bothrepre
27、sentAmericanPuritanism)BenjaminFranklin:Autobiography;PoorRichardsAlmanac(2)Romanticperiod(firsthalfof19th)background(politicalindependence;hopeseverywhere;idealsofdemocracy,equality;industrialization;westwardexpansion;varietyofforeigninfluenceetc.)WashingtonIrving“TheSketchBook(RipVanWinkle)JamesFe
28、nimoreCooper“LeatherstockingTales1840s,newEnglandTranscendentalism(RalphWaldoEmerson:“Nature;ThePoetTheAmericanScholar;HenryDavidThoreauand“WaldonWaltWhitman“LeavesofGrassEmilyDickinsonEdgarAllanPoeIsrafel;AnnabelLee;hishorrorstoriesNathanielHawthorne“ScarletLetter,TheHouseoftheSevenGables,hisshorts
29、toriesHermanMelville“MobyDickNewEnglandPoetsWadsworthLongfellow?(3)Realism(after1865,againstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism)WilliamDeanHowellsTheRiseofSilasLaphamMarkTwainLocalColorism;TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn;LifeontheMississippi;TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCountyHenryJamesPortrai
30、tofaLady;Ambassador(internationaltheme;psychologicalrealism);GoldenBowl(4)Naturalism(lastdecadeof19thcentury;seeinghelplessandhopelessoftheworld)StephenCrane1)Maggie,aGirloftheStreets2)TheRedBadgeofCourageFrankNorrisTheOctopusTheodoreDreiserSisterCarrie;AnAmericanTragedySherwoodAndersonWinsberg,Ohio
31、(TheTriumphoftheEggHorsesandMenDeathintheWoods)O.Henry“20Years;“GiftofMagi;“TheLastLeaveJackLondonSeaWolf;MartinEdenUptonSinclair-MuckrakingMovement;TheJungle;TheSlaughterhouse(5)Imagism(after1stWorldWar)Economyofexpression;useofadominantimageEzraPound1)Cantos;2)TheRiverMerchantsWife:ALetter3)TheSta
32、tionoftheMetroTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowdPetalsonawet,blackboughWilliamsCarlosWilliams;e.e.cummings;CarlSanburg;HartCrane(TheBridge);WallaceStevensT.S.EliotWasteLand;TheSacredWoodRobertFrostFictionwritingonthepostwarsceneSinclairLewis-(firstAmericanNobelwinnerforliterature)MainStreet;Babbitt
33、ArrowsmithDodsworthWillaCather-(hangingontothetraditionalvalues)MyAntoniaTheSongoftheLarkTheProfessorsHouseThomasWolfe-LookHomeward,AngelOfTimeandtheRiverYouCantGoHomeAgain(6)LostGeneration(the1920s)ErnestHemingwayTheSunalsoRises;FarewelltoArms;ForWhomtheBellTollsF.ScottFitzgeraldTheGreatGatsbyWilli
34、amFaulknerAsIlayDying;LightinAugust;GoDown,Moses;Absolom,Absolom;(7)the1930ssocialist-oriented;newnaturalismJohnDosPassosU.S.AJohnSteinbeckTheGrapesofWrathJamesT.FarrellStudsLorriganTrilogyJohnOHaraAppointmentinSamarra(hard-boilednovels)(8)Post-warLiteraturesocialbackgroundvitiatedby“ColdWar;Mccarth
35、yism;civilrightsmovement;Vietnamwar(1968-1973)SaulBellowHumboldtsGift;HerzogNormanMailerTheNakedandtheDeadJosephHellerCatch22J.D.SalingerTheCatcherintheRyeAllenGinsbergHowl(poem)JackKerouacOntheRoadNabokov-Lolita(9)BlackLiterature1920sHarlemRenaissanceLanstonHughes-(HarlemLaureate)TheWearyBluesRicha
36、rdWrightNativeSonRalphEllisonInvisibleManJamesBaldwinGoTellitontheMountain;TheFireNextTimeAlexHalyRootTonyMorrison1)SongofSolomon2)TheBluestEye3)BelovedAliceWalker-ThePurpleColor(10)OtherEthnicWritersMaxineHongKingston(汤亭亭)“TheWomanWorrior:MemoirsofaGirlhoodAmongGhosts;“ChinaMen;“TripmasterMonkey:Hi
37、sFakeBookFrankChin(赵健秀)-“GungaDinHighway;“DonaldDucAmyTan(谭恩美)-“TheJoyLuckClub;“TheKitckenGoddWife;“OneHundredSecretSenses;TheBonesettersDaughterGishJen(任碧莲)-“TypicalAmerican;“MonainthePromisedLandDavidHenryHuang(黄哲伦)-“M.Butterfly(play)(11)AmericanTheaterEugeneONeill(1888-1953)BeyondtheHorizon;LongD
38、aysJourneyintoNight;TheHairyApe;TheEmperorJones;TheIcemanComes;(NobelPrizewinnerin1936,calledtheAmericanShakespeare)CliffordOdets(1906-1963)WaitingforLeftyTennesseeWilliams(1911-1983)TheGlassMenagerie;AStreetcarnamedDesire;CatonaHotTinRoof;ArthurMiller(1915-)DeathofaSalesman;EdwardAlbee(1928-)WhosAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?