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1、环艺设计外文翻译中文4473字本科外文翻译绿色景观规划的基础设施GreenInfrastructureforLandscapePlanning学部院：建筑与艺术学院专业：环境艺术设计学生姓名：学号：指导老师：完成日期：2021/4/10ChapterThreeEcosystemfunctionsandhealthMaintainingbiologicaldiversityOneofseveralgoalsofthefollowingchaptersistoshowhowtomaintainorenhancebiodiversityatthelandscapeandmunicipallevelt
2、hroughtheuseofgreeninfrastructure.Maintainingbiodiversityisachallenge,sincemanyspeciesarenegativelyimpactedbyhumanactivityorrequirelargeterritories.Infact,somespeciesrequirehugeterritoriesvirtuallyundisturbedbyhumansinordertosustainviablepopulations(Figure3.11).Forexample,grizzlybearsoccupyoverlappi
3、nghomeranges,buttheirdensityintheYellowstoneecosystemisaboutonebearper34squaremiles.20Otherspeciesareextremelysensitivetohumanpresenceandactivity(Figure3.12).Forthesespecies,acountryresidenceintheforestcanreducethepresenceofthesespeciesforasmuchas600feetintotheforest.21Figure3.12Thehermitthrush(Cath
4、arusguttatus)isaforestinteriorspeciesandhighlysensitivetohumanpresenceandactivity.Itspresenceisreducedaroundcountryresidencesintheforestforasmuchas600feet.Incontrast,manyspeciesdoadapttothepresenceofpeopleandtheland-usechangestheyestablish.Somespeciesseemtoadapttofragmentationoftheirhabitat.Thescarl
5、ettanagerisaninteriorforestbird,butitseemstobreedinforestfragmentslessthan25acres(10ha)insizewhenitspreferredinteriorhabitatisdiminished.10Somespecies,suchascrows,areevenconsideredcompletelyurbanizedandflourishincitieseventothepointofbecomingpests,asisthecasewithratsandcockroaches.Biologicaldiversit
6、ywithinurbanareascanbehigherthanitiswithinthesurrounding,morenatural,ecosystems.Thisisexplainedbythemanyexoticorinvasivespeciesthatareencouragedorsupportedbyhumanactivities.Exoticplants,whoseoriginalhabitatsaredistributedacrosstheglobe,usuallydominatetheornamentallandscapeofurbancentersandresidentia
7、lgardens.Thebiodiversityofnativespeciesisalwaysmuchlowerwithinurbanandsuburbanenvironments.However,thevarietyofnativespeciesandthenumberofindividualssupportedintheseenvironmentscanbemaximizedthroughcarefulurbanplanninganddesign,asdiscussedinthefollowingchapters.InvasivespeciesNon-indigenousspeciesth
8、atbecomeestablishedwithinnaturalecosystemsthreatenthehealthyfunctionofthesystem.InvasivespeciesintheUS,suchaskudzu,zebramussels,grasscarp,starlingsandnutria,havedamagedecosystemhealth.4Asforbiodiversityassessment,thereisnonationalmappingandmonitoringofallinvasivespeciesandtheirimpact,althoughforsome
9、areasandhabitattypesmoreinformationisavailable.Theassessmentoftheaquaticecosystems(soft-bottomestuaries)alongthecoastfromnorthernCaliforniatoCanadacanserveasanindicatoroftheimpactofinvasivespecies.Astudyofthisregionmeasuredtheabundanceofbenthic(organismslivingonthesedimentorinsediment)invasivespecie
10、s.Itrevealedthattheinvasivespecieshadahighernegativeimpactontheecosystemthansedimentationoreutrophication,whicharealsoanthropogenicinorigin.About15percentofthemonitoredsiteswithinthisregioncontainedagreaternumberofinvasivethannativeorganisms.Another20percentofthemonitoredsitesweremoderatelyinvadedby
11、nonnativespecies.4EcosystemresilienceEcosystemsaresubjecttoshocksfromnaturalandman-madecatastrophes.Someecosystemsarequitevulnerabletoperturbation.Some,suchasfireadaptedcommunities,eveninvitecertainkindsofdramaticchange.Otherecosystemshaveagreatercapacitytoadsorbshockswhilemaintainingecosystemfuncti
12、ons,butrecoverslowly.5Thisvariabilityofvulnerabilityandresilienceleadstoaregionallandscapeofdynamicecosystems.Thusregionsarecomposedofdisturbed,recoveringandmatureecosystemsthatformalandscapemosaic.Thebiologicaldiversitypresentinecosystemsbeforeperturbationsoccurisrelatedtotheirresilience.Eachspecie
13、sextinction,whetherlocalorglobal,representsapotentiallossofecosystemresilience.Extinctionofafunctionalgroupofspeciescanbeasevereimpacttoecosystemfunctions.Resilienceistheabilitytoreturntothestablestateafterdisturbance.Ifthedisturbanceissevere,itcancausetheecosystemtochangestatesandrepresentslong-ter
14、mdeclinesinspeciescompositionandecosystemfunctions.Resiliencecanbeexpressedasameasureofthetimeittakestheecosystemtoreturnfromthestressedstatetotheoriginalcondition,orexpressedasthereturnofthenetworkofspeciesintheundisturbedsystem.Climateinfluencesecosystemresilience,soclimatechangecouldincreaseordec
15、reaserecoveryrates.Atthelocalscale,resilienceisreducedifinfiltration,soilmoistureandnutrientcyclesdiminish.Therefore,soilsstructurallyresistanttochangecontributetohighresilience.22Sustainableuseandmanagementofforestecosystemsrequiresprotectionofsoilsandpreservationofseedsourcesandtherapidmigrationof
16、seedintodamagedlandscapes.Sincecommercialforestryanddamageassociatedwithclimatechange,suchasfiresandinsectinfestations,havelargeimpactsonexpansesofforest,attentiontotheresilienceofthisecosystemisurgent.Poorlyresilientecosystemsthataredamagedmayrequireactivemanagementandrestorationbyhumans(Figure3.13
17、),suchasthinningstands,fuelloadreduction,erosionpreventionandre-vegetation.Theresiliencyoftheecosystemsdamagedbyhurricaneshasbeenstudied.Publiclyavailableremote-sensingdata(moderateresolutionimagingspectroradiometer,MODIS)wasusedtomonitortherecoveryofthelandscapeafterHurricaneRita.Ritacameashoreon24
18、September2005andcausedconsiderabledamagetosouthwesternLouisianatowns,cropsandnaturalecosystems.Thisstudyestablishedabaselineofgrossprimarybiomassproductionderivedfromdatacollectedbetween2000and2005.Grossprimaryproductionwasmeasuredforseveralecosystemtypesforthe12monthsfollowingHurricaneRitaandthiswa
19、scomparedtothebaseline.Thisstudyreallytracestheregenerationofthelandscape,whichisslightlydifferentfromresiliencesinceonlyoneecosystemfunctionisbeingmeasured.Nevertheless,thestudydemonstratedthatecosystembiomassrecoverywassurprisinglyrapidforcoastalwetlandsandseveralotherecosystems.Theexceptionwaseve
20、rgreenforests,whichremainedbelowthebaselinefortheentireyear.Themostresilientecosystemwastheshrub/scrubtype.AsduringHurricaneKatrina,itwasresistanttostormdamage.23Figure3.13AhelicopteronarecentlyburnedforestinArizonadropsa900-poundbaleofstrawtocontrolerosionandflooding.Onetonofstrawperacrewasplacedov
21、er25,000acresseededwithbarleyandotherplantstohelprestoredamagefromthelargestforestfireinthehistoryofArizona.TheLouisianastudyalsodemonstratedlinksbetweentheresilienceoftheecosystemsandrecoveryofhumansystems.Businesseslinkedtoecosystemservices,suchasfisheries,agricultureandforestry,wereleastresilient
22、whentiedtotheleastresilientecosystemtypes.Conversely,theresilientwetlandsandcroplandswerelinkedtohigherbusinessresilience.23IndicatorsThestudyaboveusedanindicatorofecosystemhealth,assumingthatotheraspectswouldmatchtheperformanceoftheindicator.Ecosystemresilienceisevenmorecomplextodemonstrateandmonit
23、orthanecosystemhealth.Tosimplifytheprocess,reducecostandcommunicatemoreclearlywithcitizensanddecisionmakers,theuseofecosystemindicatorssimplifiesdatacollection,assessmentandcommunication.Manypeoplearefamiliarwiththeconceptofindicatorspecies.Thepresence,abundanceanddistributionoftheindicatorspeciesareusedasproxiesforthewholesystem.Forexample,theconditionandnumberofplantsofanativebuckwheatspecieshasbeenusedinCaliforniaasanindicatorofsustainablehumanrecreationaluseofanaturalareabecauseitissensitivetotrampling.