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1、American LiteratureRen ZhijunThe Outline of American LiteratureI Colonial Period(16071765)II Revolutionary Period(17651800)III The Age of Romanticism(18001865)IV The Age of Realism(18651918)V American Modernism(19181945)VI Contemporary Literature(1945-)Revolutionary Period(1765-1800)vGeneral Backgro
2、unds:The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards The Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin The War of Independence(1775-1783)vMajor Writers:Roger Williams John Woolman Thomas Paine Philip Freneau Charles Brockden Brown Thomas Jefferson Other eminent 18th-century novelists of transitionvThe Great Awakening(1730s1
3、740s)series of religious revivals,which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwardsv Enlightenment An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense,benevolence,and a belief in liberty,justice,and equality as the natural rights of man.v Revolutionary War The War of Independence
4、(1775-1783),fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.Enlightenment(detailed information)vEnlightenment is an intellectual revolution originated in the European Continent,and then its impact found expression in America.The Enlighteners advocated publicly to study“man”instead of“God”,and
5、pointed out that the“evils”in human civilization stemmed from the social injustice,not from“original sin”.The Enlightenment emphasized on“reason”,required people to pay attention to the social reality,advocated education and scientific research,believed man could decide his own destiny.Meanwhile,the
6、y promote the views of the social progress,humanism and the ideas of equality.Jonathan Edwards(17031785)乔纳森乔纳森.爱德华兹爱德华兹Outstanding representative of Puritanism His Life His Works His PositionHis LifevBorn into a very religious familyvEntered Yale at 13vStayed at Yale for a couple of yearsvWent to a
7、New York Scotch Presbyterian churchvReturned to Yale,took his M.A and became a tutorvAssistant to minister of the church of Northampton,MassachusettsvBe the minister of that church himselfvAdvocated the Great AwakeningvLeft for Stockbridge,Mass.as a pastor vMeditated and wrote his greatest worksHis
8、WorksvPersonal Narrative 自述 vFreedom of the Will 意志的自由vThe Doctrine of Original Sin Defend原罪说辩vThe Nature of True Virtue 真正美德的本质vSinners in the Hands of an Angry God 发怒的上帝手中的罪人vImages or Shadows of Divine Things 神灵的形影His Position1 He was the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reasser
9、t the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.2 He was in part instrumental in bringing about the Great Awakening3 He was the first modern American and the countrys last medieval man.Benjamin Franklin(17061790)本杰明本杰明.富兰克林富兰克林vHis Lifev His positionHis Life1 Born into a poor candl
10、e-makers family in 1706(poor and obscure)2 Had little formal education3 Voracious reader and made up for the deficiency of formal education4 Apprentice of printer at 125 began to publish essays at 166 Went to Philadelphia to make his own fortune at 177 set up himself up an independent printer and pu
11、blisher8 became financially independent at 42 and retired to do what liked(read,make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men)His Position 1)social reformer2)scientist3)politician4)writerSocial Reformer1 Junto Club2 subscription library3 Pennsylvania Hospital University of Pennsylvania4
12、American Philosophical Society5 volunteer fire departmentsScientistveffective street lightingvefficient heating devicesvFranklin StovevBifocal glassesvLightning-rodPoliticianvA member of Pennsylvania AssemblyvDeputy Postmaster-General for the coloniesvRepresentative of the colonies in London for 18
13、yearsvA delegate to the Continental Congress vA member of the committee to write Declaration of IndependencevInstrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against EnglandvPlayed a decisive role at the Constitutional ConventionvThe only American to sign the four documents that create
14、the United Statesthe four documentsvThe Declaration of IndependencevThe Treaty of Alliance with FrancevThe Treaty of Peace with England vThe ConstitutionwriterPoor Richards Almanac 格言历书vPopular for a quarter of a centuryvExpand its literary part to readersThe Autobiography 自传Poor Richards Almanac 格言
15、历书vContent:1 poems 2 essays 3 adages and commonsense witticismsvSources 1 borrow from other writers 2 write himself 3 rewritevExamples(see P35)The Autobiography 自传vIts WritingvIts StylevIts SignificancevComments on itvThirteen VirtuesIts Writingvfour parts written at four different times 1st part:17
16、71;seemingly a letter to his son;about 80 pages;his life before the age of 252nd part:1784;his life between the age of 25 and 42;3rd part:1788;his social and scientific life;4th part:1790;his life between his retirement and death;the style of the AutobiographyvIt is the pattern of Puritan simplicity
17、,directness,and concision.The plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery,the simplicity of diction,syntax and expression are some of the salient features.why is his Autobiography important?v1)It is the first of its kind in American literature.v2)It is a puritan document.v3)It is the illustrati
18、on of American dream.v4)It is the best example of plain style.Comments on Autobiography1)Autobiography realistically described the life of Franklin whose rags-to-riches experiences became the prototype of many Americans dream of success.2)The prototype characterized by self-culture,self-improvement,
19、self-reliance,self-cultivation,faith in the progress of society and the ideals of the future,practical and optimistic attitude toward life,and final success have been inspiring generations of Americans.3)It shows that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18-century Enlightenment that man is b
20、asically good and free by nature,endowed with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.“Thirteen Virtues”（13条美德）in The Autobiography(1)1 Temperance:节制 eat not to dullness;drink not to elevation;2 Silence:缄言 speak not but w
21、hat may benefit others or yourself;avoid trifling conversation;3 Order:秩序 let all your things have their places;let each part of your business have its time.4 Resolution:决心 resolve to perform what you ought;perform without fail what you resolve.5 Frugality:俭朴 make no expense but to do good to others
22、 or yourself;i.e.waste nothing.6 Industry:勤奋 lose no time;be always employed in something useful;cut off all unnecessary actions.7 Sincerity:真诚 use no hurtful deceit;think accordingly and justly;and if you speak,speak accordingly.“Thirteen Virtues”（13条美德）in The Autobiography (2)8 Justice:公正 wrong no
23、ne by doing injuries,or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9 Moderation:适度 avoid extremes;forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10 Cleanliness:清洁 tolerate no uncleannliess in body,clothes,or habitation.11 Tranquility:安静 be not disturbed at trifles,or at accidents common
24、or unavoidable.12 Chastity:节欲 rarely use venery but for health or offspring,never to dullness,weakness,or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation.13 Humility:谦虚 imitate Jesus and Socrates.Roger Williams(1603-1683)罗杰罗杰.威廉斯威廉斯vreligious leader and one of the founders of Rhode Island vpr
25、eached for civil and religious libertyvHe questioned the right of the colonists to take the Indians land vWorks:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience John Woolman(1720-1772)约翰约翰.乌尔曼乌尔曼va preacher traveling far and wide in America;teaching goodness and piety;speaking against tot
26、al depravity,original sin and limited atonement;attacking all forms of iniquity;vWorks:Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes A Plea for the Poor -plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system The Journal recording his spiritual experiences Thomas Paine(17371809)
27、托马斯托马斯.潘恩潘恩vFight for the rights of manvHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his agevWorks:Common Sense 常识 (1776)The American Crisis 美国危机(1776.12 1783.4)The Rights of Man 人的权利(1791-92)The Age of Reason 理智时代(1794-95)v“Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its wo
28、rst state an intolerable one”-Common Sensev“These are the times that try mens souls,”“The harder the conflict,the more glorious the triumph.”-The American CrisisPhilip Freneau(17521832)菲利普菲利普.弗瑞诺弗瑞诺vUse his poetic talents to serve his nation writing verses for the righteous cause of his people expos
29、ing British colonial savageriesvRepresentative of dawning nationalism pointed forward to the intellectual and liberty independencevWorks:The British Prison Ship 英国囚船 The Rising Glory of America 美洲光辉的兴起蒸蒸日上的美国 The Indian Burying Ground 印地安人墓地 The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花 The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi 将死
30、之印第安人图默.凯奎THE WILD HONEYSUCKLEPhilip Freneau(1752-1832)FAIR flower,that dost so comely grow,Hid in this silent,dull retreat,Untouched thy honied blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet:No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.By Natures self in white arrayed,She bade t
31、hee shun the vulgar eye,And planted here the guardian shade,And sent soft waters murmuring by;Thus quietly thy summer goes,Thy days declining to repose.Smit with those charms,that must decay,I grieve to see your future doom;They died-nor were those flowers more gay,The flowers that did in Eden bloom
32、;Unpitying frosts and Autumns power Shall leave no vestige of this flower.From morning suns and evening dews At first thy little being came;If nothing once,you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.俏丽的花，你长得这样秀媚，俏丽的花，你长得这样秀媚，潜立在
33、此间幽静之地，潜立在此间幽静之地，你甜蜜的花无人抚摸仍开放，你甜蜜的花无人抚摸仍开放，你细嫩的枝无人观赏也致意；你细嫩的枝无人观赏也致意；在这里，无漫游者会践踏你，在这里，无漫游者会践踏你，无忙碌者会惹你落泪。无忙碌者会惹你落泪。造化为你穿素装，造化为你穿素装，嘱你躲避庸俗的目光，嘱你躲避庸俗的目光，在此铺下庇荫地，在此铺下庇荫地，让小溪在身边潺潺流去；让小溪在身边潺潺流去；就这样，你的夏天静静消逝，就这样，你的夏天静静消逝，你的生命渐趋安息。你的生命渐趋安息。你那必定凋蔽的妩媚令我颠倒，你那必定凋蔽的妩媚令我颠倒，预见你未来的末日惹我悲凄；预见你未来的末日惹我悲凄；妩媚已去也妩媚已去也伊甸绽
34、开的群芳，伊甸绽开的群芳，那些并不比你更秀丽；那些并不比你更秀丽；无情的白霜，无情的白霜，秋天的威力秋天的威力 不容此花遗足迹。不容此花遗足迹。你细小的身躯最初你细小的身躯最初原于夜露与晨曦：原于夜露与晨曦：既生自乌有，便一无所失，既生自乌有，便一无所失，离世时也依然故你；离世时也依然故你；生死之间，一个钟头而已，生死之间，一个钟头而已，一枝脆嫩花朵的持续期。一枝脆嫩花朵的持续期。Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810)查尔斯查尔斯.布罗克丹布罗克丹.布朗布朗vfather of American novelvWorks:Wieland(or The Transfo
35、rmation:An American Tale)regarded as the first American novel Edgar Huntly Ormond Arthur MervynThings he did for which he has been remembered:v1 his awareness that his inspiration was rooted in his own land;v2 his employment of new narrative techniques hitherto unheeded by his predecessorsv3 his des
36、cription of his characters inner worldThomas Jefferson(17431862)托马斯托马斯.杰斐逊杰斐逊v3rd President of the U.S.vMain drafter of Declaration of Independence 独立宣言（1776)Other eminent 18th-century novelists of transitionv1 Francis Hopkinson:A Pretty Storyv2 William Hill Brown:The Power of Sympathy (or The Triumph of Nature)v3 Hugh Henry Brackenridge:Modern Chivalryv4 Gilbert Imlay:The Emigrantsv5 Mrs.Susanna Haswell Rowson:Charlotte Temple