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1、英语国家概况英语国家概况2009年新考纲新增考点串讲年新考纲新增考点串讲主讲教师：王思南串讲内容分布串讲内容分布 一、新考纲解读和说明 二、新增考点串讲 2.1、英国部分 2.2、美国部分 2.3、加拿大部分 2.4、澳大利亚部分 2.5、新西兰部分 2.6、爱尔兰部分一、新考纲解读和说明一、新考纲解读和说明 全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后，决定对高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业“英美文学选读”（课程代码：0604）和“英语国家概况”（课程代码：0522）两门课程的自学考试大纲的部分内容进行调整。调整后的英美文学选读自学考试大纲和英语国家概况自学考试大纲将于2009年4月考试
2、试行。总体来看，“英语国家概况”新考纲的调整具有以下特点：1）增多删少，考试难度加大了。2）横向来看，加大了对历史、政治、社会和文化的考查力度。3）众向来看，突出了对加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的考查。4）估计试题结构（题型方面）不会有变化。5）估计各个英语国家在试卷中所占的分值要有所调整，涉及英国和美国的分值会有一定程度的减少，涉及加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的分值会有所增加。二、新增内容串讲二、新增内容串讲 2.1、英国部分、英国部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，2009年考纲更加突出了对英国历史、政治制度，社会和文化方面的考查。在历史方面，在第二章中增加了The Iberians 和
3、和Roman Britain两个知识点；在第三章中增加了The Hundred Years War with France 中的部分内容 The Black Death and the Peasant Uprising中的部分内容，主要是百年战争的起因和黑死病的定义和发生时间以及1381年农民起义的全部内容。在政治制度方面主要是在第七章中增加了两项内容，一是The Cabinet and Ministry，二是The Privy Council，同时，在涉及英国司法体制的第八章中新增两项内容，分别是：The Judiciary 和和Police。在涉及英国社会现状的第九章新增的内容是：The
4、National Health Service。另外，在2005年考试大纲的基础上，新考纲中删除的内容有：第十章中涉及英国教育的Primary education和Secondary education,涉及媒体的Radio和Television,涉及艺术的部分只保留Drama即可。二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第二章TheOriginsofaNation EarlySettlers ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians.Atabout3000BCduringtheNewStoneAge,theseshort,dark
5、andlongheadedpeoplecametoBritain,probablyfromtheIberianpeninsula,nowSpain.Stonehenge:(名词解释)ItisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesinWiltshire,regardedasoneofthemostimportantmonumentsofitstime,andhavingsomereligiousandpoliticalsignificance.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 RomanBritain Britishrecordedhistorybeginswit
6、htheRomaninvasion JuliusCaesar,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedBritainforthefirsttimein55BC,partlytogatherinformationabouttheislandofwhichsolittlewasthenknownandpartlytopunishtheBelgaewhohadhelpedtheirfellowtribesmenintheirfightagainsttheconqueringRomansinGaul,thelandthatisnowFrance He(JuliusCaesar)land
7、edinKentwithseveralthousandmenbut,meetingresistanceandbadweather Thesuccessfulinvasiondidnottakeplaceuntilnearlyacenturylater,inAD43,headedbytheEmperorClaudius.Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation.Butitwasneveratotaloccupationfortworeasons.First,somepartsofthecountryresisted.Secondly,R
8、omantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsoftheRomanEmpire.(一句话问答)二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 TheHadriansWall(名词解释)RunningfromCarlisletoNewcastle,itwasoneoftwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.Thesuffix-casteror-chester inEnglishplacenamesderivesfromcastra,the
9、Latinwordforcamp.TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.theRomanimpactupontheBritonswassurprisinglylimited.TheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBrit
10、ons.(排除性选择题)二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第三章：TheShapingoftheNation(1066-1381)TheHundredYearsWarwithFrance ThenameisgiventotheintermittentwarbetweenFranceandEnglandthatlastedfrom1337to1453.Thecauseswerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswereespeciallyboundupwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingso
11、fthelargeduchyofAquitaine;Theeconomiccauses,wereconnectedwithFlanders;二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 TheBlackDeath TheBlackDeath(名词解释)Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkil
12、ledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.黑死病的经济后果是2005年考纲原本要求的内容，这里不作分析二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 ThePeasantUprising Apopularballadexpressedtheresponsesofthemasses:WhenAdamdelveddug,andEvespan,Whowasthenagentleman?ArmedvillagersandtownsmenofKentandEssex,ledbyWattTylerandJackSt
13、raw,movedonLondoninJune,1381,releasingJohnBallfromMaidstonegaolontheway.OnJune13.OnJune14,thefourteen-year-oldkingRichardIImettherebelsatMileEnd.Therebelsaskedthekingtomeettheirdemands:abolitionofvilleinage;reductionofrenttofourpenceanacre;freeaccesstoallfairsandmarkets,andageneralpardon.Althoughthe
14、PeasantUprisingof1381wasbrutallysuppressed,ithadfar-reachingsignificanceinEnglishhistory.Therebellionwasatrulysocialone,directedagainsttherichclergyandthelawyersaswellasagainstthelandowners.Theuprisingdealtatellingblowtovilleinage,andawholenewclassofyeomenfarmersemerged.pavingthewayforthedevelopment
15、ofcapitalism.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第七章GovernmentandAdministration TheCabinetandMinistry HerMajestysGovernmentisthebodyofministersresponsiblefortheconductofnationalaffairs.ThePrimeMinisterisappointedbytheQueen.He(ThePrimeMinister)isalso,bytradition,FirstLordoftheTreasuryandMinisterfortheCivilService.His(T
16、hePrimeMinisters)officialresidenceisNo.10DowningStreetinLondon.ThePrimeMinisterpresidesovertheCabinet,isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformstheQueenatregularmeetingsofthegeneralbusinessoftheGovernment.MinistersareappointedbytheQueenontherecommendationofthePrimeMinister.Them
17、ostseniorministers(usuallyabout20)composetheCabinet,whichmeetsunderthechairmanshipofthePrimeMinisterforafewhourseachweektodecideGovernmentpolicyonmajorissues.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 ThePrivyCouncil WhichofthefollowingisNottrueaboutthePrivyCouncil?ThePrivyCouncilwasformerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepowerinth
18、eState;ItsoriginscanbetracedbacktotheKingsCouncil(orCourt),whichinthe13thcenturygavethesovereignprivate(privy)adviceonthegovernmentofthecountry.Itremainedpowerfuluntilthe18thcenturywhenmostofitsworkwastakenoverbytheCabinet.Todayitsroleislargelyformal,advisingthesovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdec
19、rees(so-calledorders-in-council)andissuingroyalproclamations.Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesallCabinetministers,theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.ThePrivyCouncilispresidedoverbytheLordPresidentoftheCouncil.AfullmeetingoftheCo
20、unciliscalledonlywhenasovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第八章：JusticeandtheLaw TheJudiciary ThereisnoministryofjusticeintheUnitedKingdom.CentralresponsibilitylieswiththeLordChancellor,theHomeSecretaryandtheAttorneyGeneral.InEnglandandWales,laymagistrates(justicesofthepe
21、ace-JPs)areappointedonbehalfoftheCrownbytheLordChancellorwhois.advisedbycommitteesineachcounty.IntheDuchyofLancaster,appointmentsaremadebytheChancelloroftheDuchyofLancaster,aCabinetminister.ThehighestjudicialappointmentsaremadebytheQueenontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.InScotland,theSecretaryofStaterec
22、ommendstheappointmentofalljudgesotherthanthemostseniorone,andappointsthestaffoftheHighCourtofJusticiaryandtheCourtofSession.InNorthemIreland,courtadministrationistheresponsibilityof theLordChancellor.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 Police ThepoliceservicefortheUnitedKingdomisorganizedandcontrolledonalocalbasisunde
23、rtheHomeSecretaryandtheScottishandNorthernIrelandSecretaries.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontroloftheHomeSecretary.WhichofthefollowingisNottrueaboutBritishpolice?Policeofficersarenotallowedtojoinatradeunionortogoonstrike.OfficersinGreatBritaindonotnormallycarryfirearms.Officersin
24、armouredresponsevehiclesinLondoncanweartheirsidearmsinholstersatalltimes.InNorthernIrelandpoliceofficersareissuedwithfirearmsforpersonalprotectionandotherfirearms二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第九章：SocialAffairsTheNationalHealthServiceWhatdoesNHSreferto？TheNationalHealthService(名词解释)TheNationalHealthServiceprovide
25、sforeveryresident,regardlessofincome,afullrangeofmedicalservices.TheservicewasestablishedintheUKin1948.ItwasbasedatfirstonActsofParliament,oneforEnglandandWalespassedin1946andoneforScotlandpassedin1974.TheNHSisbasedupontheprinciplethatthereshouldbeafullrangeofpubliclyprovidedservicesdesignedtohelpth
26、eindividualstayhealthy(一句话问答)TheNHSprovidesthefamilyhealthservicesandhospitalandspecialistservices.(一句话问答)二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 2.2、美国部分、美国部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，2009年考纲更加突出了对美国当代历史、政治制度方面的考查。在历史方面，在第十七章中增加了The Cuban Missile Crisis和和Watergate Scandal两个知识点；在政治制度方面主要是在第十九章中增加了两项内容，一是Provisions for amendmen
27、t，二是Officers of the Congress和和 Functions of the Congress。另外，在2005年考试大纲的基础上，新考纲中删除的内容有：第十九章中涉及美国司法机构的TheJudicialBranch部分二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第十七章：AmericanHistory():AmericainPost-W.W.Era(1945-1980s)TheCubanMissileCrisis(名词解释)In1962,forreasonsstillnotfullyknowntothepublic,theSovietUnionsentbothoff
28、ensiveanddefensivemediumandintermediatemissileswithnuclearwarheadstoCubaandstartedbuildingmissilesitesthere.TheconflictcausedbythisiscalledTheCubanMissileCrisisinthehistory.Thiswasdoneinamostsecretiveway.Atthesametime,SovietPremierKhrushchev,throughvariouschannels,informedPresidentKennedythattheSovi
29、etUnionhadnointentionofputtingmissilesinCuba.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 WatergateScandal(名词解释)OnthenightofJune17,1972,policeatWatergateapartment-officecomplexinWashingtonD.C.arrestedfivemenwhoillegallybrokeintotheofficesoftheDemocraticNationalCommittee.ThesefivemenprovedtobeworkingforRichardNixonsCommitteetoR
30、e-electthePresident.ThiseventleadingtheresignofRichardNixonwascalledWatergateScandalNixonwasthefirstpresidentresignedinU.S.history.AfterWatergate,Americansdisillusiongrew.Mosthadgrownupbelievingtheirsystemwasthemostpowerful,thebest,themostdemocraticinthehistoryofhumankind.Bytheearly1980s,farfewerAme
31、ricansclungtosuchbeliefs,andmanywonderedwhytheyhadnotshedtheirinnocenceearlier.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第十九章：PoliticalInstitutions Provisionsforamendment TheirsolutionwastodeviseadualprocessbywhichtheConstitutioncouldbechanged.TheCongress,byatwo-thirdsvoteineachhouse,mayinitiateanamendment.Orthelegislatures
32、oftwo-thirdsofthestatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.Ineithercase,amendmentsmusthavetheapprovalofthree-fourthsofthestatesbeforetheyenterintoforce.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 PowersoftheHouseandSenate EachhouseoftheCongresshasthepowertointroducelegislationonanysubject,except
33、revenuebillswhichmustfirstcomefromtheHouseofRepresentatives.TheSenatealsohascertainpowersespeciallykepttothatbody,includingtheauthoritytoconfirmpresidentialappointmentsofhighofficialsofthefederalgovernmentaswellasratifyalltreatiesbyatwo-thirdsvote.Inthecaseofaccusationoffederalofficialsofwrongdoings
34、,theHousehasthesolerighttobringchargesofimproperbehaviourwhichcanleadtoatrial.TheSenatehasthesolepowertotrysuchcases,andtofindofficialsguiltyornotguilty.WhichisNotthefunctionofSenate/theHouseofRepresentatives?二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 OfficersoftheCongress TheConstitutionprovidesthattheVicePresidentshallbePr
35、esidentoftheSenate.Hehasnovote,exceptincaseofatie.TheSenatechoosesaPresidentforthetimebeingtopresidewhentheVicePresidentisabsent.TheHouseofRepresentativeschoosesitsownpresidingofficer,theSpeakeroftheHouse.TheSpeakerandthePresidentforthetimebeingarealwaysmembersofthepoliticalpartywiththelargestrepres
36、entationineachhouse.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 FunctionsoftheCongress TheCongresshasmanyfunctions,butthemostcentralisthepassageoflaws.Generally,attheHouseofRepresentatives,abillisintroduced,numbered,printedandreferredtoacommittee Ifabillispassed,itis,nowcalledanact,isdeliveredtotheSenate.Oneofthemostimportant
37、non-legislativefunctionsoftheCongressisthepowertoinvestigate.AsecondimportantpoweristocompeltestimonyfromunwillingwitnessesandtociteforcontemptofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestify,andforperjurythosewhogivefalsetestimony.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 2.3、加拿大部分、加拿大部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，加拿大部分增加的是第二十六章当中涉及“加拿大社会”的
38、前四个问题，分别是：人口状（Population）移民问题（Immigration）双语体系（Bilingualism）多元文化（Multiculturalism）二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 第二十六章：SocietyandCulture ICanadianSociety 1Population It(Canada)rankssecondinlandareabutthirtyfirstinpopulationintheworld.Itisasparselypopulatedcountrywithonly2.7peoplepersquarekilometer.It(Canada)isone
39、ofthecountrieswithmostnationalities.Canadaisacountrywithasmanyas100nationalities.ImmigrationsincethelatenineteenthcenturyhasgivenCanadaagreatculturaldiversity.ThenativepeopleofCanadacamefromAsiainprehistorictimes ThewordInuitmeansthepeopleintheirownlanguage,whereasEskimoisanIndianwordmeaningeatersof
40、rawflesh.Englishisthelanguagemostcommonlyspokenthroughoutthecountry,withtheexceptionoftheprovinceofQuebec.Differentlanguages,ethnicorigins,historyandenvironmentsresultinregionaldifferencesamongCanadians.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 2Immigration MigrationfromothercountrieshasalwaysbeenanimportantsourceofCanadian
41、populationandgrowth.InthepastBritainandWesternEuropeweretheprincipalsourcesofimmigration.ButinrecentyearstherehasbeenadeclineinEuropeanapplicationsandanincreaseinthosefromAsia,theCaribbeanandtheUnitedStates.SinceConfederationin1867manychangeshavetakenplaceinCanadasimmigrationpolicy.Ithasshiftedfromf
42、reeimmigration(1867-1896)toselectedimmigration(18,96-1914)andfromselectedimmigrationtorestrictedimmigration(1914-1945).(threestagesofimmigration,一句话问答)ThenewfederalImmigrationAct(1978)（名词解释）ThenewfederalImmigrationAct(1978)explicitlyaffirmedforthefirsttimethefundamentalobjectivesofCanadianimmigratio
43、nlaw:familyunification,non-discrimination,concernforrefugeesandthepromotionofCanadaseconomic,social,demographicandculturalgoals.Thenewlawprovidesforthreeadmissibleclassesofimmigrant:thefamilyclass,conventionrefugeesandindependentimmigrants.NewCitizenshipActin1977(名词解释)NewCitizenshipActin1977eliminat
44、esdistinctionsamongapplicantsbasedonthecountryofpreviouscitizenshipandreducesthecontinuousresidencyrequirementforcitizenshipfromfivetothreeyears.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 3Bilingualism EnglishandFrencharethetwoofficiallanguagesinCanada.Frenchisthemothertongueofthemajorityofthosewhospeakbothlanguage.Mostmiddl
45、eclassfamiliesfromQuebeclivinginMontrealarebilingual.TheyspeakEnglishandFrench,equallywell.(一句话问答)ThepredominanceoftheEnglishlanguageinmostpartsofCanadaisexplainedbythelargenumberofimmigrantsfromBritainandtheUnitedStates.ItisalsobecauseCanadaisclosetotheU.S.(一句话问答)二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 4Multiculturalism
46、TheCanadianpopulationischieflycharacterizedbyitslinguisticduality.ForalongtimetheCanadianGovernmentpursuedapolicyofassimilation.So in 1971,theCanadianGovernmentadoptedapolicyofmulticulturalism,recognizingthatculturalpluralismwithinabilingualframeworkwastheessenceoftheCanadianidentity.Today,CanadasIn
47、diansandInuitareproudtobecalledthecountrysnativepeople.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 2.4、澳大利、澳大利亚部分部分 A）概述 在2005年考试大纲的基础上，澳大利亚部分增加的是第三十二章当中涉及“澳大利亚文化”的两个问题，分别是：1Aboriginalculture 2ModernAustralianculture二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 B）新增内容串讲 第三十二章:SocietyandCulture IVAustralianCulture AsfarasAustraliancultureisconcerned,thehi
48、storyofAustraliacanbedividedintoseveralmajorphases:theperiodofAustraliasoriginalculture(itsoriginalpeople),theperiodofadominantculture(descendantsofearlyBritishsettlement),thegrowthofminoritycultures,andtheemergenceandestablishmentofamulticulturalsociety.(四个阶段的发展：选择题)1Aboriginalculture Itisbelievedt
49、hatAboriginalcultureismorethan40,000yearsold.ThedominantaspectofAboriginalculturewasthebalancebetweenthesepeopleandtheirenvironment.(一句话问答或选择题)This(re-establishtheculture)isparticularlytrueforAboriginalpeopleofNewSouthWales,VictoriaandTasmania,wheremostofthetraditionalculturehadbeenlostbythemid-twen
50、tiethcentury.二、新增考点串讲二、新增考点串讲 2ModernAustralianculture ModernAustraliancultureisamixtureofmanytraditionsandinfluenceswhichoverlap:British,American,EuropeanandAsian.After1788itwasBritishtraditionswhichinitiallyshapedtheculturallifeofAustralia.Sincethe1940sand1950s,Australianculturehascomemoreandmoreu