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1、形容词一 形容词的级1 形容词比较级用于两者的比较,后面常跟连词than;形容词最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较,前面必须有定冠词the,后面常有表示范围的短语或从句。 American is larger than EnglandCanada is larger than England and AmericaCanada is the largest of all the three2 单音节及一些双音节的形容词变为比较级和最高级时,通常在词尾加上er,est,多音节形容词则在词前加上more,most。但是少数单音节词,例如pleased,tired,glad,fond要在词前加more,
2、most;还有少数双音节词,例如polite,common,handsome,clever,funny既可以在词尾加er,est,也可以在词前加more,most。3 有些形容词不用比较级和最高级形式:(1) 表示颜色的形容词:white,black。(2) 表示形状的形容词:round,square,oval,circular,triangular,level。(3) 表示性质和特征的形容词:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,wooden,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,dea
3、f,blind,dump,lame,rainy。(4) 表示状态作表语的形容词:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,awake,alone,aware,alike。(5) 表示时间、空间和方位的形容词:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final。(6) 表示极限、主次、等级的形容词:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief,minor,superior,inferior,sen
4、ior,junior,super,superlative,favorite。(7) 含有绝对概念的形容词:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete,utter,extreme。(8) 含有比较概念的形容词:comparative,relative。(9) 表示独一无二的形容词:only,mere,sole,unique,unrivalled,invincible,matchless。4 当第一个比较未完善以前,不要插入另一个比较。His health is as poor as,if not poorer t
5、han,his sistersHis health is as poor as his sisters,if not poorer than (第一个比较状语从句“as poor as”和第二个比较状语从句“if not poorer than”的共同主语是his sisters health,因此在than后面必须加上逗号。) This is one of the best works of art I have seen,if not the best (“I have seen”是第一个比较“one of the best works of art”的限制性定语从句,不能被第二个比较“i
6、f not the best”分割开。)二 形容词比较级的应用1 可以加在形容词比较级前作程度状语的有:much,even,still,far,any,no,a great deal,a lot,a little,a (little) bit,slightly,rather。2 用在形容词比较级前表示度量的状语可以由名词或“数词+名词”的短语充当。He is a head taller than IHe usually gets up half an hour earlier than I表示度量的状语也可以由“by+名词”充当,但是必须放在句尾。 This line is one meter
7、 longer than that one=This line is longer than that one by one meter3 当形容词比较级与表示范围的“of the two”短语连用时,比较级前应该加定冠词。Of the two,the child chose the less expensive one但是在口语中,也可以使用最高级形式。This is the shortest of the two roads当形容词比较级后跟有名词,而没有跟“of the two”短语时,前面可以加不定冠词。 Iron is a more useful metal than gold(铁是
8、比金更为有用的金属。) Iron is the more useful of the two(铁是两者中更为有用的。)4 当被修饰的是“more+可数名词复数形式”时,前面的副词必须使用many,不能使用much。It takes many more hours to go by train from Shanghai to Beijing than to Nanjing5 当被修饰的是“more+不可数名词”时,前面的副词必须使用much。He has made much more progress this term than he did last term6 be more of A
9、than B=be not so much B as A,解作“与其说是B不如说是A”。 He was more of a reporter than a writer=He was not so much a writer as a reporter 在“be more ofthan”句型中,of往往可以省略。 The book seems to be more (of) a dictionary than a grammar7 many more后面必须跟可数名词复数形式,much more后面必须跟不可数名词。Some people support the proposal,but ma
10、ny more people are against itWe have much more work to do 这时,more不是many或者much的比较级形式,而相当于“additional”,解作“另外的,附加的”。“many more”和“much more”解作“另有许多”。8 解作“additional” 时,more前面可以加数词或者不定代词,其中more解作“再”、“又”、“还”。Ask him for two more ticketsLet me give you a few more examples三 形容词最高级的应用1 形容词最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较。用作定
11、语时,前面必须有定冠词,后面的名词有时可以省略。He is the least experienced (teacher) among the teachers here2 形容词最高级在用作表语而同时又不和其他东西相比时,前面的定冠词常常可以省略。The stars are (the) brightest when there is no moon3 形容词最高级不表示比较,解作“非常”、“在很大程度上”时,前面可以加不定冠词。It is a most important problem4 by far修饰形容词最高级来强调数量或者程度时,它必须位于最高级之前,解作“极”、“最”、“非常”。
12、He is by far the wisest boy in the class5 by far修饰形容词比较级来强调数量或者程度时,必须位于比较级之后,解作“得多”。His work was better by far than that of any other man in the factory当比较级前有定冠词时,by far可以位于比较级前。The old road is prettier,but it is by far the longer way用于表示程度时,far与by far含义相同,但是far既可以用于最高级前,又可以用于比较级前。This is far the be
13、st of the fiveThis is far the better than that四 形容词的词序 当有若干形容词或名词作定语修饰一个名词时,它的词序大体上如下:限定词+数词+泛指形容词+新旧(年龄)形容词+形状(尺寸、重量)形容词+颜色形容词+国籍(出处)形容词+分词定语+名词定语+名词those two big old round brown China well-known wood tables表示新旧的形容词和表示形状的形容词以及有一长一短或者一笼统一具体的两个形容词同时使用时,应该按照先短后长、先笼统后具体的原则排列顺序。五 几个形容词连用时是否使用and连接的情况1 当
14、几个形容词连用作表语时,通常在最后一个形容词前加上and,前面几个形容词之间加上逗号。但是在庄严的文体中,最后一个形容词之前不加and。He was tall,dark and handsomeMy soul is exotic,mysterious,incomprehensive2 当若干形容词连用作定语时,一般不使用and,它们之间的逗号加不加均可以。 an old round rosewood table a tall,dark,handsome boy 若两个形容词或名词作定语说明事物的同一方面的情况(例如性质、颜色、物质等),可以使用and。 a concrete and glass
15、 factory六 只用作表语或补足语的形容词按照习惯用法,有些形容词只能作表语,不能作定语;有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语;有些形容词既可以作定语,又可以作表语。 lone只能作定语 alone只能作表语,解作“独自的” lonely既可以作定语,又可以作表语,解作“寂寞的” lonesome既可以作定语,又可以作表语,含有“凄凉”的意思 live只能作定语 little只能作定语 alive只能作表语 small既可以作定语,又可以作表语 ill只能作表语;解作“坏”、“拙劣”时,可以作定语 sick既可以作定语,又可以作表语 well只能作表语 healthy只能作定语;解作“卫生的”
16、时,可以作表语 afloat只能作表语 awake只能作表语 floating只能作定语 waking只能作定语 afraid只能作表语 asleep只能作表语 frightened只能作定语 sleeping只能作定语只能用作表语的形容词有:afloat,afraid,alike,alight,alive,alone,asleep,astir,aware,ill,well,sorry。在这些形容词中,除了ill,well,sorry外,大都不能与very连用,而必须用very much。七 “so(too,as,how,however)+形容词+a(an)+名词”结构当so,too,as,h
17、ow,however与形容词和名词连用时,词序为:so(too,as,how,however)+形容词+a(an)+名词。It was so large a room that a hundred people looked lost in itThis is too good an opportunity to be lostIt was as pleasant a day as I have ever spentHow accomplished a pianist is he?We must do something,on however humble a scale八 复合形容词的构成1
18、 复合形容词通常用连字符号连接。当复合形容词由“数词+名词”构成时,其中的名词以单数形式出现。a five-hundred-word composition2 当复合形容词由“数词+名词+形容词”构成时,其中的名词以单数形式出现。a three-year-old baby3 复合形容词由“数词(形容词)+名词-ed”构成时,其中的-ed相当于with或having。a nine-coursed dinnera left-handed man九 成对形容词词组alive and kicking(活蹦乱跳的) clean and tidy(整洁的)cut and dried(呆板的,缺乏兴趣的)
19、dead and gone(死去的)fair and square(光明正大的,公正的) free and easy(不拘礼仪的,落落大方的)happy and gay(兴高采烈的) hard and fast(严格的)high and dry(孤立无援的;搁浅;落在时代后面的)high and mighty(趾高气扬的,神气活现的) short and sweet(简短扼要的)slow and steady(慢而稳的) stiff and stark(僵硬的)十 “形容词+介词”的应用1 后接介词to的形容词:accustomed to(习惯于) adapted to(适应于)addicte
20、d to(醉心于) adequate to(够作之用)adjacent to(与邻近) advantageous to(有利于)adverse to(与相反) agreeable to(同意;适合)alive to(意识到) analogous to(类似于)applicable to(适用于) approximate to(接近于)available to sb(某人可以得到的) averse to(不乐意)beneficial to(有益于) blind to(对视而不见)close to(接近于) closed to(不开放;禁止)common to(共同的) comparable to
21、(比得上的)constant to(忠贞于,不变的) contiguous to(邻近于)contrary to(与相反) convenient to sb(对某人方便)deaf to(对听而不闻) dedicated to(奉献给;献身于)destined to(注定要) devoted to(献身于;专心于)disadvantageous to(不利于) dissimilar to(不同于)doomed to(注定要) equal to(等于;胜任)equivalent to(相当于) essential to(对必不可少)faithful to(忠实于,忠于) familiar to s
22、b(是某人熟悉的)favorable to(对赞成) foreign to(与无关)friendly to sth(对某事赞助) fundamental to(对十分重要)generous to sb(对某人宽宏大量) good to sb(对某人慈善)grateful to sb(感谢某人) indifferent to(对漠不关心)indulgent to sb(溺爱某人) inferior to(次于)injurious to(有害于) insensitive to(对不敏感的)irrelevant to(与不相干) liable to(应受到;易于的)loyal to(忠于) new
23、to(对不熟悉)next to(贴近;几乎) open to(对开放)opposed to(反对) opposite to(在对面;与相反)parallel to(与平行) peculiar to(所特有的)pleasant to(对舒适) polite to(对有礼貌)preferable to(比更可取) previous to(先于)prior to(先于) prone to(易于的)proportional to(与成比例) related to(与有关系)relevant to(与有关) subject to(易受的)superior to(优于) susceptible to(易受
24、影响)sympathetic to(对有好感) true to(忠实于)unaccustomed to(不习惯于) used to(习惯于)2 后接介词for的形容词:adapted for(适合于;为改编的) adequate for(足够之用)answerable for(应对负责) anxious for(为焦急;对渴望)appropriate for(对适合) available for sth(适用于某物)competent for(对能胜任) concerned for(对关心)convenient for(便利于) desperate for(渴望,极想)distinguishe
25、d for(以著名) eager for(迫切要)eligible for(对合格) eminent for(因著名)famous for(以出名) favorable for(有利于)fit for(适合于) good for(对有用的)grateful for(因感谢) greedy for(渴望)hungry for(渴望) inclined for(想要)known for(因出名) late for(迟到)liable for(对有责任) necessary for/to(对是必须的)noted for(以著名) notorious for(因臭名昭著)possible for(有可
26、能) proper for(适合于)qualified for(有资格) ready for(准备好)renowned for(因而著称) responsible for(应对负责)ripe for(的时机已成熟) short for(是的略语)sorry for(为而惋惜) sufficient for(足够的)suitable for(适合于) thirsty for(渴望)3 后接介词of的形容词:afraid of(对害怕) appreciative of(对表示感谢)ashamed of(对感到惭愧) aware of(意识到)bare of(缺乏,没有) capable of(有的
27、能力,能够)careful of(对要小心) certain of(确信)characteristic of(是的特征) clear of(清除)confident of(确信) conscious of(意识到)considerate of(体贴) deprived of(剥夺)deserving of(值得) desirous of(想要)devoid of(缺乏,没有) disappointed of(因而失望)disregardful of(不顾) doubtful of/about(对有怀疑)economical of(节省) empty of(缺乏)envious of(羡慕;妒忌
28、) fond of(喜欢)full of(充满) glad of(为而高兴)greedy of/for(贪婪) guilty of(犯罪)hopeful of(对报有希望) ignorant of(对无知)incapable of(没有的能力) independent of(不受支配,不依赖)innocent of(无罪;缺乏) insensible of(不知道)irrespective of(不顾,不论) jealous of(妒忌)liberal of/with(对慷慨) negligent of(疏忽)nervous of(胆怯,紧张) oblivious of(忘却;不在意)prof
29、use of(对不吝惜) reckless of(不在乎;不顾)regardless of(不顾,不管) short of(短缺,不足)shy of(对怕羞) sick of(对厌倦)sure of(确信) suspicious of(对有怀疑)thoughtful of(体贴) tired of(对厌倦)tolerant of(容忍) true of(适合于)typical of(是的典型) unmindful of(对漫不经心)worthy of(值得)4 后接介词about的形容词:anxious about(为担心) careful about(对关心)careless about(对
30、不关心) certain about(对有把握)concerned about(关心;担心) crazy about(迷恋)curious about(对好奇) enthusiastic about(对热心)hopeful about(对抱希望) particular about(对挑剔)serious about(对认真) sure about(对有把握)uneasy about(为担心) worried about(担心)5 后接介词with的形容词:acquainted with(对熟悉) angry with sb(对某人生气)annoyed with sb(对某人厌烦) compar
31、able with(可与比较)concerned with(与有关) confronted with(面临)consistent with(与相一致) content with(对感到满足)covered with(被覆盖) crowded with(被挤满)delighted with(对感到高兴) disappointed with sth(对某事感到失望)disgusted with(对讨厌) familiar with sth(熟悉某物)filled with(充满) frank with sb(对某人坦诚)friendly with sb(与某人友好) furious with sb
32、(对某人大发雷霆)generous with(对大方) good with(善于对待)handy with(善于使用) identical with(跟相同)ill with(患病) infected with(传染上病)lined with(由排列着) mad with(因发狂)patient with sb(对某人耐心) pleased with(对满意)popular with sb(受某人欢迎) preoccupied with(全神贯注于)satisfied with(对满意) severe with sb(对某人严格)sick with(患病) strict with sb(对某人
33、严格)thick with(密布) tired with(因而疲劳)wrong with(出毛病)6 后接介词at的形容词:amazed at(对吃惊) angry at sth(为某事生气)annoyed at/for sth(为某事生气) apt at(善于)busy at(忙于) clever at(擅长于)furious at sth(对某事愤怒) good at(善于)handy at(擅长于) overjoyed at/with(因而高兴)mad at(对恼火) quick at sth(敏捷做某事)skilful at(善于) slow at sth(缓慢做某事)surprise
34、d at(对感到惊奇)7 后接介词in的形容词:absorbed in(专心于) abundant in(富有,富产)accurate in(精确) concerned in(和有牵连)deficient in(缺乏) disappointed in(对失望)engrossed in(全神贯注于) fortunate in(在很幸福)generous in(在很慷慨) interested in(对感兴趣)lacking in(缺乏) proficient in(精通)rich in(富有,富产) successful in(成功)wanting in(缺乏) weak in(在方面差)8 后
35、接介词on的形容词:conditional on(以为条件) dependent on(依赖于)determined on(决心要) hard on(对过分严厉)intend on(专心于;坚决要) keen on(喜爱;渴望)mad on(迷恋于,热心于) severe on(对严厉)9 后接介词from的形容词:absent from(缺席,不在) different from(与不同)distant from(离很远) distinct from(与不同)exempt from(免除) far from(远离)free from(免受,没有) inseparable from(与不可分的)remote from(远离) safe from(安全,不会受到)secure from/against(不致受到)10后接介词against的形容词:prejudiced against(对有偏见) proof against(能抵挡)学科网(北京)股份有限公司