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1、高考英语语法精讲:定语从句考点分析一、定语从句中关系副词的用法1、关系副词when的用法when 既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词,在从句中充当时间状语,相当于“介词+which”。如:Can you tell me the time when the film will start?Can you tell me the time at which the film will start? 请告诉我电影什么时候开始好吗?(限制性定语从句)I will never forget the day, when I joined the Party.I will n
2、ever forget the day, on which I joined the Party. 我入党的那一天,我永远不会忘记。(非限制性定语从句)2、关系副词where的用法where既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词,在从句中充当地点状语,相当于:“介词+which”。如:This is the school where I studied a few years ago.This is the school in which I studied a few years ago. 这就是我几年前所在读书的学校。Lets go to the concert
3、, where you will find much fun.Lets go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我们去音乐演唱会吧,在那里你会找到很大的乐趣。3、关系副词why的用法why只能引导限制性定语从句,先行词只有reason一词,在从句中充当原因状语,相当于:“for + which”。如:Do you know the reason why he is not here now?Do you know the reason for which he is not here now?你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗?4、关系
4、副词that的用法that只能引导限制性定语从句,充当关系副词时,其作用相当于:“介词+关系代词”,在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。如:1.在定语从句中作时间状语。现行词有:each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中,that往往省略。如:Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and sayhello. 每次我会见他时,他都会笑着说“喂,你好!”2.在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是way, 如
5、:Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this?请告诉我你解决这类问题的方法好吗?3.在定语从句中作原因状语,现行词只有reason一词,如:I dont know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因。4.在定语从句中做其他状语,现行词如price, speed等,如:I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高。二
6、、两组关系代词的用法辨析1、that与which:两者都可指物,常可互换,其区别是:(1)引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后作宾语时,要用which。如:Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(2)当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰、受the very, the only, the same等修饰、受形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next)等修饰、关系代词在定语
7、从句中用作表语或先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that。如:All that can be done must be done.凡能做的事都必须做。This is the only book (that) I find useful.这是我发现的唯一有用的书。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。China is not the country (that) it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。2、as与which:(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such, as, the
8、same后只能用as,其他情况用which。如:He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换,但若位于主句之前,则只能用as。如:I live a long way from work, as which you know.我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth
9、 once every month.月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。另外,as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制。如:He went abroad, as which was expected.他出国了,这是大家预料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)三、定语从句的限制性与非限制性1、结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后,主、从句间没有逗号分开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开,并且as所引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。如:His friend w
10、ho works in Guangdong telephoned him last night. 他在广东工作的朋友昨天来了电话。(限制性)His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned last night. 他父亲在广东工作,昨天给他来了电话。(非限制性)2、功能不同限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制,如果去掉定语从句,整个句子的意思就不完整、不准确;非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明,即使去掉定语从句,对句子的意思没有影响。如:He asked me a question which was about my study at scho
11、ol. 他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。如果去掉后面的定语从句,句子的意思显然不清楚。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle. 这是我的摩托车,它是我叔叔送的。显然去掉后面的定语从句对句子的意思没有影响。3、先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词;非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语,甚至是整个句子。如:I know nothing that happened last night. 昨天晚上所发生的事情,我一点也不知道。(修饰前面的nothing)He has made great progress,
12、 which made us happy. 他进步了,这使我们大家都很高兴。(说明前面句子的整个内容)4、关系词的使用不同that, but, why只能引导限制性定语从句,关系词有时可以省略。而其他的关系词可引导非限制性定语从句,且关系词不可以省略。如:He told us the reason why he wanted to drop his math. 他告诉了我们他为什么要放弃数学。本句若改写为非限制性定语从句,应该是:He told us the reason, for which he wanted to drop his math.5、翻译时的表达方法不同限制性定语从句一般译成
13、一句话;而限制性定语从句一般要译成两句话,即:把非限制性定语从句单独译成一句话放在主句之后,补充说明主句。如:The car which he drives was bought last year. 他开的那辆车是去年买的。He drives a new car, which was bought last year. 他开一辆新车,这车是去年买的。四、定语从句与其他从句的区别1、限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词有跟他们含义相应的先行词,而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。如:Sorry, Ive forgot the day when we
14、met for the first time. 抱歉,我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。(定语从句,先行词the day 与when含义相应)Ive no idea when we met for the first time. 我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。(同位语从句,idea与when没有任何联系)1、定语从句与时间语状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与时间状语的连接词都是when时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明时间名词,只能放在先行词的后面;而时间状语从句说明动作发生的情况,并且可以放在主句的前面。如:Do you know the time when the class is over
15、? 你知道下课的时间吗?(定语从句)It was already five oclock when the class was over.When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当课结束时,已经是五点钟了。(时间状语从句)2、定语从句与地点状语从句的区别当定语从句的引导词与地点状语的连接词都是where时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明地点名词;而状语从句说明动作发生的地点,where没有对应的地点名词或代词。如:This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这就是几
16、年前我们常居住的地方。(定语从句)Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到我们能找到更好工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句)3、定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制,关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,而强调语气的连接词只能是that, who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,而有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如:It is a book that he wants.它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来考察。
17、如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题,意思是:它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want?这样的问题,那么意思是:他想要的是一本书。显然,句子是强调句型。4、定语从句与结果状语从句的区别定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要做某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而结果状语从句中的连接词不作句子任何成分,因此句子成分完整。如:It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢得如此有趣的书。(定语从句)It is such an interesting book that
18、 we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书,我们大家都喜欢它。 (结果状语从句)比较:It is such an interesting book that we all like. 强调句型。意思是:我们大家都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。5、定语从句与独立主格结构的区别定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整;而独立主格结构没有关系词,也没有谓语动词。如:The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于这本书有趣,我们大家都喜欢它。The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 这本有趣的书是去年出版的。学科网(北京)股份有限公司