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1、The Modern Period in American LiteratureBiographyWorks and Style Selected worksIf America had a national poet in the 20th century,it is certainly Robert Frost.BorninSanFranciscoin1874.Atthedeathofhisfather,whenFrostwaseleven,hismotherbroughthimtoMassachusetts.Aftergraduatingfromhighschoolin1892,Fros
2、tenteredDartmouthCollegebutsoonleft.In1895,hegotmarried.Inordertosupportthefamily,hedidoddjobs:teachingschoolandworkinginamillandasanewspaperreporter.In1897,hewasacceptedasaspecialstudentbyHarvardbutwithdrewaftertwoyearsbecauseofhisincreasingdislikeforacademicconvention.Forthenexttwelveyears,Frostma
3、deaminimallivingbyteachingandfarmingwhilecontinuingtowritehispoems.In1912,heandhisfamilymovedtoEngland,wherehefoundapublisherforhisfirstbookofverse,A boys will(1913)In1914,Frostssecondbook,North of Boston,waspublishedbyDavidNutt.Determinedtowinrecognitioninhisnativeland,FrostreturnedtotheUSandsettle
4、donafarminhisnativeland.In1915,FrostrelocatedhisfamilytoNewHampshire.Forforty-twoyears,from1921tohisdeath,FrostspentalmosteverysummerandfallteachingattheBreadLoafSchoolofEnglishofMiddleburyCollege.In1963,hediedonJanuary29inBoston.Works1.Collection of poemsA Boys Will（1913）North of Boston（1914）New Ha
5、mpshire（1923）Collected Poems（1930）A Further Range（1936）A Witness Tree（1942）West-Running Brook Mountain Interval In the Clearing Pulitzer Prize2.PoemsBirches After Apple-Picking Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The Road Not Taken Acquainted with the Night3.PlaysA Way Out:A One Act Play(Harbor Pre
6、ss,1929).The Cows in the Corn:A One Act Irish Play in Rhyme(Slide Mountain Press,1929).A Masque of Reason(Holt,1945).A Masque of Mercy(Holt,1947).“Allpoetryisareproductionofthetonesofactualspeech.”诗乃实际说话音调之复制品。“Writingfreeverseislikeplayingtenniswiththenetdown.”诗歌如不讲韵律，就像打网球不设拦网一样。RobertFrostsaid:Ro
7、bertFrostalsosaid:“Iamalwayssayingsomethingthatsjusttheedgeofsomethingmore.”Howdoyouunderstandtheedgeofsomething?Frosts styleFrostsnaturepoetryiscloselyrelatedtohispastoralism.heusedsymbolstoformeverydaycountrylifetoexpresshisdeepideas.Rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,heus
8、edtraditionalformssuchastheblankverse,plainlanguageofruralNewEnglanders.Thereisasteadytoneofwryhumorandavirtuallyinexhuastibleverbalgrace.Asawhole,Frostsartisanactofclarification,which,withoutsimplifyingthetruth,rendersitinsomedegreeaccessibletoeveryone.Features of His PoemsProfoundmeaningsarehidden
9、underneaththeplainlanguageandsimpleform.(1)Hispoemsmostlywroteaboutnature(influencedbyWordsworthandEmerson)andNewEnglandlandscape.(2)Deceptivelysimplestyle(reasonforpopular)(3)Symbolism(showhispoemsdeepmeaning)(4)Hewaslikelytochoosetraditionalformsforhispoem,butthethemesofhispoemsaremostlymodern.(In
10、hispoems,traditionalelementsandmodernelementsmingletogether.)Thematic concernsGenerallyFrostisconsideredaregionalpoetwhosesubjectmattersmainlyfocusonthelandscapeandpeopleinNewEngland.Thesethematicconcernsincludetheterrorandtragedyinnature,aswellasitsbeauty,andthelonelinessandpovertyoftheisolatedhuma
11、nbeing.Frostwrotemanypoemsthatinvestigatethebasicthemesofmanslife:theindividualsrelationshipstohimself,tohisfellow-man,toworld,andtohisGod.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village thoughHe will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fi
12、ll up with snowMy little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistakeThe only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely,dark an
13、d deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.雪夜林畔小驻 余光中译 想来我认识这座森林，林主的庄宅就在邻村,却不会见我在此驻马，看他林中积雪的美景。我的小马一定颇惊讶：四望不见有什么农家，偏是一年最暗的黄昏，寒林和冰湖之间停下。它摇一摇身上的串铃，问我这地方该不该停。此外只有轻风拂雪片，再也听不见其他声音。森林又暗又深真可羡，但我还要守一些诺言，还要赶多少路才安眠，还要赶多少路才安眠。SelectedfromNew Hampshire,thepo
14、emiswritteniniambictetrameter（抑扬格四音步）withtherhymeschemeasAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD.Thepoempresentsapictureoftranquility:onawinterevening,a sleigh driver stopped by a wood whileeveryingiscoveredwithsnow.However,the scene of tranquility is not without thetemptationofdeath.Thespeakerforawhilewasratherattract
15、ed by the mystery of death.Fortunately,hisformerpromisesremindedhimofhisresponsibilityintheworldandhewasdetachedfromthedarkwoods.Love and a QuestionAStrangercametothedoorateve,Andhespokethebridegroomfair.Heboreagreen-whitestickinhishand,And,forallburden,care.HeaskedwiththeeyesmorethanthelipsForashel
16、terforthenight,AndheturnedandlookedattheroadafarWithoutawindowlight.ThebridegroomcameforthintotheporchWith,Letuslookatthesky,Andquestionwhatofthenighttobe,Stranger,youandI.Thewoodbineleaveslitteredtheyard,Thewoodbineberrieswereblue,Autumn,yes,winterwasinthewind;Stranger,IwishIknew.爱和一个问题爱和一个问题 黄昏时，一
17、个陌生人来到门口，叫着漂亮的新郎。手里拄着一个绿白相间的拐杖，负着全身的重量，顾虑重重。他更多用眼神而不是唇舌 乞求一夜的庇护，而后转身望着远处的公路 那里没有一个亮灯的窗户。新郎现身来到门廊里 说着，“让我们看看这夜空，再来讨论夜晚怎么过，陌生人，你和我。”忍冬的落叶铺满院子，忍冬的浆果已经变蓝，秋天，是啊，冬天已随风而来；“陌生人，但愿我能明白。”Within,thebrideintheduskaloneBentovertheopenfire,Herfacerose-redwiththeglowingcoalAndthethoughtoftheheartsdesire.Thebridegr
18、oomlookedatthewearyroad,Yetsawbutherwithin,AndwishedherheartinacaseofgoldAndpinnedwithasilverpin.ThebridegroomthoughtitlittletogiveAdoleofbread,apurse,AheartfeltprayerforthepoorofGod,Orfortherichacurse;ButwhetherornotamanwasaskedTomartheloveoftwoByharboringwoeinthebridalhouse,Thebridegroomwishedhekn
19、ew.屋里，新娘独自在薄暮中 俯身对着炉火，燃烧的炭火和内心的情欲 让她的脸呈玫瑰一样的红，新郎注视令人厌倦的道路，看到的却是屋里的人儿，但愿她的心盛放在金匣里，别着一枚银色的别针。在新郎看来，施舍一点面包，一份钱财，为穷人向上帝虔诚的祈祷，或给富人以诅咒，都微不足道；但是一个男人该不该应要求 在新房里收容悲哀 破坏两人之间的欢爱，新郎希望他能够知道。SelectedfromA Boys Will,thepoemdescribesarichmanaskedapoornewly-wedcoupleforashelter.Itwasamomentfulloflove,suspicion,stran
20、geness,terrorandfrustation,whichillustratethemeaningoflove.Asforthetitle“LoveandaQuestion”,Ithink“love”,ontheonehand,istheaffectionbetweenthecouple;ontheotherhand,loveisalsothebenevolencefortheman.Thebridegroomwasstrugglingbetweenthistwokindsoflove,whichwasthe“question”hefaced.修墙修墙有一点什么,它大概是不喜欢墙,它使得
21、墙脚下的冻地涨得隆起,大白天的把墙头石块弄得纷纷落：使得墙裂了缝,二人并肩都走得过.士绅们行猎时又是另一番糟蹋：他们要掀开每块石头上的石头,我总是跟在他们后面去修补,但是他们要把兔子从隐处赶出来,讨好那群汪汪叫的狗.我说的墙缝是怎么生的,谁也没看见,谁也没听见但是到了春季补墙时,就看见在那里.我通知了住在山那边的邻居；有一天我们约会好,巡视地界一番,在我们两家之间再把墙重新砌起.我们走的时候,中间隔着一垛墙.我们走的时候,中间隔着一垛培.Mending WallSomethingthereisthatdoesntloveawall,Thatsendsthefrozen-ground-swell
22、underitAndspillstheupperbouldersinthesun,Andmakesgapseventwocanpassabreast.Theworkofhuntersisanotherthing:IhavecomeafterthemandmaderepairWheretheyhaveleftnotonestoneonastone,Buttheywouldhavetherabbitoutofhiding,Topleasetheyelpingdogs.ThegapsImean,Noonehasseenthemmadeorheardthemmade,Butatspringmendin
23、g-timewefindthemthere.Iletmyneighborknowbeyondthehill;AndonadaywemeettowalkthelineAndsetthewallbetweenusonceagain.Wekeepthewallbetweenusaswego.Toeachthebouldersthathavefallentoeach.AndsomeareloavesandsomesonearlyballsWehavetouseaspelltomakethembalance:“Staywhereyouareuntilourbacksareturned!”Wewearou
24、rfingersroughwithhandlingthem.Oh,justanotherkindofoutdoorgame,Oneonaside.Itcomestolittlemore:Therewhereitiswedonotneedthewall:HeisallpineandIamappleorchard.MyappletreeswillnevergetacrossAndeattheconesunderhispines,Itellhim.Heonlysays,“Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.”Springisthemischiefinme,andIwonderIf
25、Icouldputanotioninhishead:“Whydotheymakegoodneighbors?IsntitWheretherearecows?Butheretherearenocows.落在各边的石头,由各自去料理.有些是长块的,有些几乎圆得像球需要一点魔术才能把它们放稳当：“老实呆在那里,等我们转过身再落下!”我们搬弄石头把手指都磨粗了.啊!这不过又是一种户外游戏,一个人站在一边.此外没有多少用处：在墙那地方,我们根本不需要墙：他那边全是松树,我这边是苹果园.我的苹果树永远也不会踱过去吃掉他松树下的松球,我对他说.他只是说：“好篱笆造出好邻家.”BeforeIbuiltawal
26、lIdasktoknowWhatIwaswallinginorwallingout,AndtowhomIwasliketogiveoffense.Somethingthereisthatdoesntloveawall,Thatwantsitdown.”Icouldsay“Elves”tohim,Butitsnotelvesexactly,andIdratherHesaiditforhimself.Iseehimthere,BringingastonegraspedfirmlybythetopIneachhand,likeanold-stonesavagearmed.Hemovesindarkn
27、essasitseemstome,Notofwoodsonlyandtheshadeoftrees.Hewillnotgobehindhisfatherssaying,AndhelikeshavingthoughtofitsowellHesaysagain,“Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.”春天在我心里作祟,我在悬想能不能把一个念头注入他的脑里：“为什么好篱笆造出好邻家?是否指着有牛的人家?可是我们此地又没有牛.我在造墙之前先要弄个清楚,圈进来的是什么,圈出去的是什么,并且我可能开罪的是些什么人家,有一点什么,它不喜欢墙,它要推倒它.”我可以对他说这是“鬼”.但严格说
28、也不是鬼我想这事还是由他自己决定吧.我看见他在那里搬一块石头,两手紧抓着石头的上端,像一个旧石器时代的武装的野蛮人.我觉得他是在黑暗中摸索,这黑暗不仅是来自深林与树荫.他不肯探究他父亲传给他的格言他想到这句格言,便如此的喜欢,于是再说一遍,“好篱笆造出好邻家”.SelectedfromNorth of Boston,thepoemdescribesanewEnglandfarmercontactshisneighbortorebuiltthestonewallinspringbetweentheirtwofarmsandthenquestionswhythewallmustbebuilt.It
29、isbestknownforitslinespokenbytheneighbor:“Goodfencesmakegoodneighbors.”,whichislistedbytheOxfordDictionaryofQuatationsasamidamid17thcenturyproverb.Itisametaphoricalpoemwritteninblankverse.Blankverseisthebaselinemeterofthispoem,butfewofthelinesmarchalonginblankversescharacteristiclock-stepiambs,fivea
30、breast.And,Ithink,stonewallismetapharicallyawallbetweenhumanbeingsagainstcommunication.Frostplayswitheverything:theideasinhispoem,thesoundsofthewordshechooses,andthemeaningsofthewordsthemselves.Somethingthereisthatdoesntloveawall,Thatsendsthefrozen-ground-swellunderit.Sinceafrozen-ground-swellisanot
31、herphraseforafrost,isthepoethimselfthesomethingthatdoesntlovethewall?Isthepoemanexplorationofcommunityversusisolation?Frostdoesntsay,buthecontinuestoteaseandplaywithlanguageandideasthroughout.BeforeIbuiltawallIdasktoknowWhatIwaswallinginorwallingout,AndtowhomIwasliketogiveoffense.Offensesoundslikeafence,hardlyanaccidentfromapoetsoprecise.ThewordsdistinctlybelongtoFrostandtheageinwhichhelived,buttheyaresorightandsosimplethatMendingWallspeakstoreadersasifitwerewrittenyesterdayandnotacenturyago.Thank you!