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1、翻译翻译 主语的选择主语的选择本讲稿第一页,共四十三页1.钱你不用还了。钱你不用还了。2.这锅饭能吃十个人。这锅饭能吃十个人。3.这匹马骑着两个人。这匹马骑着两个人。4.被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。5.老子打儿子老子打儿子,天经地义。天经地义。6.上面坐着主席团。上面坐着主席团。7.从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。8.说的是古代的一个老头,名叫愚公。说的是古代的一个老头,名叫愚公。Introduction本讲稿第二页,共四十三页1.You dont have to pay it back/repay the money.2.This pot of
2、 rice can feed ten people.3.On the horse were riding two people.4.It is annoying to be pestered/troubled.5.It is perfectly justified for a father to beat his own son.6.On the platform were sitting the members of the presidium.7.We can turn to her for a solution.8.The story is about an old man named
3、Yugong in ancient times.本讲稿第三页,共四十三页给国家纳税是天经地义的事。It is only right and proper that we should pay taxes to the state.本讲稿第四页,共四十三页11汉英主谓结构的差异汉英主谓结构的差异“(主谓)这种句子(主谓)这种句子(即使把被动的动即使把被动的动作也算进去作也算进去,把把是是也算进去也算进去)的比例是的比例是不大的不大的,也许比也许比50%大不了多少。因此大不了多少。因此,在在汉语里汉语里,把主语、谓语当作把主语、谓语当作话题和说明话题和说明来看来看待待,比较合适。比较合适。”赵元任
4、汉语口语语法赵元任汉语口语语法本讲稿第五页,共四十三页主题主题VS.主语主语汉语是汉语是“注重主题的语言注重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language),是话题评论式的。,是话题评论式的。汉语:话题汉语:话题+评论评论/说明说明英语是英语是“注重主语的语言注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language)。英语的主谓是施事行为式的。英语的主谓是施事行为式的。英语:主语(施事者或受事者)英语:主语(施事者或受事者)+谓语(行为)谓语(行为)必有主语,但以动词为核心,主谓间互相制约必有主语,但以动词为核心,主谓间互相制约本讲稿第六页,共四十三页汉语主语(被
5、陈述的话题)汉语主语是谓语说明的对象,可以是名词、代词、数汉语主语是谓语说明的对象,可以是名词、代词、数词、量词,或者动词短语、主谓短语等,如:词、量词,或者动词短语、主谓短语等,如:1 1 这本这本杂志杂志我不看了。我不看了。2 2 那边那边正在卖冰激凌。正在卖冰激凌。3 3 西瓜西瓜吃完了。吃完了。4 4 小和山顶上小和山顶上开了一家酒吧。开了一家酒吧。5 5 这么快这么快就挂了?就挂了?6 6 那个班的同学,那个班的同学,十有八九十有八九是德国人。(外位语)是德国人。(外位语)7 7 这些教材这些教材我们自学很容易。我们自学很容易。本讲稿第七页,共四十三页七大主要英语的主语七大主要英语的
6、主语1.施动主语施动主语(agentive subject):Susan is growing flowers2.受动主语受动主语(affected subject):Her books translate well3.工具主语工具主语(instrumental subject):A stone broke the glass4.地点主语地点主语(locative subject):The jar contains honey.本讲稿第八页,共四十三页5.时间主语时间主语(temporal subject):Yesterday was Monday.6.事件主语事件主语(eventive su
7、bject):The dispute over the problem lasted a decade7.it作主语,表时间、气候或距离:作主语,表时间、气候或距离:It is very late Its very hot in summer here.It 作形式主语作形式主语:It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.七大主要英语的主语七大主要英语的主语本讲稿第九页,共四十三页12主语选择的原则主语选择的原则无主句必须添加无主句必须添加必要必要的主语的主语必须是句中应该突出的信息;必须是句中应该突出的信息;必须符合英美人的思维视
8、角;必须符合英美人的思维视角;必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯;必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯;必须符合行文连贯的需要。必须符合行文连贯的需要。本讲稿第十页,共四十三页1.2.1 无主句翻译,添加无主句翻译,添加必要必要的主语的主语1.起大风了。It is blowing hard.2.改革开放胆子要大一些,要敢于试验。When it comes to reforms and opening-up,we must be courageous enough to venture on experiments3.北静王笑道:名不虚传,果然如“宝”似“玉”。“You live up to your name,
9、”remarked the prince“You are really 1ike precious jade.”本讲稿第十一页,共四十三页4.只可惜宫粉涂不平脸上的皱纹,看起来好像驴粪蛋上下了霜。*Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face;it looked 1ike a frosted donkey turd.Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face.It only made it look like a frosted donkey
10、 turd 本讲稿第十二页,共四十三页5.得第一名获金牌,第四名什么也拿不到Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.本讲稿第十三页,共四十三页6 不要有了新亲,把旧亲忘个干净!这种没良心的人我见多了!-围城Once you have new relatives,dont forget the old ones.Ive seen too many such ungrateful people.本讲稿第十四页,共四十三页沉默呵,沉默呵!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡。-纪念刘和珍君
11、Silence!Silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence!本讲稿第十五页,共四十三页1.2.2主语必须是句中应该突出的信息主语必须是句中应该突出的信息1.这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤,将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded 本讲稿第十六页,共四十三页2.人们已把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文字。The
12、collection of Li Bais poems has been translated into many foreign languages3.到去年年底,上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同或协议。By the end of last year,contracts or agreements were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges in Shanghai本讲稿第十七页,共四十三页4.上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。A series of preferential polic
13、ies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital5.有心栽花花不开,无心插柳柳成荫。A carefully bedded flower may not blossom while a casually planted willow may survive and thrive.本讲稿第十八页,共四十三页1.昨晚抓住了三个小偷。Three thieves were caught last night.2.一把菜刀闹革命。His revolution started with a kitchen knife.3.校园东头盖了一
14、栋房。A house has been built on the east of the campus.汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍汉语中用地名、时间、工具作主语很普遍本讲稿第十九页,共四十三页5.大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。In most colleges and universities,the decision-making rights have been given to department heads6.明年将出版更多的儿童读物。More books for children will be published next year本讲稿第二十页,共四十三页7.热烈欢迎
15、世界各地客商来此建立和发展贸易关系。Customers all over the world are warmly welcomed to establish and develop business contacts with us本讲稿第二十一页,共四十三页1.2.3主语必须符合英美人的思维视角主语必须符合英美人的思维视角中国人在表达思想时十分注意主体意识,常以有生命的、具体的名词或代词作主语,多用主动语态和无主句。有时主语虽省略,主体意识仍然强烈,读者容易体会到。如:找找工工作作处处处处碰碰壁壁,搞搞得得我我心心乱乱如如麻麻。MY job-hunting has failed again
16、 and again and it made me terribly upset.本讲稿第二十二页,共四十三页英美人则较强调客观,注重客观事物对人的影响和作用,因此无生命、抽象的名词作主语远比汉语中多。英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb),表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如see,find,bring,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,driv
17、e,prevent.from等。本讲稿第二十三页,共四十三页1.这时我激动得说不出话来。Words failed me here.More examples:我昨天收到你的信。Your letter reached me yesterday.我一时记不起他的名字。His name escaped me.本讲稿第二十四页,共四十三页2.不同的人对退休持不同的态度。Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person3.她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。It never occurred to her that he was a dishone
18、st man.4.我害怕起来了,而且越来越害怕。Then fear set in and commenced to build up本讲稿第二十五页,共四十三页5.他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes/suddenly attracted his attention.6.他两天就抽完了一包烟。A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.本讲稿第二十六页,共四十三页方鸿渐看大势不佳,起了恐慌。洗手帕,补袜子,缝纽扣,都是太太对丈夫尽的义务。自己凭什么享受这个权利呢?The
19、whole situation with Miss Su made him feel uneasy.Washing handkerchiefs,mending socks,and sewing on buttonsthese were the little chores a wife perform for her husband.On what basis was he enjoying these privileges?本讲稿第二十七页,共四十三页A.原文中表示条件、原因等意思的词语原文中表示条件、原因等意思的词语可在翻译中用来作主语可在翻译中用来作主语7.走廊的地毯厚厚的,我走在上面,一
20、点脚步声也没有。The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps8.没有几天的工夫,由于抢购,商店里的货就卖光了。Within days,panic buying emptied store shelves9.由于计划不周,他不仅浪费了时间,而且浪费了所有钱。Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.本讲稿第二十八页,共四十三页B.原文中表示时间的词语可在翻译中用来作主原文中表示时间的词语可在翻译中用来作主语,同时谓语改为语,同时谓语改为 see
21、,witness,find 等等10.2001年中国成功加入世贸。The year 2001 saw Chinas entry into WTO.11.1998年召开了九届一次全国代表大会。The year 1998 witnessed the convocation of the 1st Session of the 9th National Peoples Congress.本讲稿第二十九页,共四十三页C.可以采用可以采用“there be”句型取代原文的主语句型取代原文的主语12.他今天的举止有些反常There is something strange about his behavio
22、r today.13.这个事件不象看上去的那样简单。There is more to the incident than meets the eye.14.新工作不见得比原先的工作强。There is no guarantee that the new job will be better than the old one.(The new job is not likely to be better than the old one.)本讲稿第三十页,共四十三页1.2.4 主语必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯主语必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯从语法角度看,汉语的主谓搭配习惯和英语的主谓搭配习惯不尽相同
23、。汉语中的主语有时在英语的句子里不适合作英语的主语。因此这时要调整。如“他的英语讲的很好”,译为His English speaks good.就不符合逻辑,而改下主语:He speaks good English.就是地道的英语。这种拟人法现象在汉语中常见,而在英语中,多数情况下,是视为修辞上的一种毛病。因此在汉英翻译中要注意这个区别,避免受汉语影响而出问题。本讲稿第三十一页,共四十三页请比较:1 小提琴小提琴放放在架子上没有用。在架子上没有用。2 屋角屋角放放着一架旧钢琴。着一架旧钢琴。The violin was lying unused on a shelf.An old piano
24、stood in the corner of the room.本讲稿第三十二页,共四十三页做手术做手术主语是主语是“医生医生”主语是主语是“病人病人”To do an operationTo have an operation本讲稿第三十三页,共四十三页英汉主谓搭配不同,主要表现在用人做英汉主谓搭配不同,主要表现在用人做主语还是用物做主语。汉语中主语一定主语还是用物做主语。汉语中主语一定是人,英语里要看具体情况。是人,英语里要看具体情况。Now peoples lives dont leave plastics away.Now people cannot do without plasti
25、cs in their lives.It cost 18%of their money to buy food.Food cost them 18%of their money.They spent 18%of their money to buy food.判断正误判断正误本讲稿第三十四页,共四十三页Since 1978,Hebeis light industry has made changes rapidly.Since 1978,Hebeis light industry has progressed rapidly.Marxism tells us thatMarxism teach
26、es usThis tells us that he is dishonest.This shows that he is dishonest.I stand afar from him.I stand aloof from him.判断正误判断正误本讲稿第三十五页,共四十三页1.我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。A series of victories have been won for our cause2.我国的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。China needs the service of as many intellectuals as possible in bu
27、ilding socialism3.任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。Any emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity注意主谓正确搭配注意主谓正确搭配本讲稿第三十六页,共四十三页4.读书可以增长知识。Through reading one can acquire knowledge5.宗教不得干预政治。It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion6.汉字在
28、历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history.本讲稿第三十七页,共四十三页1.2.5 主语必须符合行文连贯的需要主语必须符合行文连贯的需要作为句子作为句子“龙头龙头”的主语在连词成句、连句成篇、承上的主语在连词成句、连句成篇、承上启下的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。因此选择译文的主语,启下的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。因此选择译文的主语,还有考虑一个连贯一致的因素。英语中有一个修辞的原则,还有考虑一个连贯一致的因素。英语中有一个修辞的原则,即即平行一致原则平行一致原
29、则 (parallelism)(parallelism)。也就是说,相邻的几个。也就是说,相邻的几个句子在结构上要保持一致。为了保持连贯,英语往往通过句子在结构上要保持一致。为了保持连贯,英语往往通过避免重复原词,更多地使用避免重复原词,更多地使用照应照应和和替代替代的方式来衔接上的方式来衔接上下文。汉语当中没有这样的要求,相邻几句的主语可下文。汉语当中没有这样的要求,相邻几句的主语可以不一样,大量的流水句的存在便是这种特点的体现。以不一样,大量的流水句的存在便是这种特点的体现。学习篇章的汉译英,还需牢记英语和汉语的这一差异,学习篇章的汉译英,还需牢记英语和汉语的这一差异,根据上下文确定主语。
30、否则,篇章只不过是缺乏逻辑根据上下文确定主语。否则,篇章只不过是缺乏逻辑的句群的堆砌或者的句群的堆砌或者“句不达意句不达意”。本讲稿第三十八页,共四十三页1.一天,父亲来封快信,上面说:“顷得汝岳丈电报”One day an express letter came from his father It read as follows:“I have just received a telegram from your father-in-1aw.”本讲稿第三十九页,共四十三页我父亲狂热地追求绘画,绘画已成了他生活的一切,要比母亲,比他的孩子,甚至比他自己都更为重要。For my father,
31、painting was a governing passionIt came before Mother,before his children and even before himself本讲稿第四十页,共四十三页3.在未来的许多岁月里,人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。The overall effect of the flood on Chinas economy will be felt for many years to come4.报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。This point was not mentioned elsewhere in his report本讲稿第四十一页,共四十三页结语结语汉汉语语重重意意念念,寻寻找找主主语语时时应应先先理理解解全全句句的的意意思思,然然后后找找出出话话题题,或或用用英英语语中中的的对对等等词词语语、或或易易词词而而译译、或或补补充充主主语语,有有时时还还需需要要考考虑虑与与上上下下文文的的呼呼应应与与衔衔接接。在在此此过过程程中中,我我们们不不仅仅要要考考虑虑到到汉汉英英语语言言语语言言规规范范上上的的差差异异,也也有有语语言使用者的思维视角的不同。言使用者的思维视角的不同。本讲稿第四十二页,共四十三页本讲稿第四十三页,共四十三页