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1、1Lesson SevenLesson Seven Refrigeration and Refrigerants2Refrigeration theory and evaluate1Air pollution by Refrigerants2Compressors3 34 4Text and key words learning Usages and Expressions3 53Refrigeration and heat pumpHigh temperatureLow temperatureRefrigerationEnergyTHTLQHQLHigh temperatureLow tem
2、peratureHeat pumpEnergyTHTLQHQLSummerindooroutdoorWinteroutdoorindoor4vapor compression system56Indoorheat exchangerCompressorExpansion valve四通换向阀Four-way Reversing Valve Outdoorheat exchanger7EntropyAbsolutetemperature1234Theoretical Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle 1-2 The cold saturated vapo
3、r at state 1 is compressed isentropically to the high temperature in the cycle at state 2.2-3 The cycle is completed by an isothermal and isobaric heat rejection or condensing process from state 2 to state 3.3-4 Saturated liquid at state 3 expands isenthalpicaly to the low temperature and pressure o
4、f the cycle at state 4.4-1 Heat is added isothermally and isobarically by evaporating the liquid phase refrigerant from state 4 to state 1.EnthalpyPressure12348COP:Coefficient of PerformanceEER:Energy Efficiency RatioHSPF:Heating Seasonal Performance FactorSEER:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio9absor
5、ption systemwater lithium bromideammonia water1011Ozone Depletion!反应输入物反应输入物反应产物反应产物反应催化剂反应催化剂12decreaseincreasetemperature increaseatmosphereearthGlobal Warming!Greenhousegases 13141.Refrigeration and Refrigeration Systems definition&classification of Refrigeration Systems2.2.Refrigerants,Cooling M
6、ediums,and Absorbents definition&standard refrigerant designations3.3.Classification of Refrigerants classification of refrigerants based on ozone depletion4.Phase out of CFCs,BFCs,HCFCs,and Their Blends history of the phase out some alternatives15refrigeration 制冷制冷 refrigeration system 制冷系统制冷系统refr
7、igerant 制冷剂制冷剂 cooling medium 冷却介质冷却介质vapor compression system 蒸气压缩式系统蒸气压缩式系统absorption system 吸收式系统吸收式系统gas expansion system 气体膨胀式系统气体膨胀式系统ozone depletion potential(ODP)臭氧消耗潜能臭氧消耗潜能global warming potential(GWP)全球变暖潜能全球变暖潜能absorbent 吸收剂吸收剂 brine 盐水盐水hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物碳氢化合物 halocarbon 卤代烃卤代烃phaseout 逐
8、步停用或淘汰逐步停用或淘汰 alternative 替代物替代物Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)氢氟烃氢氟烃Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs)氢氯氟烃氢氯氟烃Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)氯氟烃氯氟烃Bromofluorocarbons(BFCs)Halons 溴氟烃溴氟烃HC（Hydrocarbon）碳氢碳氢 FC（Fluorocarbon）氟烃氟烃azeotropic 共沸的共沸的nonazeotropic 非共沸的非共沸的161.Refrigeration is the cooling effect of the proce
9、ss of extracting heat from a lower temperature heat source,a substance or cooling medium,and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink,probably atmospheric air and surface water,to maintain the temperature of the heat source below that of the surroundings.2.A refrigeration system is a combin
10、ation of components,equipment,and piping,connected in a sequential order to produce the refrigeration effect.cooling effect:冷却作用冷却作用 heat source:热源热源 heat sink:热汇热汇cooling medium:冷却介质冷却介质 surrounding:(周围周围)环境环境 in a sequential order:顺序的顺序的 refrigeration effect:制冷效应制冷效应173.The compressed refrigerant
11、is condensed into liquid form by releasing the latent heat of condensation to the condenser water.4.Liquid refrigerant is then throttled to a low-temperature vapor,producing the refrigeration effect during evaporation.5.After liquid refrigerant produces refrigeration during evaporation at very low p
12、ressure,the vapor is absorbed by an aqueous absorbent.latent heat:潜热潜热 sensible heat:显热显热condenser water:冷却水冷却水aqueous:水的水的 水成的水成的 absorbent:吸收剂吸收剂 吸收的吸收的throttle:节流节流 节流阀节流阀 expansion valve:膨胀阀膨胀阀186.The solution is heated by a direct-fired gas furnace or waste heat,and the refrigerant is again vap
13、orized and then condensed into liquid form.7.A refrigerant is a primary working fluid used to produce refrigeration in a refrigeration system.8.All refrigerants extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and pressure during condensation.so
14、lution:溶液溶液 解答解答 direct-fired gas furnace:直燃式燃气炉直燃式燃气炉waste heat:废热废热primary working fluid:初级工作流体初级工作流体extract:吸取吸取 吸收吸收 抽出抽出 reject:排放排放 拒绝拒绝199.In a large,centralized air-conditioning system,it is more economical to pump the cooling medium to the remote locations where cooling is required.10.Chill
15、ed water and brine are cooling media.11.They are often called secondary refrigerants to distinguish them from the primary refrigerants.centralized air-conditioning system:集中式空调系统集中式空调系统 economical:节约的节约的 经济的经济的 economic:经济的经济的 经济学的经济学的 有关经济的有关经济的chilled water:冷冻水冷冻水 brine:盐水盐水secondary refrigerants:
16、二级制冷剂二级制冷剂 primary refrigerant:初级制冷剂初级制冷剂2012.The refrigerant vaporizes,and the solution is restored to its original concentration to absorb water vapor again.14.To compare the relative ozone depletion of various refrigerants,an index called the ozone depletion potential(ODP)has been introduced.rest
17、ore:恢复恢复 concentration:浓度浓度ozone depletion:对臭氧层的消耗破坏对臭氧层的消耗破坏ozone depletion potential(ODP):臭氧消耗潜能臭氧消耗潜能introduce:引入引入2118.An azeotropic is a mixture of multiple components of volatilities(refrigerants)that evaporate and condense as a single substance and do not change in volumetric composition or s
18、aturation temperature when they evaporate or condense at constant pressure.20.Nonazeotropic,including near azeotropic,shows a change in composition due to the difference between liquid and vapor phases.azeotropic:共沸的共沸的(制冷剂制冷剂)volatility:挥发性物质挥发性物质volumetric composition:体积构成体积构成 saturation temperatu
19、re:饱和温度饱和温度zeotropic nonazeotropic:非共沸的非共沸的(制冷剂制冷剂)2221.The difference in dew point and bubble point during evaporation and condensation is called glide,expressed in.22.Near azeotropic has a smaller glide than zeotropic.dew point:露点（温度）露点（温度）bubble point:泡点（温度）泡点（温度）glide：滑移（温度）：滑移（温度）:华式温度华式温度 Fahr
20、enheit Celsius glide:温度温度(滑移滑移)Tc=（5/9）（Tf-32）23数字的表示法数字的表示法1 用阿拉伯数字用阿拉伯数字 1.1 在句首在句首 在句首一般使用英语单词在句首一般使用英语单词 Two men pushed on the crank with equal forces.数字后面没有名词时，常用阿拉伯数字数字后面没有名词时，常用阿拉伯数字 300 decreased by 100 is 200.24数字的表示法数字的表示法1 用阿拉伯数字用阿拉伯数字 1.2 在句中在句中 个位数常用英语单词，十位数以上常用阿拉伯数字；个位数常用英语单词，十位数以上常用阿拉
21、伯数字；Matter exists in three states:solid,liquid and gas.The corporation produces a range of 16 alloy steel grades.一句话中出现一个以上的个位数字（包括一些十位数）时，都用阿拉一句话中出现一个以上的个位数字（包括一些十位数）时，都用阿拉伯数字表示，或都用英文单词表示；伯数字表示，或都用英文单词表示；He used a crew of 3 carpenters,1 plumber,6 laborers,1 foreman,and 1 timekeeper.单位名词前的数字通常用阿拉伯数字表示。单位名词前的数字通常用阿拉伯数字表示。The car gained a speed of 4 feet per second.At a speed of 17,500 miles per hour,25数字的表示法数字的表示法1 用阿拉伯数字用阿拉伯数字 1.3 两数连用两数连用 分别用英文单词及阿拉伯数字写出，习惯上将词组或句子之首计数的分别用英文单词及阿拉伯数字写出，习惯上将词组或句子之首计数的数字用英文单词写出；数字用英文单词写出；three 15 W lamps two 4-ton trucks