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1、IntegratedWritingHowtoWriteSummary写摘要写摘要托福写作自我训练方法托福写作自我训练方法1精读精读仔细阅读范文，欣赏并标出精彩的用词和句型，体会上下仔细阅读范文，欣赏并标出精彩的用词和句型，体会上下文中表达的精妙，提高对精彩语言的敏感度，要多写，多记。文中表达的精妙，提高对精彩语言的敏感度，要多写，多记。2背诵背诵背精彩背精彩词汇词汇，背精彩，背精彩句型句型，背精彩，背精彩句子句子，背精彩，背精彩框架框架，背，背精彩精彩段落段落，通过背诵完成从欣赏到掌握的过程，别人的变成自己，通过背诵完成从欣赏到掌握的过程，别人的变成自己的。的。3默写默写将背过的句子，段落默写
2、下来，检查核对，看看是否精确将背过的句子，段落默写下来，检查核对，看看是否精确掌握了每一个词汇。掌握了每一个词汇。Readingmakesafullmanwritingmakesanexactman4效仿效仿在范文中学到的单词，词组，句型，框架放在新的语境下在范文中学到的单词，词组，句型，框架放在新的语境下模仿创作，造句写作。在新的作文中保留一定闪光点。模仿创作，造句写作。在新的作文中保留一定闪光点。Aproverb:oursloganReadingmakesafullmanwritingmakesanexactman.Writingagoodsummarydemonstratesthatyo
3、uclearlyunderstandatextandthatyoucancommunicatethatunderstandingtoyourreaders.Input-output(compressed)Asummarycanbetrickytowriteatfirstbecauseitstemptingtoincludetoomuchortoolittleinformation.Steps1.Readthetextcarefully.Determineitsstructure,andidentifytheauthorspurpose.Youneedtoreaditmorethanonceto
4、understanditcompletelyandaccurately.2.Locatethetopicsentenceandothermainpoints.Youcanunderlineorhighlightkeywords.3.Paraphrasethemainpointsinyourownwords.Makesurethatyouarefaithfultothemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Youshouldneverincludeyouropinion.4.Usethepresenttense.5.Atthebeginningofthesummary,citethe
5、authorandnameofthework,itany.6.Includeverbsindicatingthesourceofastatement.Forexample,Theauthorsays/states/contends/argues/etcExampleBecauseoftheirdiversity,sevenseparategroupingsordivisionsofalgaehavebeenestablishedbybotanists.Keywords:sevenseparategroups/argue/botanists-Botanistshaveclassifiedalga
6、eintoseventypes.(summary1)-Botanically,thereareseventypesofalgae.(summary2)Example2Onewaytofightglobalwarmingistoraisethegasolinetax.Raisingthistaxwouldmakeitmoreexpensiveforpeopletodrive.Thedesiredeffectwouldbeforpeopletodrivelessandtrytoconservemoregas.Thiswouldresultinlessgasolinebeingburnedand,i
7、nturn,lessdamagebeingdonetotheozonelayer.-Increasingthegasolinetaxmightslowglobalwarmingbyforcingpeopletouselessgasfordriving,resultinginlessharmtotheozonelayer.AnothersetofmethodsDivideReadRereadOnesentenceatatimeWriteathesisstatementReadytowriteDivideFirstoff,skimthetextyouaregoingtosummarizeanddi
8、videitintosections.Focusonanyheadingsandsubheadings.Alsolookatanybold-facedtermsandmakesureyouunderstandthembeforeyouread.ReadNowthatyouveprepared,goaheadandreadtheselection.Readstraightthrough.Atthispoint,youdontneedtostoptolookupanythingthatgivesyoutroublejustgetafeelfortheauthorstone,style,andmai
9、nidea.RereadRereadingshouldbeactivereading.Underlinetopicsentencesandkeyfacts.Labelareasthatyouwanttorefertoasyouwriteyoursummary.Alsolabelareasthatshouldbeavoidedbecausethedetailsthoughtheymaybeinterestingaretoospecific.Identifyareasthatyoudonotunderstandandtrytoclarifythosepoints.Onesentenceatatim
10、eYoushouldnowhaveafirmgrasponthetextyouwillbesummarizing.Insteps13,youdividedthepieceintosectionsandlocatedtheauthorsmainideasandpoints.Nowwritedownthemainideaofeachsectioninonewell-developedsentence.Makesurethatwhatyouincludeinyoursentencesarekeypoints,notminordetails.WriteathesisstatementReviewthe
11、sentencesyouwroteinstep4.Fromthem,youshouldbeabletocreateathesisstatementthatclearlycommunicateswhattheentiretextwastryingtoachieve.Ifyoufindthatyouarenotabletodothisstep,thenyoushouldgobackandmakesureyoursentencesactuallyaddressedkeypoints.ReadytowriteYoucanusethethesisstatementastheintroductorysen
12、tenceofyoursummary,andyourothersentencescanmakeupthebody.Makesurethattheyareinorder.Addsometransitionwords(then,however,also,moreover)thathelpwiththeoverallstructureandflowofthesummary.Andonceyouareactuallyputtingpentopaperrememberthesetips:1)Writeinthepresenttense.2)Makesuretoincludetheauthorandtit
13、leofthework.3)Beconcise:asummaryshouldnotbeequalinlengthtotheoriginaltext.4)Ifyoumustusethewordsoftheauthor,citethem.5)Dontputyourownopinions,ideas,orinterpretationsintothesummary.Thepurposeofwritingasummaryistoaccuratelyrepresentwhattheauthorwantedtosay,nottoprovideacritique.CheckforaccuracyReready
14、oursummaryandmakecertainthatyouhaveaccuratelyrepresentedtheauthorsideasandkeypoints.Makesurethatyouhavecorrectlycitedanythingdirectlyquotedfromthetext.Alsochecktomakesurethatyourtextdoesnotcontainyourowncommentaryonthepiece.keyfeaturesofasummarycomplete:toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdelivere
15、dinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner.accurate:togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.coherent:ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.objective:Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummarys
16、houldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.e.g.:first,inthefirstpart,intheintroductorypartsecond,next,inthesecondpartthen,afterwards,afterthat,inadditiontothat,also,furthermorefinally,atlast,intheend,asaconclusion,onthewhole,inaword,tosumup,lastbutnotleast,asaresult,soExercisesRead each sentence
17、,and summarize it as shown in the example.Somepeoplegotocollegetolearnatrade,somegotoenteraprofession,andothers,havingnoimmediatecareergoals,gofortheloveoflearning.Keywords:gotocollege,learnatrade,enteraprofession,theloveoflearningSummary:Peopleattendcollegefordifferentreasons.Peopleattendcollegefor
18、differentreasons.1.Themicrowaveovenallowsonetocookfoodwithoutusingthepowerneededforagasorelectricoven,anditenablesonetopreparefoodquicklyandwithoutusingasmanypots,pans,andutensils.Keywords:themicrowaveoven/cookfood/withoutusingthepower/withoutusingasmanypots,pans,andutensilsSummary:Themicrowaveovenh
19、asmadecookingfasterandmoreconvenient.2.StudiesshowthatwatchingviolenceonTVandplayingviolentvideogamescanleadtoincreasedviolentbehavior.Keywords:violenceonTV/violentvideogames/increasedviolentbehaviorSummary:Exposuretoviolentimagescancauseviolentactions.3.Universitiesjustifyspendingalotofmoneyonsport
20、sbysayingthatgoodsportsprogramsattractbetterstudentsandfaculty.Keywords:universities/spendingalotofmoneyonsports/betterstudentsandfacultySummary:Investmentinsportsmightensurebetterrecruitsforuniversities.4.Agoodsystemofpublictransportationinalargecityreducestraffic,savesmoneyonroadconstruction,andle
21、ssensharmtotheozonelayer.Keywords:goodsystem/reducestraffic/savesmoney/lessensharmSummary:Efficientpublictransportationimprovesthelivingenvironment.5.BicyclistshavelongcomplainedaboutthelackofbikepathsandsidewalkaccessinAmericancities.Keywords:bicycles/lackofbikepathsandsidewalkaccess/Americancities
22、Summary:RidingabikeinthecityisinconvenientinAmerica.6.EightypercentofallcollegestudentsintheU.S.haveatleastonepart-timejob,andsomeworkfull-time,whichtakestheirfocusawayfromschoolandgivesthemlittletimeforacademics.Keywords:eightpercent/part-timejob/workfull-time/littletimeforacademicsSummary:Themajor
23、ityofAmericanstudentscannotconcentrateontheirstudiesduetotheirjobs.7.Cellphoneusageandnoisehavecausedadeclineinthequalityofourciviclifeandledtoamoreself-centeredoutlookontheworld.Keywords:cellphoneusageandnoise/declineinthequalityofciviclife/selfSummary:Cellphoneshavemadeoursocietydebasedandselfish.
24、8.TheriseinEarthstemperatureoverthelastcenturyhastriggeredthemeltingofglaciers,increasedhurricaneactivity,anderosionofthebeaches.Keywords:riseinEarthstemperature/meltingofglaciers/increasedhurricaneactivity/erosionofthebeachesSummary:Earthswarminghashadharmfuleffectsontheenvironment.9.Asmoreandmorep
25、eoplereachretirementageinAmerica,therewillbeagreaterdemandforhospitalcare,assisted-livingcenters,andnursinghomes.Keywords:retirementage/greaterdemand/hospitalcare/assisted-livingcenters/nursinghomesSummary:TheagingofAmericawillrequiremorehealthservicesfortheelderly.10.Whilecomputershavemademanytasks
26、easierandquicker,theyhavealsomadesocialinteractionlesspersonalbyencouragingcommunicationbye-mailorinstantmessaging.Keywords:computers/taskseasierandquicker/Summary:Despitetheirbenefits,computershavehadadepersonalizingeffect.11.Risingtuitioncostsandthecostoflivingareturningmanypotentialstudentsawayfr
27、omcollegecampuses.Keywords:risingtuitioncosts/costofliving/potentialstudents/awayfromcollegecampusesSummary:Manypeoplegiveupongoingtocollegeforfinancialreasons.12.ThespaceprogramhasincreasedmansknowledgeofEarthwithregardstometeorology,cartography,geology,andcommunications.Keywords:spaceprogram/incre
28、asedmansknowledgeofEarth/meteorology,cartography,geology,andcommunicationsSummary:ThespaceprogramhasenabledustoknowmoreaboutEarthinmanyfieldsofstudy.ExerciseReadeachpassage,andsummarizeitinonesentence.1.Anationalparkispubliclandprotectedbylawfromoverdevelopmentandpollution.Theworldsfirstnationalpark
29、,YellowstoneNationalParkinthestateofWyoming,wasestablishedin1872.theU.S.Congresscontinuedtopasslawscreatingmanynationalparks,and,in1916,anagency,theNationalParkService,wasformedtogoverntheparks.Todaythereare360nationalparks,costingU.S.taxpayersabout$2.2billioneachyear.TheU.S.preservesmanyareasasnati
30、onalparks.2.Peoplearelivingalotlongernowthaninthepast.Hospitalshaveveryadvancedequipmentthathelpsdoctorsdiagnoseandremedyhealthproblems.Doctorsaregettingstate-of-the-arttrainingthroughouttheworld.Also,doctorsareabletoprescribemanynewmedicationstohelppeopletreatandavoidhealthconcerns.Medicaldevelopme
31、ntsarehelpingpeopletolivelongerandhealthierlives.3.Embryonicstemcellsarecellsthatappearinhumanembryosafewdaysafterfertilization.Becausetheycangrowintoanykindoftissueinthebody,theymaymakemedicalbreakthroughs,suchasregeneratingspinalcords,possible.Theirusehastriggeredethicalobjections,however,assomebe
32、lievethecellsareformsofhumanlifeandthusshouldnotbedestroyedforuseinmedicalexperiments.Theuseofembryonicseemcellsformedicaladvancesiscontroversial.4.Thecostofhousinginbigcitiesisveryexpensive.Inaddition,almosteverythingcostsmorethanitwouldinsmallertowns.Food,gasoline,andbasiclivingsuppliesaresubstant
33、iallymoreexpensiveinthecities.Manypeoplearechoosingtoliveoutsideofthecitiesanddrivetowork.Theycanoftenbuyhomesforhalfofthepricethattheycouldinthecity.Livinginbigcitiesistooexpensive.5.Modernmoviesareamazing.Theyshowmarvelousspecialeffectscreatedbycomputers.Computersallowspecialeffectartistslotsoffre
34、edom.Theyareabletomakemonsters,editdollarswhendirectorscreatethem.Thishugeamountofmoneyallowsthemtogetfamousactorsandtraveltolotsoflocation.Thankstobigbudgets,modernmoviesprovidemanywonderfulthingstosee.6.TheU.S.expandeddifferentlythantheEuropeanpowers.England,France,andSpainfoughtwarswitheachotheri
35、nattemptstoacquirenewterritory.Theyalsocolonizedotherlandsthroughouttheworld.Theyusedmilitaryforcestoobtainland.TheU.S.,ontheotherhand,gainedmostofitslandpeacefully.ThecountrypurchasedFlorida,Louisiana,andAlaska.Texasvoluntarilyjoinedthecountry,andtheU.S.acquiredthesouthwestafterMexicoattackedAmeric
36、a.Unliketherestofthecolonialpowers,Americaexpandedpeacefully.7.Computersarebecomingmoreandmorepowerful.Duringthe1990s,thememoryandprocessingspeedsofcomputersweredoublingeveryyearortwo.Thisgrowthhasslowedabit,buttheyarestillgrowingveryquickly.Thesizeofthehardwareneededtostoreinformationisalsoshrinkin
37、g.40yearsago,NASAneededacomputerthesizeofaroomtodocalculusequations.Nowthatpowercanbeheldinsomeoneshandwithacalculator.Computertechnologyhasbeenprogressingveryrapidly.8.Divorcearebecomingmorefrequentinindustrializedcountries.Ascountriesbecomewealthier,thestatusofwomenoftenincreases.Womenareusuallyad
38、dedtotheworkforce.Theygainsolidjobsandbecomemoreeconomicallyindependent.Anindependentwomanismorelikelytoseekadivorcesinceshecansustainherselfwithoutahusband.Also,therightsofwomenusuallyincreaseasacountryindustrializes.Inmanypoor,conservativesocieties,womendonotevenhavetherighttodivorce;onlymencan.In
39、dustrializationhaswomenthepowertobeindependent,therebyincreasingdivorcerates.9.Entertainmentischangingsocietysperceptionofwhatisacceptablebehavior.Manymoviesarebecomingmoreviolentandsexualinnature.Mostpopularmoviescontainmanyexplosions,deaths,andquestionablebehaviorbywomen.Popsingersarealsofollowing
40、thistrend.Popularmusicvideosarehighlightedbyscantilycladwomendancingprovocatively.Popcultureismakingsocietymoreaccustomedtosexanddivorce.10.Manycitiesareexpandingtheirmasstransitsystems.Aspeoplelearnmoreaboutthedangersofthegreenhouseeffect,morecitieswanttoreducepollution.Thismeansmakingmorebusroutes
41、,addingtraintracks,and,mostimportantly,expandingsubways.Subwaysarebecominglargerintermsofnewlinesbeingadded,and,whenpossible,theyaddmoretrainsperline.Thisefforthelpstogetmorecarsoffofthestreetsandputslesspollutionintheair.Pollutionisforcingcitiestoexpandtheirmasstransitsystems.11.Just20yearsago,almo
42、stnoonehadavideogameconsoleorapersonalcomputerathome.Now,mosthouseholdshaveafewofeach.Manychildrenarespendingmuchoftheirtimeplayingvideogames,sendingemail,orchattingonline.Theyaredoingtheseactivitiesinsteadofplayingoutside.Thisiscausingproblemslikechildrenbeingoverweightandoutofshape.Videogamesandco
43、mputersarecausingtodayschildrentobeinbadshapeandareoftenmakingthemobese.12.Biologistshavefoundthatconstantcommercialfishingcanbeveryharmfultotheecosystemsfromwhichtheytakefish.Someoftheproblemssurroundingtheover-fishingofcommercialwatershavetodowiththeirreversiblealterationoftheecosystembyremovingim
44、portantfishspecies.Byremovingtheseimportantspecies,otherdependentlifeforms,suchasplanktonandalgae,mightbecomeoverabundantandblockoutsunlight,whichwillleadtothedeathoffragilecoralandspongespecies.Excessivecommercialfishingmayharmtheoceansecosystems.13.Thezebramusselwasoriginallyfoundinfreshwaterlakes
45、inRussia,butitnowhasspreadtothelakesofNorthAmerica.Thiscreatureisanuisancetohumansandisdeadlytootheraquaticlife.First,thezebramusselissoaggressivethatitthreatensnativepopulationsoffreshwatermusselsbytakingallofthefoodandblockingthefreshwatermusselsairvalves.Second,thezebramusselreleasesphosphorusint
46、othewater,causingaquaticplantstogrowtoorapidly,anditblocksoutsunlight,whichendangersmanylocalspecies.Third,itcanclogpipesthatfeedwaterintocitywatersupplies.ThezebramusselthreatensthesurvivaloflocalspeciesoffishandinterfereswithcitywatersuppliesinNorthAmerica.14.Overthelastcentury,thetypeofpeopletypi
47、callyattendingcollegehaschangedinAmerica.Inthepast,collegeeducationsweretooexpensiveforregularpeople.Onlysocietyseliteclassescouldaffordtoobtainacollegeeducation.Newfinancialaidsourcesplusariseintheincomelevelsofthemiddleclasshavemadecollegemoreaffordable.Peoplefrommanyclassescannowaffordtogetacolle
48、geeducation.Financialaidandhigherincomeshavemadecollegeincreasinglyaffordabletocommonpeople.15.TheInternetischangingtheEnglishlanguage.Whenpeoplesendemailorinstantmessages,theyareusingnewwordsandexpressions.Whentheychatonline,thereisadesireforspeedthatwasnotneededwhentheywrotehandwrittenletters.Thismeansmanynewwordsarecreated,oftenbyabbreviatingotherwordsorphrases.Oneexampleofthisis“LOL”,whichmeans“laughoutloud”or“lotsoflaughs”.E-mailandinstantmessagingarepromptingpeopletoinventnew,shortwords.