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1、英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句 (simple sentence)并列句并列句(compoundsentence)复合句复合句(complexsentence)英语句子概论复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句 名词名词性从句性从句 定语从句定语从句 状语从句状语从句1.The boy who is standing over there is Tom2.Because it is raining,we have to stay at home 定语从句定语从句 状语从句状语从句3.I know(that)he is from America(宾语从句）宾语从句）名词名词性从句性从句-No
2、unClauses(名词性从句名词性从句)Subject Clause (主语从句主语从句)Appositive Clause（同位语从句）（同位语从句）Object Clause（宾语从句）（宾语从句）Predicative Clause（表语从句）（表语从句）名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,在复合句在复合句中能担任中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。等。主语主语 His job is important.What he does is important.表语表语This is his job.This is what he does ev
3、ery day.宾语宾语I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day.同位语同位语I dont know about the man,Mr.White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语
4、从句表语从句 名词性从句名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句句、表语从句 、宾语从句和同位语从句分、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。同位语从句同位语从句More exercises:1.What he did made me extremely angry.2.My suggestion is that we should turn the land into rice fields.3.The fact that he tells lies all the time makes us su
5、rprised.4.Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.5.He told me that his father had died and that he lived alone.What did made 主语从句主语从句 that isshould turn表语从句表语从句 that tellsmakes同位语从句同位语从句 dependshow cancooperate宾语从句宾语从句 that that toldhad diedlived宾语从句宾语从句 6.She has made it
6、clear that she will get married next month.7.Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.8.Let me know whether or not you can come.9.Whether we will go picnicking tomorrow depends on the weather.10.The advice that she wait till next week is reasonable.that marriedwill gethas made宾语从句宾语从句 whet
7、herdependsworks宾语从句宾语从句 whetherLet cancome宾语从句宾语从句 Whether will godepends主语从句主语从句 that waitis同位语从句同位语从句 Object Clauses 宾语从句宾语从句1.Iknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾语语从从句句连词连词 从句主语从句主语 从句谓语从句谓语 主主 句句（复合句）（复合句）句子做宾语就是宾语从句句子做宾语就是宾语从句，跟在，跟在及物动词及物动词或或介词介词后后句子结构：句子结构：主句主句 +连词（引导词）连词（引
8、导词）+宾语从句。宾语从句。Conjunctions of Noun ClausesConjunctions of Noun Clauses(引导名词性从句引导名词性从句的关联词的关联词):从属连词从属连词(不作成分）不作成分）连接代词连接代词（作成分）（作成分）连接副词连接副词（作状语）（作状语）what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+everthat,whether,ifwhen,where,how,why一、连词（引导词）一、连词（引导词）that1.当当宾宾语语从从句句是是由由陈陈述述句句转转变变而而来来时时（包包括括肯肯定定句句和和否否定定句句），由由连连词词tha
9、t引引导导，在在从从句句中中不不作作任任何何成成分分，在在口口语语或或非非正正式式文文体体中中常省略常省略。vLinTaofeels(that)hisownteamisevenbetter.2that在宾语从句中需保留在宾语从句中需保留(1).在主在主+谓谓+it(形式宾语形式宾语)+宾补宾补+that从句从句(真正宾语真正宾语)的句型中不省略的句型中不省略.例例:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.(2).由连词由连词and连接的两个由连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中引导的宾语从句中,that不省略不省略.例例:Hetoldmethathewould
10、comeandthathewouldcomeontime.3.在在主主句句为为动动词词be加加某某些些形形容容词词（如如sorry,sure,afraid,glad等等）作作表表语语时时，后后面所跟的省略面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是的从句也可算是宾语从句。宾语从句。vImsorry(that)Idontknow.vWeresure(that)ourteamwillwin.vImafraid(that)hewontpasstheexam.2.从句是由从句是由一般疑问句一般疑问句转化而来，含有转化而来，含有疑问意义疑问意义,不缺不缺成分成分。由。由whether，if(只能引导行为动词后宾语
11、从句）只能引导行为动词后宾语从句）引导引导.Thequestionis_itisworthdoing._hewillcomeornotisuncertain.Idontknow_theywillsucceed.Whatthedoctorreallydoubtis_mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousillnesssoon.whetherWhetherwhether/if没决定或确定的事由没决定或确定的事由whether引导引导.whether a.当有当有or not时就用时就用whether,不用不用if.I dont know whether or not I
12、 will stay.b.介词介词后面的宾语从句不能用后面的宾语从句不能用if.I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.注意注意 whether和和if的使用区别的使用区别:Practice timeif/whether1.I asked her _ she had a bike.2.Were worried about _ he is safe.3.I dont know _ he is well or not.4.I dont know _ or not he is well.5.I dont know _ I should go.if/wheth
13、erwhetherwhetherwhetherwhether/if_ to go.whether3.当当宾宾语语从从句句是是由由特特殊殊疑疑问问句句转转变变而而来来时时，由由疑疑问问词词（what,who,whom,which,whosewhen,where,how,why等等）引引导导，因因为为疑疑问问词词在在从从句句中中担担任任一一定定的的句句子子成分，具有一定的意义，所以成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略。不可以省略。vDoyouknow_hesaidjustnow?vIdontremember_wearrived.vIaskedhim_Icouldgetsomuchmoney.vPl
14、easetellme_wehavetosee.vDoyouknow_timetheplaneleaves?whatwhenwherewho whomwhat二、时态二、时态1.1.如如果果主主句句是是现现在在的的时时态态 （包包括括一一般般现现在在时时 ，现现在在进进行行时时，现现在在完完成成时时），从从句句的的时时态态可可根根 据据实实际际情情况况而而定定，（包包括括一一般般现现在在时时，一一般般过过去去时时，一一般般将来时，现在完成时等）。将来时，现在完成时等）。vIknowhe_-here.(live)vIknowhe-heretenyearsago.(live)vIhaveheardt
15、hathe-tomorrow.(come)2.如如果果主主句句是是过过去去的的时时态态（包包括括一一般般过过去去时时，过过去去进进行行时时），那那么么从从句句的的时时态态一一定定要要用用相相对对应应的的过过去去的的某某种种时时态态（包包括括一一般般过过去去时时，过过去去进进行行时时，过过去去将将来来时时，过去完成时）过去完成时）I knew who _ here.(live)I saw she _ with her mother.(talk)He asked whether his father _tomorrow.(come back)He said that he _it.(see)3.当
16、从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth-around the sun.The teacher said that the earth-around the sun.（traveltravel）liveslivedwill cometravelstravelslivedwas talkingwould come backhad seen三、语序三、语序宾语从句的语序用宾语从句的语序用陈述语序陈述语序：连接词：连接词+主语主语+谓语谓语+其他成分。其他成分。1.Idontknow
17、whatisthematterthetroublewrongwithhim.2.Idontknowwhodidit.3.Idontknowwhoishe1.When will he go to the library?1 His brother asks when he will go to the library.2 His brother asks when will he go to the library.2.What does he want to buy?1 I dont know what he wants to buy.2 I dont know what does he wa
18、nt to buy.(2)it指代后面从句所叙述的内容指代后面从句所叙述的内容,常用常用like/dislike/love/hate/appreciate/make+it+if或或when从句从句5）it作形式宾语作形式宾语(1)make/find/feel/consider/thinkit+adj/n+that/todoIhateitwhenpeoplelaughatthedisabled.1.Ivegottomakeclearthathetoldalie.2.Ilike_intheautumnwhenthe3.weatherisclearandbright.(2004)A.thisB.th
19、atC.itD.one3.他发现很难使别人理解他他发现很难使别人理解他.Hefound_.ititdifficulttomakehimselfunderstoodit1.WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoWeyesterday.2.Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.注意：注意：it常可以放在动词常可以放在动词think,find,consider,believe,feel,make等后作为等后作为形式宾语形式宾语,真真正的宾语正的宾语-that(不能省略不能省略)从句则放在句尾从句则放在句尾.*_(我们觉得很奇怪我们觉得很奇怪)shedi
20、dntgotoschooltoday.WethinkitstrangethatFill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions.1.-Canyoutellme_themanis?-Heismybrother.2.I didnt know _ he was coming until yesterday.3.The doctor asks _ medicine you havetaken.4.I want to know _ they solved theproblemsinthecity.whowhenwhathowwhenWhether/if1.1.T
21、heyoungmanasked_itssummerorwinter.Theyoungmanasked_itssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whetherA.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.2.Wedontknow_theydidit.Wedontknow_theydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.whichA.howB.whoC.whatD.which3.3.TheThe teacherteacherasksasks usus _ JimJim cancan comecome backback on
22、ontime.time.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattimeA.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime 4.4.DoesDoesanybodyanybodyknowknow_wewewillwillhavehavea asportssportsmeetingthisweekendornot.meetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatA.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatDABC5.Couldyoushowme_?5.Couldyoushowme_?A.howcanIgettothestationA
23、.howcanIgettothestationB.whereisthestationB.whereisthestationC.howIcouldgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestationD.howIcanreachthestationD.howIcanreachthestation6.Pleasetellme_.6.Pleasetellme_.A.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeC.whathelikesD.wha
24、thelike7.Mysistertoldhim_.7.Mysistertoldhim_.A.whatdaywasitB.whenthetrainarrivedA.whatdaywasitB.whenthetrainarrivedC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyouliveC.whoshewaswaitingD.wheredidyouliveCBD8.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee_.8.Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee_.A.whoisheB.whoheisA.whoisheB.who
25、heisC.whoisitD.whoitisC.whoisitD.whoitis9.Couldyoutellmehowlong_?9.Couldyoutellmehowlong_?A.youhaveboughtthewatchA.youhaveboughtthewatchB.youhavekeptthissciencebookB.youhavekeptthissciencebookC.haveyoubeenawayfromChinaC.haveyoubeenawayfromChinaD.haveyoubeenamemberofGreenerChinaD.haveyoubeenamemberof
26、GreenerChina10.Hesaysthatifit_tomorrow,he_fishing.10.Hesaysthatifit_tomorrow,he_fishing.A.willrain,wontgoB.rained,wasntgoA.willrain,wontgoB.rained,wasntgoC.rains,wontgoD.rain,willgoC.rains,wontgoD.rain,willgoBCDSubject Clauses 主语从句主语从句Conjunctions of Noun ClausesConjunctions of Noun Clauses(引导名词性从句引
27、导名词性从句的关联词的关联词):从属连词从属连词(不作成分）不作成分）连接代词连接代词（作成分）（作成分）连接副词连接副词（作状语）（作状语）what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+everthat,whether,when,where,how,why1.iscertain.（我们将迟到了）（我们将迟到了）2._isknowntoall.(地球是圆的地球是圆的)3._isapity(你错过了这次机会你错过了这次机会)ThattheearthisroundThatyoumissedthechance二二whether是否，是否，引导词引导词That we shall be la
28、tehurts him so much.（她离开他（她离开他）一一.that _-_-只起引导作用，不充当成分，但不能省略只起引导作用，不充当成分，但不能省略。没有意义。没有意义。1).That she left him_ is not easy to say(他是否会来这）他是否会来这）2)Whether he will come here(If he will come here.)3)_is more practice.(我们所需要的）我们所需要的）what 在从句中作主语。在从句中作主语。4）is under discussion.When 在从句中作状语在从句中作状语What we
29、needWhen we will begin the meeting“if”不能引导主语从句不能引导主语从句三。其他疑问词三。其他疑问词注意一注意一:主语从句后置主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻句子头重脚轻,经常经常用用it作形式主作形式主语语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Thatweshallbelateiscertain.1.Thattheearthisroundisknowntoall.-2.Thatyoumissedthechanceisapity.-Itisapitythatyoumissedthechance.Itsknownto
30、allthattheearthisround.-Its certain that we shall be late.这样就构成了下面一些常用句型这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:It is+adj/n that(strange/a pity)It is+v ed that.(said/reported.由连词由连词 whether,连接代词连接代词 what,who,which和和连接副词连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导等引导,也常常后也常常后置置:Who will do it _been decided(have/has)What he needs _ that book.
31、What he needs _ some books.isare注意三：注意三：What 与与 that 引导主语从句引导主语从句what引导名词性从句时在从句中引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分充当句子成分,如主语如主语,宾语宾语,表表语语,而而that则不然则不然,它在句子中它在句子中只起连接作用，且不能省略只起连接作用，且不能省略。.(1)_you said yesterday is right.(2)_she is still alive is a puzzleWhatThat注意：主语从句中注意：主语从句中，谓语动词一般用，谓语动词一般用单数单数注意二注意二What引导的主语从句，
32、可根据引导的主语从句，可根据表语表语决定决定1._ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A.That B.Why C.What D.How 2._well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World.a.Which;belong to b.As,belonged to b.
33、c.What;belonging to d.It;belonging to4.Itsknowntousall_aformofenergy.A.waterisB.thatwaterisC.iswaterD.thatwaterto5.Itworriedherabit_herhairwasturninggray.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.when6.WhatIsayandthink_noneofyourbusiness.A.isB.areC.hasDhaveTranslation问题是我们是否可以信任他。问题是我们是否可以信任他。我建议买台大电脑。我建议买台大电脑。她看起来要哭了
34、。她看起来要哭了。ThequestionisMysuggestionisHelooked whether we can rely on him.as if he was going to cry.that we(should)buy a big computer.请思考？请思考？Predicative Clauses 表语从句表语从句从属连词从属连词(不作成分）不作成分）连接代词连接代词（作成分）（作成分）连接副词连接副词（作状语）（作状语）what,who,whom,whose,which,wh+everthat,whether,asif/asthoughwhen,where,how,why
35、.because表语从句表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在放在系动词系动词之后之后,一一般结构是般结构是“主语主语+系动词系动词+表语从句表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有。可以接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seemThe question is _we can rely on him.Thats _we were in need of money at that time.He looked _he was going to cry.Thats _I was late.whetherbecauseas ifwhy注注 意：意：1.
36、在表语从句中，表在表语从句中，表“是否是否”时，只能用时，只能用“whether”不能用不能用“if”。2.一般情况下，一般情况下，“that”不能省。不能省。3.It is/was because.4.It is/was why.5.3.The reason(why/for)is/was that.6.4 The reason is because/whythat .1.Thats_thePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.howD.that2.Thereasonis_heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.t
37、hatD.Whether3.Thatis_theyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.where4.Janeisnolonger_shewasfouryearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.when找出各句中的从句并指出是何种从句。找出各句中的从句并指出是何种从句。1.IdontknowifIcandoit.2.Whatheisdoingseemsverydifficult.3.The important thing is how we canimproveourstudies.4.Mr Li always thinks of how he can
38、 domoreforthepeople.5.Thenewsthatshewaspretendingtobesickwaswhisperedfromonetoanother.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句宾语从句宾语从句6.Thatswhatyouaregoingtodofirst.7.Itllbedecidedattheclassmeetingwhoistobethemonitorofourclass.8.Whenthesportsmeetistobeheldisstillunderdiscussion.9.Iwassurprisedatwhathesai
39、d.10.HegavemethenewsthatsomeAmericanswillvisitourschooltomorrow.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句主语从句主语从句同位语从句同位语从句appositive Clauses 同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句1）The fact that he was killed made us surprised.2）I have no idea when he will be back.3）We heard the news that our team had won.4）Can you find the answer t
40、o the question what was wrong with the computer?5）He made a suggestion that we(should)read some original English literature works.同位语从句同位语从句 1.跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。常用名词有常用名词有belief,fact,idea,hope,news,doubt,result,thought,information,opinion等。等。Suggestion,suggest order demand
41、wish等等2.常用连词：常用连词：that;when,where,why,howe.g.1.消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army.Its the question how he did it.3.同位语从句多用that 引导，无意义，不可省。2.问题是他如何做这件事的问题是他如何做这件事的4.在在have no idea之后用之后用 wh-引导同位语从句引导同位语从句I have no idea where he has gone.I ha
42、ve no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.2.2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的区别:如果如果that作从句中的某一成分作从句中的某一成分,则是则是定语从句定语从句,如果如果that不作从句中的任何成分不作从句中的任何成分,则是则是同位语从句同位语从句.例例:(1)Ihadnoideathatitwassolate.(主系表主系表结构结构,that不作从句中的成分不作从句中的成分,同位语从句同位语从句)(2)Istillremembertheplacethatwevisitedlastyear.(主主谓宾结构谓宾
43、结构,that作从句中的宾语作从句中的宾语,定语从句定语从句)同位语从句的简易判断方法：同位语从句的简易判断方法：我们可以在名词和从句之间加我们可以在名词和从句之间加be,使之使之构成一个新句子，构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑，句子通顺，则是同位语从句，定语从句如果合乎逻辑，句子通顺，则是同位语从句，定语从句是不能用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。是不能用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。eg:The belief that the earth is flat is still held in some countries.The belief is that the earth is fla
44、t.1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./We heard the news last night._ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot._We heard the
45、news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.4.Time travel is possible./There is no scientific proof for the idea.5.Chinese students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people,especially kids in school.3.Teenagers should not spend too muc
46、h time online./Many British parents hold the view._Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online._There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible._The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many pe
47、ople,especially kids in school.1.We expressed the hope that they had expected.2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句3.连词连词that在同位语从句中在同位语从句中不可省略不可省略,而在定语从句中当它充而在定语从句中当它充当当宾语时可以省略宾语时可以省略。区别区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句引导的同位语从句和定语从句：1.引导同位语的连词引导同位语的连词that在句中在句中不作任何句
48、子成分不作任何句子成分，而在定，而在定语从句中，语从句中，that充当的可以是充当的可以是从句的主语或宾语从句的主语或宾语等等2.同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明具体说明，而定语从句，而定语从句是对前面名词是对前面名词进行修饰，解释为进行修饰，解释为“.的的”3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all.1.The news that our team has won the game was true.2.The news that he told me yesterday was true同
49、位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句同位语从句同位语从句判断判断:定语从句定语从句or同位语从句同位语从句1.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.2.The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.4.T
50、he news that we got last week is true.5.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one.(定语从句定语从句)(同位语从句同位语从句)(同位语从句同位语从句)(定语从句定语从句)(定语从句定语从句)注意注意1：that/what的辨用的辨用1._hewantsisabook.2._hewantstogothereisobvious.3.Weshouldpayattentionto_theteacherissaying.4.Hetoldus_hefeltill.5.Theresultis