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1、Unit4Words1.intimeintime:sooner or later;eventually 迟早；最后；终于intime(forsth/todosth):intime(forsth/todosth):not late 及时；不迟Shewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。她来得及回来准备晚饭。Illseehimintime.总有一天我会遇见他。总有一天我会遇见他。in/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttime合合/不合节拍不合节拍Theaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.观众合着音乐
2、的节拍拍手。观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。beharmfulto对对有害有害doharmtosb.=dosb.harm伤害某人，对某人有害处伤害某人，对某人有害处 1)Pollutionisespeciallyharmfultoanimals.2)Smokingwilldoyoualotofharm.Itdoesnoharm(forsb.)todoItdoesnoharnforyoutoopenthewindow.Thereisnoharmin(sb.s)doingsth.Thereisnoharmin(your)openingthewindow.2 2.3.multiply(数目上数目上)增加，增
3、多；乘；（使）繁殖增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖 1)Ourproblemshavemultipliedsincelastyear.2)2and5multiplytomake10.4)Theplantsheremultiplyrapidly.3)6multipliedby5is30.=Multiply6by5tomake30.4.preventsbfrom(doing)sth=stopsbfromdoingsth阻止.做.”在主动语态中from可以省略，被动语态中不行。Howtoprevent/stopthis(from)happening.Itsnationalsmaybeprevented/s
4、toppedfromleavingthecountry.keepsbfromdoingsth中的from无论在主动语态中还是在被动语态中都不能省略。“阻止.做.”,如果省略from,意思为让某人一直做某事Hekeptmefromgettinghurt.Hekeptmedoinghomework.5.puzzle n.谜；难题 v.（使）迷惑；（使）为难Its puzzles me.feel/be puzzled about sth.对某事感到迷惑puzzle over/about sth.对某事苦苦思索 这个字母使我迷惑不解。This letter puzzles me.她对她的未来感到迷惑。
5、She felt puzzled about her future.他昨晚冥思苦想一道数学题。He puzzled over/about a math problem last night.puzzling adj.使迷惑的 puzzled adj.迷惑的；困惑的6.breakoutvt.&vi.（战争、打斗等不愉快事件）突然发生，爆发;突然发生，爆发;向外砸开;也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。Thewarbrokeoutin1937.Afirebreakoutlastnight.Shebrokeout,“Thatistoounfair!”takeplace表示“发生、举行、举办”，一般指非偶然性事
6、件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例如：TheOlympicGamesof2008tookplaceinBeijing.happen作“发生、碰巧”解，常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”，一般用于偶然或突发性事件。例如：Astormhappenedacrosstheriverinanothercountry.occur作“发生、想到、突然想起”解，其意义相当于happen。例如：Whathasoccurred?(=Whathashappened?)comeabout表示“发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。例如
7、：WhenMotherwokeup,shedidntknowwhathadcomeabout.1.Whatsthemeaningoftheword“Astronomy”?I.Warmingupl行星thescienceofstars;2.Doyouknowthefollowingterms?star,planet,thesun/moon/earth,solarsystem太阳系3.Howmanyplanetsareinthesolarsystem?恒星ScientistsnowthinkPlutoistoosmalltobecalledaplanet.4.Doyouknowthecorrect
8、orderoftheirdistancetothesun?nearesttothesun?farthesttothesun?5.Thenamesofeightplanets.Mercurym:kjriVenusEarthMarsJupiterdu:ptSaturnstnUranusjrnsNeptuneneptu:n,-tju:n1)水星水星2)金星金星3)地球地球4)火星火星5)木星木星6)土星土星7)天王星天王星8)海王星海王星Inthisunit,welllearnsomethingmorescientific.1.Whatsthetitleofthetext?2.Fromthetitl
9、e,wecanpredictthatthetextmaytellustheoriginoflifeontheearth.Doyouknowsomestoriesaboutit?Panguseparatestheskyfromtheearth.Nvwamadehumans.1.Whendidthe“BigBang”happen?Readthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.2.Whatformwastheearthafterthe“BigBang”?3.Whatmadeuptheearthsatmosphere4.Howdidwatercomeintobe
10、ingontheearth?5.Whatsthesignificanceofthepresenceofwaterontheearth?6.Whatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoffish?7.Whatmadepossibletheriseofmammalsontheearth?8.Whyaremammalsdifferentfromalllifeformsinthepast?1.Whendidthe“BigBang”happen?Ithappenedseveralbillionyearsago.ScanningReadthepassagequicklyandansw
11、erthequestions.2.Whatformwastheearthafterthe“BigBang”?Theearthwasstilljustacloudofdust.3.Whatmadeuptheearthsatmosphereaftertheearthexploded?Carbon,nitrogen,watervapourandothergases.4.Howdidwatercomeintobeingontheearth?Astheearthcooleddownafteritexploded,watercameintobeing.5.Whatsthesignificanceofthe
12、presenceofwaterontheearth?Itallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.6.Whatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoffish?oxygen.7.Whatmadepossibletheriseofmammalsontheearth?Thedisappearanceofdinosaursmadethepossibletheriseofmammalsontheearth.8.Whyaremammalsdifferentfromalllifeformsinth
13、epast?Theygavebirthtoyoungbabyanimalsandproducedmilktofeedthem.ClosereadingI.Readthepassagecarefullyandmatchthemainideawitheachparagraph.Para.1Theformation(形成形成)oftheearth.Para.2Theimportanceofwaterforlife.Para.3Awidelyacceptedtheoryabouttheformationoftheuniverse.Para.4Thearrivalofhumansandtheirimpa
14、ctontheearth.Para.5Thedevelopmentofplantsandanimalsontheearth.Detailed readingStage1:ThedevelopmentoftheearthStage2:Thedevelopmentoflife(para13)(para45)Stage1:Thedevelopmentoftheearth(1)AftertheBigBang,whatwastheearthlike?acloudofdustasolidglobeexplodedwithfireandrockproducedwatervapourandgases(2)Wh
15、athappenednext?(3)Whatdidthewatervapourandgasesform?theearthsatmosphereWaterappeared(4)Whatappearedastheearthcooleddown?water is important for the beginning of life on the earth.Why is water so important for the beginning of life?Becausewaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesintooceansandseas.Sta
16、ge2 The development of lifesmallplantsappearsinwater1.Whatlifedevelopedafterwaterappeared?Shellfishandallsortsoffish2.Whatlifedevelopedinwaternext?greenplantsbegantogrowonlandinsectsappeared3.Whataboutthelifeonland?amphibiansonlandandinthewaterforests4.Whatlifedevelopednextonland?reptilesappeareddin
17、osaurdeveloped5.Whatlifedevelopedafterforestsappeared?mammalsonland6.Whatlifedevelopedafterdinosaurs?smallcleveranimals7.Whatlifedevelopedaftermammals?1.Whoarethesmallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeet?2.Aretheytakingcareoftheearthwell?Why?Becausetheyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichp
18、reventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.Theearthmaybecometoohottoliveon.Can you fill in the blanks?23456789101 small plants in watershellfishandallsortsoffish insects reptilesamphibiansmammalsdinosaurs humansplantsanimalsGreenplantsonlandforests1.Insectsandamphibiansappeared.3.Theearthbecameaso
19、lidball.5.Reptilesappeared.7.Theearthwasacloudofdust9.Shellfishandotherfishappeared.11.Cleveranimalswithhandsandfeetappeared2.Dinosaursappeared.4.Smallplantsgrewonthewater.6.Plantsbegantogrowondryland.8.Waterappearedontheearth10.Theuniversebeganwitha“BigBand”.12.Mammalsappeared.831091151741262Canyou
20、puttheorderofdevelopmentoflifeintoatimeline?Ex.2onP27III.Fillintheblanksinthefollowingform.TimeWhathappenedBigBang_begantoformandcombinetocreatestarsandotherbodies.AtomsBetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagoDustsettledintoasolidand_globe.Theearthexplodedtoproduceits_.Thecontinued_ofwaterallowedtheearthtodi
21、ssolveharmfulgasesand_intotheoceansandseas.violentatmospherepresenceacidsManymillionsofyearslaterThefirstsmallplantsonthesurfaceofthewaterproduced_.Early_andallsortsoffishappeared.Greenplantsbegantogrowonland.Insectsand_appeared.oxygenshellfishamphibiansManymillionsofyearslater_appearedandtheylaideg
22、gs.Dinosaursdeveloped,laideggsand_formorethan140millionyears.Mammalsroseand_babies.ReptilesexistedgavebirthtoAbout2.6millionyearsagoSomesmall_animalswithhandsandfeetappearedandspreadallovertheearth.NowHumansproducetoomuchcarbon_,makingtheearthtoohot.cleverdioxideIV.True(T)orFalse(F).1.Theearthappear
23、edbeforetheBigBanghappened.2.Theoriginalatmosphereconsistedofnitrogenandoxygen.3.Themaindifferencebetweentheearthandotherplanetsisthatthereiswaterontheearth.4.Lifebeganinwaterandthenonland.FFTT5.Mammalsappearedbeforethedevelopmentofdinosaurs.6.Dinosaurscouldgivebirthtoyoungbabyanimalsandproducedmilk
24、tofeedthem.7.Humanbeingsproducetoomuchcarbondioxidewhichcausestheglobalwarmingontheearth.8.Accordingtothetext,humanbeingswoulddisappearintheend.FFTF 从句一律保持陈述语序。从句一律保持陈述语序。主语主语从句从句同位语从句同位语从句表语表语从句从句宾语宾语从句从句名词性从句名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句句(NounClauses）。）。名词从句的功能名词从句的功能相当于名词词组相当于名词词组,它在复合句中
25、能担任主它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为可分别称为主语从句主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句表语从句(PredicativeClause)和和同位语从句同位语从句(AppositiveClauseWhowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwe
26、wonthegameisexciting.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句主语从句主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。常用引导词：常用引导词：连接词连接词：that(无词义无词义)whetherThathewillcomeandhelpusiscertain.Whetherwestayornotmakesnodifference.连接代词连接代词:who(ever)whomwhat(ever)which(ever)whoseWhowillgototheenergyconferenceisnotimportant
27、.连接副词：连接副词：whenwherehowwhyWhenandwherethetestwillbegivenisnotdecided.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。Thattheearthisroundistrue2.That-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：Itistruethattheearthisround.结构：结构：a.It+be+形容词形容词+that-从句从句Itisnecessarythat有必要有必要Itisimportantthat重要的是重要的是It
28、isobviousthat很明显很明显b.It+be+p.p.+that-从句从句Itisbelievedthat人们相信人们相信Itisknowntoallthat从所周知从所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat已决定已决定c.It+be+名词名词+that-从句从句Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识是常识Itisasurprisethat令人惊奇的是令人惊奇的是Itisafactthat事实是事实是d.It+不及物动词不及物动词+that-分句分句Itappearsthat似乎似乎Ithappensthat碰巧碰巧Itoccurredtomethat我突然想起我突
29、然想起2.表示表示“是否是否”意义时，一般用意义时，一般用whether而不用而不用if引引导主语从句，导主语从句，Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion3.有时可用形式主语有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句：代替主语从句：e.g.Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheywillstart.4.无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。e.g.Whenwewillstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.注意：注意
30、：以以what开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是复数名词，系动词用复数形式。复数名词，系动词用复数形式。Whathewantstobuyarethreebooksandtwopens.1.Itisobvioustothestudents_theyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.A.asB.whichC.whetherD.that2._wantstostayinahotelhastopaytheirownway.A.AnyoneB.TheoneC.WhoeverD.Who练一练！练一练！3.Itisnotimmediatelycl
31、ear_thefinancialcrisiswillsoonbeover.A.sinceB.whatC.whenD.whether练一练！练一练！_leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who_thesportsmeetwillbehelddependsontheweather.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That_isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.That
32、D.It宾语宾语从句从句一个句子在复合句中充当一个句子在复合句中充当宾语宾语就叫就叫宾语宾语从句从句连接词连接词：that(无词义无词义)whetherife.g.Idontknowwhether(if)youarewillingtohelpme.连连接代接代词词：what(ever)who(ever)whosewhich(ever)等等连连接副接副词词：whenwherehowwhy等等特特别别提示提示1.由由连连接接词词that引引导宾语导宾语从句从句时时，that在在句中不担任任何成分。句中不担任任何成分。Imgladthatyouhavepassedtheexam.2.有些词或词组如有
33、些词或词组如hate,love,enjoy,dislike,feellike,appreciate,take(认为认为),relyon,dontmind等，习惯上后面跟等，习惯上后面跟it做形式做形式宾语，再接宾语从句。宾语，再接宾语从句。Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.3.在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子平衡，用平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：make/find/see/hear/feel/think等等。Ithinkitnecessarytha
34、tItakeplentyofwatereveryday.4.某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，如如insist，order，request，suggest等。等。Isuggestedthatwe(should)startbefore5oclock.5.必必须须用用whether引引导导，不可用不可用if:1).从句后有从句后有ornot时时，不可用，不可用if:Idontknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.2).介介词宾语词宾语通常用通常用whether引引导导:Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.3).后接后
35、接动词动词不定式不定式时时。Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?4).discuss 后面的宾语从句解释为是否用whetherImagine you are in this situation,and discuss whether you should do something at once.5)主语从句放在句首Whetherwestayornotmakesnodifference.6）表语从句和同位语从句）表语从句和同位语从句Thequestioniswhetherwecangetthereontime.7)当当it做形式主语做形式主语whether/if都可
36、引导主语从句都可引导主语从句Ithasntbeendecidedwhether/ifweshallattendthemeeting.6.用用who，whom,which(ever),whose,when,what(ever),where,why,how,whoever等关等关联词联词引引导导的的宾语宾语从句从句相当于特殊疑相当于特殊疑问问句，句，应应注意句子注意句子语语序要用序要用陈陈述述语语序序。Doyouknowhowoldheis?Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.Shewillgivewhoev
37、erneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会凡需要帮助的人，她都会给给予予热热情的支持。情的支持。7.think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词动词引引起的否定性起的否定性宾语宾语从句中，要把上述主句中从句中，要把上述主句中的的动词变为动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：式移到主句中。例如：Wedontthinkyouarehere.我我们认为们认为你不在你不在这这。Idontbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会我相信他不会这样这样做。做。如果主句主如果主句主语为语为第一人称反意疑第一人称
38、反意疑问问句常与从句常与从句的主句的主语语和和谓语谓语保持一致；其他情况看主保持一致；其他情况看主句。例如：句。例如：IdontbelieveshehasbeentoAustralia,hasshe?我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？Idontbelievethathecantranslatethisbook,?Shethinksthatherhusbandisthebestoneintheteam,？canhedoesntshe1.Idoubtif/whetherhewillpasstheexam.2.Idontdoubtthatwewillwinthematch.3.
39、Doyoudoubtthathediditonhisown?doubt问题肯定句中用肯定句中用if/whether否定句中用否定句中用that疑定句中用疑定句中用that1.Idoubt_heistellingthetruth.2.Weneverdoubt_theplanwillbecarriedout.3.Doeshedoubt_youarefromAustria?4.Imdoubtful_hewillagreetothis.if/whetherthatthatif/whether宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不在以下三种情况下不能省略：能省略：（1）当）当th
40、at从句与另一名词性从句并列作从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个宾语时，第二个that不能省；不能省；（2）当）当that作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。不可省掉。（3）用）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.宾语从句1.Heasked_foraviolin（MET1992）A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmu
41、chIpaid2Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_heorshewants.(NMET1997)A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever3.Sheisverydeartous.Wehavebeenpreparedtodo_ittakestosaveherlife.A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whoever4.Thetruevalueoflifeisnotin_,but_.A.whichweget;whatgiveweB.whatweget;whatwegiveC.whi
42、chdoweget;whatdowegiveD.howweget;thatwegive5.HaveyouseenMarylately?Mybosswantstoknow_.A.howsheisgettingalongB.howisshegettingalongC.whatsheisgettingalongD.whatisshegettingalong6.Idontdoubt_hellcome.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether7.Doesanybodyknow_wewillhaveasportsmeetingthisweekendornot.A.ifB.whereC.wheth
43、erD.that表表语语从句从句一个句子在复合句中充当表一个句子在复合句中充当表语语就叫表就叫表语语从句从句.连连接接词词:that/whether/asif/asthough/because连连接代接代词词：who/whom/what/which/whose连连接副接副词词：when/where/how/whyTheproblemisthatIamshortofmoney.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.特特别别提醒提醒1.主句的主语是主句的主语是advice,suggestion,order，request等
44、名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)gonow.2.主句的主主句的主语语是是reason时时，表，表语语从句常用从句常用that；若表原因用；若表原因用because，表，表结结果用果用why.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.Heforgotit.Thatwaswhyhedidntcallme.Hedidntcallme.Thatwasbecauseheforgotit.1.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_mymotherwillrecover
45、fromtheseriousdiseasesoon（上海（上海01年春季招生）年春季招生）A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why2.IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.Isthat_youhadafewdaysoff?(NMET1999)A.whyB.whatC.whenD.where3._shecouldntunderstandwas_fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.A.What;whyB.That;whyC.What;becauseD.Why;that4.Goandgetyour
46、coatIts_youleftitA.whereB.thereC.herewhereD.wherethere5.Thecityisnolonger_.A.whatitisB.thatitusedtobeC.whichitwasD.whatitused tobe6.Theproblemis_hehasenoughtime.A.ifB.whetherC./D.thatwhat与与that在引在引导导名名词词性从句性从句时时的区的区别别:what引引导导名名词词性从句性从句时时在从句中充当句子在从句中充当句子成分成分,如主如主语语,宾语宾语,表表语语等等.that在句子中只起在句子中只起连连接作用接
47、作用,没有意没有意义义.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(2)Thattheearthgoesaroundthesuniswell-knowntoeverybody.典型错误及归纳找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：1.Canyoutellmehowmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?2.Idontknowwherehashegone.3.Theowneroftheshopcametoseewhatthematterwas.Canyoutellmehowmanystudentsthereareinyo
48、urclass?Idontknowwherehehasgone.Theowneroftheshopcametoseewhatwasthematter.规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！规律一：名词从句中须使用陈述语序！找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：4.Wesuggestedthatwewouldgotothecinema.6.Hisproposalthatwewentthereonfootisacceptable.Wesuggestedthatwe(should)gotothecinema.Hisproposalthatwe(should)gother
49、eonfoot.规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！规律二：注意虚拟语气的使用！问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？问题：此类虚拟语气有哪些关键词？找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：7.Ifwewillhaveameetinghasntbeendecidedyet.8.Itdependsoniftheweatherissuitableforustodoit.9.Thequestionisifhehimselfwillbepresentatthemeeting.10.HeaskedmeifIcouldgowithhimornot.Whetherwewillhaveame
50、etinghasntbeendecidedyet.Itdependsonwhethertheweatheris.Thequestioniswhetherhehimselfwillbepresent.HeaskedmewhetherIcouldgowithhimornot.规律三：规律三：4 4种情况只能用种情况只能用whether whether：（1 1）位于句子开头；）位于句子开头；（2 2）前面有介词；）前面有介词；（3 3）引导表语从句；）引导表语从句；（4 4）与）与or notor not连用。连用。找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：1.Ith