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1、火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去英语语言学英语语言学English LinguisticsEnglish Linguistics 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Chapter Three Morphology火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.1 Introductionn nThe total number of words stored in the brain
2、is called the lexicon.n nMorphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.(the study of forms of words)火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.2 Open class and closed classn nOpen class words-content words of a language to which we can regularly add new wo
3、rds,such as nouns,adjectives,verbs and adverbs,e.g.beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation),hacker,email,internet,“做秀做秀，时装秀时装秀”in Chinese.n nClosed class words-grammatical or Closed class words-grammatical or functional words,such as conjunction,articles,functional words,such as conjunction,articles
4、,preposition and pronouns,to which few new words can preposition and pronouns,to which few new words can be added(e.g.the be added(e.g.the e eas a new neutral third person as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).singular pronoun has not been accepted).火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而
5、出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.3 Morphemes n nWords are the smallest free form(unit)with meaning found in language.E.g The boys left.In the sentence,the plural marking-s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation.n nMorpheme-the minimal unit of meaning;the smallest meaningful eleme
6、nts of language.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nThey can not be further cut.It is true that the word friendship consists of 10 letters,but these letters in isolation are meaningless.The possible smallest meaningful segments of the word are friend and ship.-Words are composed
7、 of morphemes.Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,e.g.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去1-morpheme boy,desire2-morpheme boy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morpheme boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ne
8、ss6-morpheme （反对教会与国家分开学说）反对教会与国家分开学说）反对教会与国家分开学说）反对教会与国家分开学说）anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去 n n1)Free vs.Bound morphemes:n nFree morpheme:the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself(which can be a word by itself),e.g boy,girl,table,na
9、tion.n nBound morpheme:the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word,e.g s indogs,al in national dis in disclosed,n ned in recorded.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去2)Allomorphs语素（词素）变体语素（词素）变体语素（词素）变体语素（词素）变体n n-any of the different form of a morpheme 语素的任何不同形式语素的任何不同形式语素的任何不同
10、形式语素的任何不同形式n nSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts,such as“dog,bark,cat”,etc.n nIn other instances,there may be some variation,that is,a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.e.g 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿
11、毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nT The plural morpheme may be represented by:map-mapss dog-dogsz watch-watches iz n nThe morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:a building an orange;n nEach of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.n nHere are special forms:mouse-miceai ox-oxenn to
12、oth-teeth i:火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Phoneme,morpheme and allomorphn nPhoneme /p/p n nMorpheme -s plural marker of nounsnAllomorphs:s z is 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.4 Analyzing word structuren nRoot:the base form of a word that cannot be fur
13、ther analyzed without total loss of identity,e.g.friend as in unfriendliness.n nRoots may be n nfree:those that can stand by themselves,e.g.black+board;nation+-al;orn nbound:those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g.-ceive in receive,perceive,conceive.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥
14、勇敢地冲出去n nAffix:the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Normally divided into n nprefixprefix(dis-,undis-,un-)-morphemes that occur only before others,-morphemes that occur only before others,e.g.e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.,etc.n nsuffixsuffix (-(-en
15、,-ifyen,-ify)morphemes that morphemes that occur only after others,e.g.occur only after others,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,ionion,etc.,etc.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nPrefixes modify the meaning of the stem,but they usually do not
16、change the part of speech of the original word.e.g write v.-rewrite v.n nSuffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.e.g help v.-helpful adj.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Stem A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.T
17、hus,in this usage,the English word friendships contains the stem friend,to which the derivational suffix-ship is attached to form a new stem friendship,to which the inflectional suffix-s is attached.friendship=friend(stem)+ship friendships=friendship(stem)+s火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿
18、毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.5 Derivational and Inflectional morphemesn nDerivation:combination of a base and an affix to form a new word,e.g friend+-ly friendly.n nInflection:grammatical endings,e.g plural,tense,comparative,etc.e.g 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nBesides the suffixes,whic
19、h are used to derive words,there are other suffixes,which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence called inflectional morphemes.n nEnglish has only several inflectional morphemes.火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n n1)noun inflections:-s boys,boys The fo
20、rm is also used for verb 3rd-n n2)verb inflections:-(e)d(past tense)wanted -en (past participle)-ing (present participle)wanting -s (third person singular)wants n n3)adjective and adverb inflections:-er(comparative)smaller,-est(superlative)smallest火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲
21、出去Types of English Morphemes:Bound Morphemes Free MorphemesBound Roots (lexical/grammatical)Derivational morpheme Free Roots(Prefixes/Suffixes)Inflectional morpheme(Suffixes)火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion -the rules that govern the form
22、ation of words,e.g -the rules that govern the formation of words,e.gn n un+ADJECTIVE=not-ADJECTIVE un+ADJECTIVE=not-ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptableunfair unthinkable unacceptable (Exceptions:(Exceptions:sad-*unsad brave-*unbrave)sad-*unsad brave-*unbrave)n n noun+-noun+-ly ly adjective adj
23、ective friendly,daily,lovelyfriendly,daily,lovelyn nadjective+-adjective+-ly ly adverb adverb quicklyquickly (Morphological rules may be productive or less (Morphological rules may be productive or less productive.)productive.)火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.7 Derivation(defi
24、nition p.37)n nClass-changing:n nNV:lengthen,hospitalize,discardn nNA:friendly,delightful,speechlessn nVN:worker,employee,inhabitantn nVA:acceptable,adorablen nAN:rapidness,rapidityn nAV:deafen,sweetenn nAdjAdv:exactly,quickly火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nClass-preserving(
25、unchanged):n nNN:nonsmoker,ex-wife,bookletn nVV:disobey,unfastenn nAA:grayish,irrelevant火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.8 Compounds&CompoundingCompounding-A way by which two or more free roots are combined to make a new word Compounds-words formed with two or more free footsn
26、 nNoun compounds:daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmilln nVerb compounds:brainstorm,lipread,babysitn nAdjective compounds:gray-haired,insect-eating,dutyfreen nPreposition compounds:into,throughout火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去n nWritten forms of compoundsn nSolid:blackboard,teapot
27、,bodyguardn nHyphenated:wedding-ring,wave-lengthn nOpen:coffee table,washing machinen nFree variation:businessman,business-man,business manwinebottle,wine-bottle,wine bottleno one,no-one,noone火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去Some points about compoundsn nSyntactically,when the t
28、wo words are in the same grammatical category,the compound will be in this category,e.g.postbox,landlady,blue-black When the two words fall into different categories,the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.e.g.pickpocket火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出
29、去n nPhonetically,the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.e.g.red coat,green house,n nSemantically,the meaning of a compound is idiomatic,not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.e.g.bluestocking,bluefilm,bigwig,turncoat.n nOrthographically a compound can be written as
30、 one word,two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.(as mentioned before)火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去 Exercises:In each question there are four choices.Decide which one will be the best answer to the question,or will best complete the sentence.1.The morpheme“-s
31、”in the common word“laptops”is a(n)_.A.root B.inflectional morpheme C.free morpheme D.stem 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去2.The compound word“bookstore”is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its co
32、mponents B.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes C.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase D.None of the above火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去3.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _.A.the first elem
33、ent B.the second element C.either the first or the second element D.both the first and the second elements 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去4._ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,to form a word.A.Free morphemes B.Bound morphe
34、mes C.Free roots D.Words5.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _.A.lexical B.morphemic C.grammatical D.semantic 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去6.Bound morphemes are those that _.A.have to be used independently B.cannot be combined with other morphemes C.can eith
35、er be free or bound D.have to be combined with other morphemes 7._ modify the meaning of the stem,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A.Prefixes B.Suffixes C.Roots D.Words 火灾袭来时要迅速疏散逃生，不可蜂拥而出或留恋财物，要当机立断，披上浸湿的衣服或裹上湿毛毯、湿被褥勇敢地冲出去8.There are _ morphemes in the word “ran”.A.one B.two C.three D.none