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1、 Translation TechniquesContentsDictionDictionAmplificationAmplificationOmissionOmissionConversionConversionRestructuringRestructuringPassiveVoicePassiveVoiceAffirmative&NegativeAffirmative&NegativeDiction选词ExampleExampleCorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandCorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel
2、ChineseatWordLevelExercisesExercisesBACK Example uTensionisbuildingup.Withoutcontext,both“tension”and“buildingup”may have various explanations.Thus theEnglish sentence may be translated intodifferentChineseexpressionsaccordingly:形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强E-C&C-ECorrespondenceatWordLevelGenerally speaking
3、,the correspondence betweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:word-for-wordcorrespondencewords with multiple equivalents of the samemeaningwords with several equivalents of differentmeaningequivalentsinterwovenwithoneanotherwordswithoutequivalents1.word-forwordcorrespondenceProper
4、Nounsandtechnicalterms.e.g:Marxism=马克思主义马克思主义Aspirin=阿司匹林阿司匹林激光激光=Laser白血病白血病=leukemia2.wordswithmultipleequivalentsofthesamemeaningwife:妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人potato：马铃薯，洋芋，土豆，山药蛋人：humanbeing,man,people,person犬：dog,hound,spaniel,setter3.wordswithseveralequivalentsofdifferentmeaningcousin:堂堂兄兄，堂堂弟弟，
5、堂堂姐姐，堂堂妹妹，表表哥哥，表弟，表姐，表妹表弟，表姐，表妹president:总总统统，总总裁裁，主主席席，董董事事长长，议议长，会长，社长，校长长，会长，社长，校长走走:walk,saunter,amble,stride,trudge,tiptoe,shamble,clump,prance机机:machine,engine,plane,aircraft4.equivalentsinterwovenwithoneanothersay,speak,talk,tell说，说，讲，谈，诉讲，谈，诉5.wordswithoutequivalentsteenager：13-19岁的青少年岁的青少年c
6、lock-watcher：老是看钟等下班的人：老是看钟等下班的人阴阴(inChinesethoughts)thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworld.阳阳(inChinesethoughts)thestrongactivemaleprincipleorforceintheworldbackheadnYoushoulduseyourheadalittle.nHehasagoodheadformathematics.nThedinnercost5dollarsahead.nLetsdiscussthequestionunder5heads.nHe
7、wasstandingattheheadofthestaircase.nWhereisthehead?ExercisesnYoushoulduseyourheadalittle.你应该用一下自己的头脑头脑。nHehasagoodheadformathematics.他的数学能力能力很强。nThedinnercost5dollarsahead.这顿饭花去我们每人每人5块钱。nLetsdiscussthequestionunder5heads.我们分5个题目题目来讨论这个问题。nHewasstandingattheheadofthestaircase.他站在楼梯的顶端顶端。nWhereistheh
8、ead?厕所厕所在哪里？（船上用语）头n她正在梳头梳头。n一辆小车停在桥西头桥西头。n他头天头天上午就来了。n我们有30头牛头牛。n这还是我头一次头一次来武汉。n孩子们在山头山头上上玩。nSheiscombingherhair.nAcarwasparkedatthewestendofthebridge.nHecameherethepreviousmorning.nWehave30(headof)cattle.nThisisthefirsttimeIcametoWuhan.nThechildrenareplayingonthetopofthehill.backAmplification(增词法增
9、词法)Definition Amplification in EC Translation Amplification in C-E Translation ExercisesBACKDefinition nAmplification,also called addition,means supplying necessary words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.backI.Amplification in EC TranslationnGenerally speaking,in
10、 English-Chinese translation,amplification can be employed in the following 8 situations:1.by supplying words omitted in the originalnIn the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibition,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.n晚上在参加参加宴会、出席出席音乐会、观看观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得
11、起草最后公报。2.by supplying necessary connectivesn Heated,water will change into vapor.水如如受热，就就会汽化。3.by supplying words to convey pluralityFlowers bloom all over the yards.朵朵朵朵鲜花开满庭院。4.by supplying words to make an abstract concept clearernThere had been too much violence in that region.那个地区发生了许多暴力事件暴力事件。
12、5.by supplying words of generalizationnThe thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了电子计算机，人造卫星和火箭三三方方面面的新成就。6.amplification for rhetoric or coherencenThis typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价价廉物物美。7.amplification for logicnThe
13、KODAK Fiche reader 321A is easy to operate,versatile,compact and has a pleasing modern design.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功功能能齐全，结构结构紧凑，造型造型美观。8.amplification by repetitionnAvoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust,or humidity.不要在过过冷，过过热，灰尘过过重，湿度过过大的情况下使用电脑。n Ignorance is the mother of fears as well
14、 as of admiration.无知是恐惧的根源根源，也是崇拜的根源根源。backII.AmplificationinC-ETranslationn要提倡顾全大局。n天气寒冷，河水都结冰。n年满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。n要提倡顾全大局。nWeshouldadvocatethespiritoftakingthewholesituationintoconsideration.n天气寒冷，河水都结冰。nItwassocoldthattheriverfroze.n年满18岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。nAllcitizenswhohavereachedtheageof18haveth
15、erighttovoteandtostandforelection.1.amplifyingbyaddingnecessarypronounsn大作收到，十分高兴。I wasverygladtohavereceivedyourwriting.n没有调查就没有发言权。Hewhomakesnoinvestigationhasnorighttospeak.2.amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryarticlesn我们对问题要做全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problembeforeitcanbepr
16、operlysolved.3.amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryconnectivesn老师在等我，我得走了。Theteacheriswaitingforme,so Imustbeoffnow.n留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。So long as green hills remain,there will never be ashortageoffirewood.4.amplifyingbyaddingnecessaryprepositionsn你是白天工作还是夜间工作？Doyouworkin theday-timeorat night?n该地区已没什么城乡差别。Thereisl
17、ittledifferencebetween townandcountryinthisregion.5.amplifyingbyaddingnecessarybackgroundwordsn三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combinedequalZhugeLiangthe mastermind.n这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。ItisjustasProverbgoes,“Theonlookersseesthemostof the game”backExercisesnReadingmakethafullman;conferencearea
18、dyman,andwritinganexactman.nWe wont retreat,we never have andneverwill.nOceansdonotsomuchdividetheworldasuniteit.nTheir host carved,poured,served,cutbread,talked,laughed,proposedhealth.n吃饭防噎，走路防跌。n送君千里，终有一别。n天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。n他们患得患失，拒绝接受分配给他们的任务。n读书使人充实，讨论使人敏锐，写作使人精确。n我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不会后退。n海洋与其说是
19、分隔了世界，不如说是连接了整个世界。n热情的主人又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。nWhileeating,takeheedthatyoudonotchoke;whilewalking,takeheedthatyoudonotfall.nAlthoughyoumayescortaguestathousandmiles,yetmustthepartingcomeatlast.nWiththeweathersocloseandstuffy,tentooneitllrainpresently.nSwayedbyconsiderationsofgainandlos
20、s,theyrefusedtoacceptthejobsassignedtothem.backOmissionOmission省略法省略法 OmissioninE-CtranslationOmissioninE-Ctranslation OmissioninC-EtranslationOmissioninC-Etranslation ExercisesExercisesBACKI.OmissioninE-CTranslationI.OmissioninE-CTranslationThe time-keeping devices of electronicwatchesaremuchmoreac
21、curatethanthoseofmechanicalones.电子表比机械表准确得多。Example:Itisconflictandnotunquestioningagreementthatkeepsfreedomalive.自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。（省强调句中的（省强调句中的it）Onemustmakepainstakingeffortsbeforeonecouldsucceedinmasteringaforeignlanguage.掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。（省代词）掌握一门外语，非下苦功夫不可。（省代词）Asoldiermusto
22、beyorders.军人必须服从命令。（省冠词）军人必须服从命令。（省冠词）1.Omissionofthepronoun1.OmissionofthepronounHe put his hands into his pocket andshrugged hisshoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。2.OmissionoftheArticle2.OmissionoftheArticleAnysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid,aliquidoragas.任何物质，不论是固体，液体或气体，都由原子组成。3.Omissionoftheprep
23、osition3.OmissionoftheprepositionSmokingisprohibitedinpublicplaces.公共场所，禁止吸烟。Thedifferencebetweenthetwomachinesconsistsinpower.这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。4.Omissionoftheconjunction4.OmissionoftheconjunctionHelookedgloomyandtroubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。IfIhadknownit,Iwouldnothavejoinedinit.早知如此，我就不参加了。5.OmissionoftheVerb
24、5.OmissionoftheVerbWhenthepressuregetslow,theboilingpointbecomeslow.气压低，沸点就低。Solidsexpandandcontractasliquidsandgasesdo.同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”6.OmissionoftheImpersonalPronoun“It”Outsideitwaspitchdarkanditwasrainingcatsanddogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。Itwasnot until themiddle of19
25、thcenturythattheblastfurnacecameintouse.直到19世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。backII.OmissioninCETranslationII.OmissioninCETranslationOmissioninC-Etranslationisgenerallyemployedinthreecircumstances:redundant words in original Chinese,such asunnecessaryrepetitionandwordyexpressions;theoriginalmeaningthathasalreadybeenimp
26、liedinthecontextofEnglishversion;theoriginalmeaningobviouslyshownintheEnglishversionwithoutfurtherelaboration.1.OmissionofRedundantWords我已经提前完成了交给我的工作，他也提提前前完完成成了交给他的工作了交给他的工作。Ihavefulfilledmyassignedworkaheadofschedule,sohashe.2.OmissionofWordsofConceptualCategory这些都是人民内部矛盾问题问题。Allthesearecontradic
27、tionsamongthepeople.多年来那个国家有严重的失业现象现象.Formanyyearstherehasbeenseriousunemploymentinthatcountry.3.OmissionofMeticulousDescription花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大大米米白白面面，穿不完的绫绫罗罗绸绸缎缎，花不完的金银财宝金银财宝。The garden was a paradise on earth,with more food and clothes than could beconsumedand more moneythancouldbespent.backE
28、xercisesThesedevelopingcountriescovervastterritories,encompassalargepopulationaboundinnaturalresources.Nevertroubleyourselfwithtroubletilltroubletroublesyou.他把事情一五一十的都给父母讲了。这些新型汽车速度快，效率高、行动灵活。这些发展中国家都地大物博，人口众多。不要自寻麻烦。Hetoldhisparentsthewholestoryasitexactlyhappened.Thenewlyproducedcarisfast,efficien
29、tandhandy.backConversion转换法 DefinitionDefinition ConversioninE-CTranslationConversioninE-CTranslation ConversioninC-ETranslationConversioninC-ETranslation ExercisesExercisesBACKConversion,one of the commonlyadoptedtranslationtechniques,meansthechangeofpartofspeechintranslation.I.DefinitionI.Definiti
30、onbackThiswatchnevervariesmorethanasecondinamonth.这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。Careful comparison of them will show you thedifference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。II.ConversioninE-CtranslationII.Conve
31、rsioninE-CtranslationGenerally speaking,conversion of parts ofspeech in E-C translation take the following forms:1.ConversionintoVerbs1.ConversionintoVerbs2.ConversionintoNouns2.ConversionintoNouns3.ConversionintoAdjectives3.ConversionintoAdjectives4.ConversionintoAdverbs4.ConversionintoAdverbs1.Con
32、versionintoVerbs1.ConversionintoVerbs1)NounsConvertedIntoVerbs1)NounsConvertedIntoVerbsIthinkmylittlesisterisabetterteacherthanI.我的小妹妹比我教得好。我的小妹妹比我教得好。2)PrepositionsConvertedIntoVerbs2)PrepositionsConvertedIntoVerbsPartyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，
33、住党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯3)AdjectivesConvertedIntoVerbs3)AdjectivesConvertedIntoVerbsYouareignorantofthedutiesyouundertakeinmarrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。2.ConversionintoNouns2.ConversionintoNouns1 1）VerbsConvertedIntoNounsVerbsConvertedIntoNouns Suchmater
34、ialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。在他们看来，他就是绝对权利的化身。2 2）AdjectivesConvertedIntoNounsAdjectivesConvertedIntoNounsIwishhewasblind我希望他是个瞎子。我希望他是个瞎子。3.ConversionintoAdjectives3.Conversion
35、intoAdjectives1 1）NounsConvertedIntoAdjectivesNounsConvertedIntoAdjectives Independent thinking is an absolute necessityinstudy.学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。学习中独立思考是绝对必须的。Thisexperimentwasasuccess.这个实验很成功。这个实验很成功。2 2）AdverbsConvertedIntoAdjectivesandNounsAdverbsConvertedIntoAdjectivesandNounsThepressureinsideequal
36、sthepressureoutside.内部的压力和外部的压力相等。内部的压力和外部的压力相等。4.ConversionintoAdverbs4.ConversionintoAdverbs1 1）AdjectivesConvertedIntoAdverbsAdjectivesConvertedIntoAdverbsOnly when we study their properties can wemakebetteruseofthematerials.只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。2 2）NounsandVerbsConvertedInto
37、AdverbsNounsandVerbsConvertedIntoAdverbsIhavethehonortoinformyouthatyourrequestisgranted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。backIII.ConversioninC-EtranslationIII.ConversioninC-EtranslationVerbsConvertedIntoOtherPartsofSpeech徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。XuBeihongsdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.绝对不许违反
38、这个原则。绝对不许违反这个原则。No violationofthisprinciplecanbetolerated.ConversionsBetweenOtherPartsofSpeechConversionsBetweenOtherPartsofSpeech该该厂厂产产品品的的主主要要特特点点是是工工艺艺精精湛湛，经经久久耐用。耐用。The products of this factory are chiefly characterized bytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。The ad
39、option of this new device willgreatly cut down the percentage ofdefectiveproducts.backIV.ExercisesIV.ExercisesWith the passage of time,my admiration for himgrewmore.Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcountry.The thief made a tremb
40、ling confession of hiswrongdoing.他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Withthepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmore.随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。随着时间的流逝，我对他越来越敬慕。Myaudiencevariedfromtenstothousands.我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。我的听众少则数十人，多则上千人。Thereisabigincreaseindemandforallkindsof cons
41、umer goods in every part of ourcountry.目目前前我我国国各各地地对对各各种种消消费费品品的的需需求求已已大大大大增增加。加。The thief made a trembling confession of hiswrongdoing.小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。小偷颤抖着交代了自己干的坏事。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。他们一不会做工，二不会种地，三不会打仗。Theydontknowathingaboutfactorywork,noraboutfarmwork;noraboutmilitaryaffairs.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。他在
42、讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Inhisspeechhelaidspecialstressonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.backRestructuringnDefinitionnDifferentWordOrderinEnglishandChinesenRestructuringinE-CTranslationnRestructuringinC-ETranslationnExercisesBACKI.DefinitionnAs one of the translation techniques,restructuring means the necessary
43、 orinevitable change of word order in asentence according to the usage of thelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Itisalsocalledrearrangementorinversion.BACKII.DifferentWordOrderinEnglishandChinesenMostoftheinformationwe gotisthroughthatchannel.我我们们得得到到的的大大部部分分消消息息是是通通过过那那个个渠渠道道获获得得的的。(Differentorderoftheattr
44、ibutivephrasesandclauses)nHisaddressis3621 Market Street,Philadelphia,PA.19104,U.S.A.他他的的地地址址是是美美国国宾宾夕夕法法利利亚亚州州费费城城市市场场街街3612号号。邮邮政政编编码码19140。(Differentorder of thesequenceofevents)nMyunclepassedawayin hospital at 2.30 a.m.on September 12,1999.我我的的伯伯父父于于1999年年12月月凌凌晨晨2点点30分分在在医医院院 逝逝 世世。(different o
45、rder of theadverbialsoftime)BACKIII.RestructuringinE-CTranslation1.Different Sequences in Customary WordCombinationsnheart-warming暖人心的暖人心的ntough-minded意志坚定的意志坚定的ntheironandsteelindustry钢铁工业钢铁工业nfood,clothing,shelterandtransportation衣、食、住、行衣、食、住、行neverymeanspossible一切可能的手段一切可能的手段nrainorshine无论晴雨无论晴雨2
46、.Different Sequences in Customary SentenceArrangementnHe had to quit the position and went into exile,having been deprived of power.他他被剥夺了权利之后被剥夺了权利之后，只好离职，流落他乡。只好离职，流落他乡。nRocketresearchhas confirmed a strange fact whichhad already been suspected:there is a“hightemperature belt”in the atmosphere,wit
47、h itscenterroughlythirtymilesabovetheground.人人们们早早就就怀怀疑疑大大气气层层中中有有一一个个“高高温温带带”其其中中心心在在距距地地面面大大约约30英英里里高高的的地地方方。利利用用火火箭箭加加以以研研究究以以后，后，这一奇异的事实已得到了证实这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。3.SubordinateClausesinaComplexSentencenThe government is determined to keep uppressurewhatever the cost it will pay in the end.不不论论最最终终将将付付出
48、出什什么么代代价价，政政府府决决心心继继续续施施加加压压力。力。nNo matter how hard he tried,hefailedatlast.不管他怎样努力不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。，最后还是没有成功。4.CasesInvolvingAdverbialsnThey,not unexpectedly,didnotrespond.他们没有答复，他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事这完全是意料之中的事。nIllogically,shehadexpectedsomekindofmiraclesolution.她她满满以以为为会会有有奇奇迹迹般般的的解解决决办办法法，这这显显然不合情理然
49、不合情理。5.“That”Clause Used as a Judgment orConclusionnIt is not surprising that,whenhumidityislow,thewaterevaporatesrapidlyfromthefruit.在在大大气气湿湿度度低低的的情情况况下下，水水果果里里的的水水份份蒸蒸发发就就快，快，这是不足为奇的。这是不足为奇的。nIt was a keen disappointment that I had topostponethevisitIhadintendedtopaytoChinainJanuary.我我原原打打算算在在今今年年
50、1月月访访问问中中国国，后后来来我我又又不不得得不不予以推迟，予以推迟，这使我深感失望这使我深感失望。IV.RestructuringinC-ETranslationn社会主义的现代化强社会主义的现代化强国a modern,powerful socialist country.n一位美国现代优秀一位美国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary Americanwritern各条战线上的各条战线上的先进工作者们先进工作者们advancedworkers from various frontsn这是这是能想象得出的能想象得出的最好解决办法。最好解决办法。Thisisthe