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1、肝素诱导的血小板减少症 XIaXIIaIXaVIIa-III组织因子途径抑制物抗凝血酶IIa纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白蛋白C,蛋白S系统XaVIIIaVa内源性凝血系统外源性凝血系统凝血与抗凝系统凝血与抗凝系统Epidemiologythe chance of significant exposure to heparin exceeds 50%in hospitalized patientsacute coronary syndrome (UA/MI)pulmonary embolismdeep venous thrombosis and prophylaxisatrial fibrillation
2、/strokeheparinized pulmonary wedge cathetersPCIIABPSemi Thromb Hemost 1999;25 Suppl 1:57-60U.S.Estimated Causes of Accidental Deaths 1000 100040,00040,00090,00090,000Deaths per yearMedication Errors Hospital Audit%REFERENCE血小板减少症(血小板减少症(HIT/HITSHIT/HITS)美国每年有美国每年有12001200万人因肢体或肺部血栓、心脏病或血管成万人因肢体或肺部血栓
3、、心脏病或血管成型术而接受肝素治疗型术而接受肝素治疗3636万人发生万人发生HIT12万人出现血栓并发症(静脉、动脉)万人出现血栓并发症(静脉、动脉)3.63.6万人死亡万人死亡 Heparin-induced ThrombocytopeniaHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia(HIT),an antibody-mediated syndrome,is associated with significant morbidity and mortalityconsidered a rarity in the pastunrecognized by many clin
4、iciansdiagnoses can be difficult to confirmuntil recently there was no therapeutic options other than discontinuation of heparinEpidemiologythrombocytopenia is one of the most common laboratory abnormalities found among hospitalized patientsserologically proven HIT occurs in 1.5%to 3%of patients wit
5、h heparin exposureN Engl J Med 1995;332:1330-5Cascade of events leading to formation of HIT antibodies and prothrombotic Bleeding and Clottingthe most feared consequence in these patients with a low platelet count is not bleeding but clottingpresent with mucocutaneous bleeding,ranging from petechiae
6、 and ecchymoses to life-threatening gastrointestinal and intracranial hemorrhageThrombosisthrombosis is mostly venous not arterialmay result in bilateral deep venous thrombosis of the legspulmonary embolismvenous gangrene of fingers,toes,penis,or nipplesmyocardial infarction,strokemesenteric arteria
7、l thrombosislimb ischemia and amputationCirculation 1999;100:587-93Am J Med 1996;101:502-7Thromb Haemost 1993;70:554-61Other Clinical FeaturesSkin lesions at heparin injection siteSkin necrosisAcute platelet activation Acute inflammatory reactions(fever,chills,etc.)Skin NecrosisUsed with permission
8、from Warkentin TE.Br J Haematol.1996;92:494497.Venous Limb Gangrene Used with permission from Warkentin TE,Elavathil LJ,Hayward CPM,Johnston MA,Russett JI,Kelton JG.Ann Intern Med.1997;127:804812.Morbidity and MortalityHIT-associated mortality is high(about 18%)5%of affected patients require limb am
9、putationOvert bleeding or bruising is rare even with severe thrombocytopeniaAppropriate management can limit morbidity and mortalityHIT SyndromeType Inonimmunologic mechanisms(mild direct platelet activation by heparin)associated with an early(within 4 days)and usually mild decrease in platelet coun
10、t(rarely 50%)count in the 50,000-80,000/mm range typical onset of 4-14 days occurs with any dose by any routepotential for development of life-threatening thromboembolic complicationsrarely causes bleedingRisks for HITType Iintravenous high-dose heparinType IIvaries with dose of heparinunfractionate
11、d heparin LMWHbovine porcinesurgical medical patientsDiagnosis of HITabsence of another clear cause for thrombocytopeniathe timing of thrombocytopeniathe degree of thrombocytopeniaadverse clinical events(most often thrombocytpenia)positive laboratory tests for HIT antibodiesPathogenesis of Drug-indu
12、ced thrombocytopeniaCertain drugs(quinine,quinidine,sulfa antibiotics)link non-covalently to platelet membrane glycoproteinsvery rarely,IgG antibodies are produced that recognize these drug-glycoprotein complexesmacrophages remove the complexes causing severe thrombocytopeniaComparison of HIT and ot
13、her Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia HIT Quinine/SulfaFrequency1/1001/10,000Onset5-8 days 7 daysPlatelet count20-150 x109/L50%that begins after 5 days of heparin therapy,but with the platelet count 150 x 109/L,should also raise the suspicion of HIT Common Laboratory Tests for HITTest AdvantagesDisadvan
14、tagesPAARapid and simple Low sensitivity-not suitable fortesting multiple samplesSRASensitivity 90%Washed platelet(technicallydemanding),needs radiolabeledmaterial 14CHIPA Rapid,sensitivity 90%Washed plateletsELISAHigh sensitivity,High cost,lower specificity for clinically significant HITThromb Haem
15、ost 1998;79:1-7platelet aggregation assay(PAA)serotonin release assay(SRA)heparin induced platelet activation(HIPA)Functional AssayPlatelet aggregation assay(PAA)performed by many laboratoriesincubate platelet-rich plasma from normal donors with patient plasma and heparinlimited by poor sensitivity
16、and specificity because heparin can activate platelets under these conditions,even in the absence of HIT antibodiesAntigen AssayAntibodies against heparin/PF4 complexes(the major antigen of HIT)are measured by colorimetric absorbanceTwo ELISA have been developedStagoGTIlimited by high costManagement
17、 of HITrisk for thrombosis is high in HIT,prevention of thrombosis is the goal of interventionheparin is contraindicated in patients with HITdiscontinuation of heparin-all sources of heparin must be eliminatedmost patients will require treatment with an alternate anticoagulant forinitial clinical pr
18、oblemHIT induced thrombosisHIT HIT 处理措施处理措施药物药物 可用可用 禁用禁用 评价评价华法令华法令 x warfarin in the absence of an anticoagulantcan precipitate venous limb gangrene补充血小板补充血小板 xinfusing platelets merely“adds fuel to the fire”静脉滤器静脉滤器 xoften results in devastating caval,pelvic,andlower leg venous thrombosis低分子肝素低分子
19、肝素 xlow molecular weight heparin usually cross-react with unfractionated heparin after HIT or HITTS(HIT thrombosis syndrome)has occurred水蛭素水蛭素/阿加曲班阿加曲班 xBeware renal insufficiency,antibody formation血浆置换血浆置换 xremoves micro-particles formed from plateletactivation;not a standard indication 阿司匹林阿司匹林 x
20、can inhibit platelet activation by HIT 氯吡格雷氯吡格雷 x antibodies Gp2b/3a受体受体 x 阻滞剂阻滞剂Steps to Prevent HITporcine heparin preferred over bovine heparinLMWH preferred over unfractionated heapirnoral anticoagulation should be started as early as possible to reduce the duration of heparin exposureintravenou
21、s adapters should not be flush with heparinmonitoring serial plate counts for developing thrombocytopenia第七次第七次ACCP抗栓和溶栓会议抗栓和溶栓会议肝素诱导的血小板减少症防治指南肝素诱导的血小板减少症防治指南HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数接受治疗剂量接受治疗剂量UFHUFH患者,建议隔日血小板计数,直到第患者,建议隔日血小板计数,直到第1414天或直至停用天或直至停用UFHUFH(2C(2C级级)100100天天内内接接受受过过UFHUFH治治疗疗的的患患者者或或既既往往是是
22、否否使使用用过过UFHUFH的的病病史史不不详详者者,再再次次开开始始使使用用UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH时时,建建议议先先进进行行血血小小板板计计数数,随随后后在在肝肝素素治治疗疗后后的的2424小小时时以以内内再再次次血血小小板计数板计数(2(2C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 静静脉脉UFHUFH注注射射后后3030minmin内内出出现现发发热热、寒寒战战、呼呼吸吸困困难难、或或其其他他不不常常见见的的症症状状体体征征,建议立即进行血小板计数,并与先前的计数值进行比较建议立即进行血小板计数,并与先前的计数值进行比较(1(1C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计
23、数血小板计数 HITHIT发生率不高患者(发生率不高患者(0.1-1%0.1-1%)下下列列患患者者建建议议术术后后4-144-14天天,至至少少隔隔2-32-3天天进进行行血血小小板板计计数数(或或直直到到停停用用UFHUFH)(2C(2C级级)内科内科/产科患者预防性使用产科患者预防性使用UFHUFH 术后患者预防性使用术后患者预防性使用LMWHLMWH UFH UFH冲洗穿刺导管冲洗穿刺导管 或内科或内科/产科患者使用过产科患者使用过UFHUFH后接受后接受LMWHLMWH治疗治疗HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 HITHIT发生率很低患者(发生率很低患者(0.1%0.1%)仅仅
24、接接受受LMWHLMWH治治疗疗的的内内科科/产产科科患患者者或或仅仅在在血血管管内内介介入入治治疗疗中中使使用用UFHUFH的的患患者者(HITHIT危险危险0.1%0.1%),建议临床医师不常规使用血小板监测),建议临床医师不常规使用血小板监测(2(2C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 HITHIT抗体筛查抗体筛查使使用用肝肝素素的的患患者者,如如果果无无血血小小板板减减少少症症、血血栓栓形形成成、肝肝素素诱诱发发的的皮皮肤肤改改变变或或其其他他HITHIT相关的情况,不建议常规监测相关的情况,不建议常规监测HITHIT抗体抗体(1(1C C级级)HITHIT治疗治疗 非
25、肝素类抗凝药物治疗非肝素类抗凝药物治疗HITHIT高高度度怀怀疑疑(或或确确诊诊)HITHIT,无无论论是是否否合合并并血血栓栓栓栓塞塞,建建议议选选用用另另外外一一种种非非肝肝素素抗抗凝凝剂剂,如如来来匹匹卢卢定定(1 1C C级级),阿阿加加曲曲班班(1 1C C级级),比比伐伐卢卢定定(2 2C C级级),或或达达那那肝肝素素(1 1B B级级),而而不不是是继继续续使使用用UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH,也也不建议不使用抗凝剂(有或无下腔静脉滤器)。不建议不使用抗凝剂(有或无下腔静脉滤器)。HITHIT治疗治疗 非肝素类抗凝药物治疗非肝素类抗凝药物治疗HITHIT高度怀疑(或确诊)高
26、度怀疑(或确诊)HITHIT,无论是否有下肢无论是否有下肢DVTDVT的临床证据,建议常规下肢静脉超的临床证据,建议常规下肢静脉超声以明确是否存在声以明确是否存在DVTDVT(ICIC级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 VKAsVKAs 高度怀疑或确诊高度怀疑或确诊HITHIT的患者的患者建建议议不不使使用用维维生生素素K K拮拮抗抗剂剂(香香豆豆素素),直直至至血血小小板板计计数数明明显显恢恢复复(如如至至少少10010100109 9/L L,最好最好15010150109 9/L L)VKAVKA仅仅用用于于替替换换抗抗凝凝剂剂时时的的重重叠叠期期(最最少少重重叠叠5 5天天),起起始始剂剂量
27、量小小,替替换换使使用用的的抗抗凝凝剂剂直直到到血血小小板板计计数数恢恢复复至至稳稳定定状状态态时时,或或至至少少最最近近2 2天天的的INRINR达达到到靶靶治治疗疗目目标标范范围围内内才能停用(才能停用(ICIC级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 VKAsVKAs使用使用VKAsVKAs的患者在诊断为的患者在诊断为HITHIT后,建议使用维生素后,建议使用维生素K K逆转逆转VKAVKA抗凝疗效抗凝疗效(2C2C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 LMWHLMWH治疗治疗HITHIT高度怀疑高度怀疑HITHIT的患者,无论是否合并血栓形成,建议不使用的患者,无论是否合并血栓形成,建议不使用LMWHLM
28、WH(IC+IC+级)级)高度怀疑或确诊高度怀疑或确诊HITHIT的患者,如无活动性出血,不建议预防性输注血小板的患者,如无活动性出血,不建议预防性输注血小板(2 2C C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群有有HITHIT病病史史,HITHIT抗抗体体阴阴性性,需需要要接接受受心心脏脏手手术术的的患患者者,建建议议使使用用UFHUFH,而而不不使用非肝素类抗凝剂使用非肝素类抗凝剂(1 1C C级)级)注:术前和术后抗凝治疗应使用非肝素抗凝剂注:术前和术后抗凝治疗应使用非肝素抗凝剂HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 急性急性HITHIT 急性急性HITHIT(血小板减少,
29、血小板减少,HITHIT抗体阳性),需要接受心脏手术的患者,建议采用下列抗体阳性),需要接受心脏手术的患者,建议采用下列措施(优选药物以降序排列)措施(优选药物以降序排列):推迟手术(如果可能),直到推迟手术(如果可能),直到HITHIT抗体转为阴性抗体转为阴性1 1C C级级体外循环下体外循环下CABGCABG中抗凝使用比伐卢定中抗凝使用比伐卢定1 1C C级级或无需体外循环下的或无需体外循环下的CABGCABG中抗凝使用比伐卢定中抗凝使用比伐卢定1 1C C级级HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 急性急性HITHIT使用来匹卢定术中抗凝(患者的肾功能正常)使用来匹卢定术中抗凝(患者
30、的肾功能正常)1 1C C级;级;使用使用UFHUFH加抗血小板药物,使用依前列醇(如果无加抗血小板药物,使用依前列醇(如果无ECTECT监测条件或患者肾监测条件或患者肾功能不全)功能不全)2 2C C级;级;使用使用UFHUFH加抗血小板药物,替罗非班(加抗血小板药物,替罗非班(2 2C C级);级);或术中使用达那肝素抗凝(如果可监测抗或术中使用达那肝素抗凝(如果可监测抗XaXa因子)因子)2 2C C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 亚急性亚急性HITHIT亚亚急急性性HITHIT(血血小小板板计计数数恢恢复复,HITHIT抗抗体体阳阳性性)建建议议推推迟迟手手术术(如
31、如果果可可能能)直直到到HITHIT抗抗体转为阴性,然后使用肝素体转为阴性,然后使用肝素1 1C C级级。或者建议使用非肝素类抗凝剂。或者建议使用非肝素类抗凝剂2 2C C级级急性或既往有急性或既往有HITHIT病史,需要接受心脏导管治疗或病史,需要接受心脏导管治疗或PCIPCI的患者,建议选用其他抗凝剂,的患者,建议选用其他抗凝剂,如如阿加曲班阿加曲班(1 1C C级)级),比伐卢定,比伐卢定(1 1C C级)级),来匹卢定,来匹卢定(1 1C C级)级),或达那肝素,或达那肝素(2 2C C级)级),而不使用肝素,而不使用肝素HIT的预防 减少减少HITHIT抗体形成抗体形成整形外科术后患者建议使用整形外科术后患者建议使用LMWHLMWH,而不使用而不使用UFHUFH。血栓形成患者的治疗,不建议使用牛血栓形成患者的治疗,不建议使用牛UFHUFH,可使用猪可使用猪UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH(1A1A级)级)心脏手术患者术中抗凝,建议使用猪心脏手术患者术中抗凝,建议使用猪UFHUFH,而不用牛而不用牛UFHUFH(1B1B级)级)Thanks You