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1、计算机专业英语计算机专业英语Unit9ArtificialIntelligence（AI）cognise/cognizeknaizvt.认知,认识cognitionkgnnn.认识;认识力cognitivekgntvadj.认识的；有认识力的cognizantadj.知道的;意识到的cognizancen.认识,审理,认定,认识范围cognizableadj.可感知的；易识别的cognitivismn.认知主义9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligencediagnosedainuzvt.诊断判断diagnosesn.诊断,评价diagnosableadj.可诊
2、断的diagnosis,dgnssn.诊断法/结论diagnosticadj.诊断的,特征的diagnosticsn.诊断学diagnosticallyadv.诊断上,按照诊断diagnosticiann.诊断医生,诊断专家diagnostication.n.诊断，判断9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceAIisabranchofcomputerscienceAIisabranchofcomputerscienceconcernedwiththestudyandcreatio
3、nofconcernedwiththestudyandcreationofcomputersystemsthatexhibitsomeformcomputersystemsthatexhibitsomeformofintelligence:ofintelligence:systemsthatlearnnewconceptsandtasks,systemsthatlearnnewconceptsandtasks,systemsthatcanreasonanddrawusefulsystemsthatcanreasonanddrawusefulconclusionsabouttheworldcon
4、clusionsabouttheworldaround around us,us,systemsthatcanunderstandanaturalsystemsthatcanunderstandanaturallanguageorperceiveandcomprehendalanguageorperceiveandcomprehendavisualscene,visualscene,andsystemsthatperformothertypesofandsystemsthatperformothertypesoffeatsthatrequirehumantypesoffeatsthatrequ
5、irehumantypesofintelligence.intelligence.AI是计算机科学的一个分支，它涉及研究和创建显示某种形式智能的计算机系统：学习新概念和新任务的系统、能关于我们周围的世界进行推理和得出有用结论的系统、能理解自然语言或理解和领会视觉场景的系统，以及执行需要人的各类智能的其他种类技能的系统。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceLikeotherdefinitionsofcomplextopics,anunderstandingofAIrequiresanunderstandingofrelatedtermssuchasint
6、elligence.knowledge,reasoning,thought,cognition,learning.andanumberofcomputerrelatedterms.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence像其他一些对复杂标题的定义一样，对AI的理解需要对相关术语的理解，诸如智能、知识、推理、思维、认知、学习和若干计算机相关的术语。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceWhilewelackprecisescientificdefinitionsformanyoftheseterms,wecangive
7、generaldefinitionsofthem.And,ofcourse,oneoftheobjectivesofthistextistoimpartspecialmeaningtoallofthetermsrelatedtoAI,includingtheiroperationalmeanings.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence尽管我们对于这些术语中很多术语缺少精确的科学定义，但我们能够给出它们的大体定义。当然，本课文的目标之一是对与AI相关的所有术语加入特定的意义，包括它们的操作意义。9.1 Overview of Artificial In
8、telligenceDictionariesdefineintelligenceastheabilitytoacquire,understandandapplyknowledge,ortheabilitytoexercisethoughtandreason.Ofcourse,intelligenceismorethanthis.字典把智能定义为获得、理解和应用知识的能力，或者是实行思维和推理的能力。当然，智能不只是这点。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceItembodiesalloftheknowledgeandfeats,bothconscious
9、andunconscious,whichwehaveacquiredthroughstudyandexperience:highlyrefinedsightandsoundperception;thought;imagination;theabilitytoconverse,read,write,driveacar,memorizeandrecallfacts,expressandfeelemotions;andmuchmore.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence它具体体现了有意识地和无意识地通过学习和经验获得的所有知识和技艺：高度精确的视觉和听觉感
10、知；思维；想象；交谈、读、写、驾车、记忆和回忆事实、表达和感受情感的能力，以及更多。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceIntelligenceistheintegratedsumofthosefeatswhichgivesustheabilitytorememberafacenotseenforthirtyormoreyears,ortobuildandsendrocketstothemoon.ItisthosecapabilitieswhichsetHomosapiensapartfromotherformsoflivingthings.And,a
11、sweshallseethefoodforthisintelligenceisknowledge.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence智能是这些技艺的集成之和，使我们能回忆起30年或更多年未见的面孔，或建造并发送火箭到月球的能力。是这些能力使人类区别于其他的有生命体。并且，如同我们将看到的，这个智能的食粮是知识。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceCanweeverexpecttobuildsystemswhichexhibitthesecharacteristics?Theanswertothisquesti
12、onisyes!Systemshavealreadybeendevelopedtoperformmanytypesofintelligenttasks,andexpectationsarehighforneartermdevelopmentofevenmoreimpressivesystems.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence我们会一直期望建造显示这些特征的系统吗？此问题的答案是yes!一些系统早已被开发来执行很多种类的智能任务，并且对近期开发给人印象更为深刻的系统寄予了很高的期望。9.1 Overview of Artificial Intell
13、igenceWenowhavesystemswhichcanlearnfromWenowhavesystemswhichcanlearnfromexamples,frombeingtold,frompastexamples,frombeingtold,frompastrelatedexperiences,andthroughrelatedexperiences,andthroughreasoning.Wehavesystemswhichcanreasoning.Wehavesystemswhichcansolvecomplexproblemsinmathematics,solvecomplex
14、problemsinmathematics,inschedulingmanydiversetasks,ininschedulingmanydiversetasks,infindingoptimalsystemconfigurations,infindingoptimalsystemconfigurations,inplanningcomplexstrategiesfortheplanningcomplexstrategiesforthemilitaryandforbusiness,indiagnosingmilitaryandforbusiness,indiagnosingmedicaldis
15、easesandothercomplexmedicaldiseasesandothercomplexsystems,tonameafew.systems,tonameafew.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence现在有一些系统能从例子、从被告知的、从过去相关的经验和通过推理进行学习。有一些系统能解决数学方面的、调度多种多样任务方面的、寻找最佳系统配置方面的、计划军事和商业的复杂策略方面的、诊断医学疾病方面的复杂问题，还有其他一些复杂系统，仅举几个例子。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceWe We havesy
16、stemswhichcanunderstandhavesystemswhichcanunderstandlargepartsofnaturallanguages.largepartsofnaturallanguages.We We lavelavesystemswhichcanseewellenoughtosystemswhichcanseewellenoughtorecognizeobjectsfromphotographs,recognizeobjectsfromphotographs,videocamerasandothersensors.videocamerasandothersens
17、ors.We We havehavesystems systems whichcanreasonwithwhichcanreasonwithincompleteanduncertainfacts.Clearly,incompleteanduncertainfacts.Clearly,withthesedevelopments,muchhasbeenwiththesedevelopments,muchhasbeenaccomplishedsincetheadventoftheaccomplishedsincetheadventofthedigitalcomputer.digitalcompute
18、r.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence有些系统能“理解”一些自然语言的大部分，有些系统的视觉好得足以“识别”照片上、摄像机和其他传感器拍摄的图像上的物体。有些系统能够以不完备的和不确定的事实进行推理。显然，关于这些开发，自数字计算机问世以来，很多已完成了。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceInspiteoftheseimpressiveachievements,Inspiteoftheseimpressiveachievements,westillhavenotbeenabletoproducewestil
19、lhavenotbeenabletoproducecoordinated,autonomoussystemswhichcoordinated,autonomoussystemswhichpossesssomeofthebasicabilitiesofpossesssomeofthebasicabilitiesofa a threeyearoldchild.Theseincludethethreeyearoldchild.Theseincludetheabilitytorecognizeandrememberabilitytorecognizeandremembernumerousdiverse
20、objectsinascene,tonumerousdiverseobjectsinascene,tolearnnewsoundsandassociatethemwithlearnnewsoundsandassociatethemwithobjectsandconcepts,andtoadaptreadilyobjectsandconcepts,andtoadaptreadilytomanydiversenewsituations.tomanydiversenewsituations.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence尽管有这些印象深刻的成就，我们仍
21、然不能生产具有三岁小孩有的某些基本能力的协调而自主的系统，这些包括识别和记忆一个景象中众多的各种各样的对象、学习新的声言和把它们同对象与概念相关联，以及欣然适应多种多样的新情况的能力。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceThesearethechallengesnowfacingresearchersinAI.Andtheyarenoteasyones.Theywillrequireimportantbreakthroughsbeforewecanexpecttoequaltheperformanceofourthreeyearold.9.1 Over
22、view of Artificial Intelligence这些都是AI研究人员现在面临的挑战，并且它们都不是容易解决的问题。在我们能期望比得上三岁小孩的性能之前，它们将需要一些重要的突破。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceTogaina betterunderstandingofAI,itisalsousefultoknowwhatAIisnot.AIisnotthestudyandcreationofconventionalcomputersystems.为获得对AI更好的理解，知道AI不是什么也是有用的。AI不是研究和创建常规的计算机系统。9
23、.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceEventhoughonecanarguethatallprogramsexhibitsomedegreeofintelligence,anAIprogramwillgobeyondthisindemonstratingahighlevelofintelligencetoa degreethatequalsorexceedstheintelligencerequiredofa humaninperformingsometask.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence即使有人可能争
24、辩说所有程序都显示出某种程度的智能，但AI程序将超过它，AI程序表现出的高级智能（在一定程度上）等于或超过了人在完成某个任务中所需的智能。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceAIisnotthestudyofthemind,norofthebody,noroflanguages,ascustomarilyfoundinthefieldsofpsychology,physiology,cognitivescience,orlinguistics.Tobesure,thereissomeoverlapbetweenthesefieldsandAI.Alls
25、eekabetterunderstandingofthehumansintelligenceandsensingprocesses.9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceAI不是研究头脑，不是研究肉体，也不是研究语言，如同惯常在心理学、生理学、认知科学或语言学等领域中发现的那样。诚然，在这些领域和AI间存在有某种交迭。所有人都在寻求对人的智能和感觉过程有更好的理解。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceButinAIthegoalistodevelopworkingcomputersystemsthataretru
26、lycapableofperformingtasksthatrequirehighlevelsofintelligence.Theprogramsarenotnecessarilymeanttoimitatehumansensesandthoughtprocesses.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence但是就AI而论，目标是开发一些运转的计算机系统，它们真正能执行一些需要高级智能的任务。程序未必打算模仿人的感觉和思维过程。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceIndeed,inperformingsometas
27、ksdifferently,theymayactuallyexceedhumanabilities.Theimportantpointisthatthesystemsallarecapableofperformingintelligenttaskseffectivelyandefficiently.确实，在不同地执行某些任务中它们会实际上超过人的一些能力。重要的一点是这些系统都能有效而高效率地执行智能任务。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceFinally,abetterunderstandingofAIisgainedbylookingattheco
28、mponentareasofstudythatmakeupthewhole.最后，看看组成整个AI的部分研究领域可更好地理解AI。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceTheseincludesuchtopicsasrobotics,Theseincludesuchtopicsasrobotics,memoryorganization,knowledgememoryorganization,knowledgerepresentation,storageandrecall,representation,storageandrecall,learningmo
29、dels,inferencetechniques,learningmodels,inferencetechniques,commonsensereasoning,dealingwithcommonsensereasoning,dealingwithuncertaintyinreasoninganddecisionuncertaintyinreasoninganddecisionmaking,understandingnaturallanguage,making,understandingnaturallanguage,patternrecognitionandmachinevisionpatt
30、ernrecognitionandmachinevisionmethods,searchandmatching,speechmethods,searchandmatching,speechrecognitionandsynthesis,andavarietyofrecognitionandsynthesis,andavarietyofAItools.AItools.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence这些包括诸如机器人、存储组织、知识表示、存储和恢复、学习法模型、推断技术、常识推理、在推理和决策中不确定性的处理、理解自然语言、模式识别和机器视觉方法、检
31、索和匹配、语音识别和合成，以及各种各样的AI工具。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceHowmuchsuccesshavewerealizedinAItodate?Whatarethenextbigchallenges?Theanswerstothesequestionsformalargepartofthematerialcoveredinthistext.WeshallbestudyingmanytopicswhichbeardirectlyorindirectlyonthesequestionsinthefollowingLessons.9.1
32、Overview of Artificial Intelligence迄今在AI方面我们已获得了多少成就？下一个大挑战是什么？这些问题的答案形成本课文中涉及的大部分资料。我们将在下面几章中学习直接或间接地与这些问题有关的很多论题。9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceWeonlymentionherethatAIiscomingofanagewherepracticalcommercialproductsarenowavailableincludingavarietyofroboticdevices?Visionsystemsthatrecognizes
33、hapesandobjects?Expertsystemsthatperformmany difficulttasksaswellasorbetterthantheirhumanexpertcounterparts?9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceIntelligentinstructionsystemsthathelppaceastudentslearningandmonitorthestudentsprogress,intelligenteditorsthatassistusersinbuildingspecialknowledgebases,
34、andsystemswhichcanlearntoimprovetheirperformance.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence这里我们仅提到：AI正进入这样的年代，即实用的商业产品现在已可用了，包括各种各样的机器人设备、识别形状和对象的视觉系统、执行很多困难任务的专家系统（这些系统做得与人类专家一样好或许更好）、帮助调整学生的学习，并监控学生学习进度的智能教育系统、帮助用户建造专门知识库的“智能”编辑器，以及能学习以改进其性能的一些系统。9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence名词性从句：(NounClau
35、ses）在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。标志标志：that,whether,if,asif,asthough,what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which,whicheverwhen,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence定语从句（AttributiveClauses）:在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先
36、行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as关系副词有where,when,why9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligencesystemssystemsthatthatperformothertypesoffeatsperformothertypesoffeatsthatthatrequirehumantypesofintelligence.requirehumantypesofintelligence.Itembodiesalloftheknowledgeandf
37、eats,bothconsciousandunconscious,whichwehaveacquiredthroughstudyandexperience.9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceSummary:AIisapartofcomputerscienceconcernedwiththestudyandcreationofsomeformofintelligencecomputersystems.AnunderstandingofAIrequiresanunderstandingofintelligence,knowledge,reasoning,
38、thought,cognition,learning.andsomecomputerrelatedterms.9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceAIembodiesbothconsciousandunconsciousknowledgeandfeatsmorethandefinitionindictionaries.Systemshavealreadybeendevelopedtoperformmanytypesofintelligenttasks,andthesesystemsarehighlyexpected.9.1 Overview of Ar
39、tificial IntelligenceWehavenotbeenabletoproducecoordinated,autonomoussystemswhichpossesssomeofthebasicabilitiesofa threeyearoldchild.AIisnotthestudyandcreationofconventionalcomputersystems.AIprogramswillshowa degreethatequalsorexceedstheintelligencerequiredofa humaninperformingsometask.9.1 Overview
40、of Artificial IntelligencePeopleseekabetterunderstandingofthehumansintelligenceandsensingprocesses.ThegoalofAIistodevelopworkingcomputersystemsthataretrulycapableofperformingtasksthatrequirehighlevelsofintelligence.Theyeffectivelyperformintelligenttasksmayactuallyexceedhumanabilities.9.1 Overview of Artificial IntelligenceFinally,abetterunderstandingofAIisgainedbylookingatthecomponentareasofstudythatmakeupthewhole.9.1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence