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1、信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UML信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLIntroduction to Service-Orientation信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLOutline SOA definition and its business and technology values Service-orientation vs.object-orientation Service-oriented architecture vs.distributed object architecture信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhat is SOA?Just like object
2、a generation ago,services is now the killer buzzword.However,SOA is a often misunderstood topic in IT today.“My architect thinks its service-oriented,my developers insist its object-oriented,and my analysts wish it would be more business-oriented.All I can tell you is that it isnt what it was before
3、 we started building Web services.”信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhat are Services?Services may mean different things to different people:Loosely coupled software components that interact with one another dynamically via standard Internettechnologies(Gartner).A software application identified by a URI,whose inte
4、rfaces and binding are capable of being defined,described,and discovered by XML artifacts and supports direct interactions with other software applications using XML-based messages via Internet-based protocols(W3C).信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhat are Services?A piece of business logic accessible via the Inter
5、netusing open standards(Microsoft).Encapsulated,loosely coupled,contracted software functions,offered via standard protocols over the Web(DestiCorp).Services are self-contained,reusable software modules that are independent of applications and the computing platforms on which they run.Services have
6、with well-defined interfaces and allow a 1:1 mapping between business tasks and the exact IT components needed to execute the task.(IBM)信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhat is SOA?SOA definition is still evolving.A set of components which can be invoked,and whose interface description can be published and discover
7、ed(W3C).Service-oriented architecture is a client/server design approach in which an application consists of software services and software service consumers(also known as clients or service requesters).SOA differs from the more general client/server model in its definitive emphasis on loose couplin
8、g between software components,and in its use of separately standing interfaces(Gartner).信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhat is SOA?Service-Oriented Architecture is a business-driven IT architecture approach that supports integrating your business as linked,repeatable business tasks,or services.SOA helps todays bu
9、siness innovate by ensuring that IT systems can adapt quickly,easily and economically to support rapidly changing business needs.SOA helps customers increase the flexibility of their business processes,strengthen their underlying IT infrastructure and reuse their existing IT investments by creating
10、connections among disparate applications and information sources.(IBM)A New Way of Thinking信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLA CD Player Example Take a CD for instance.If you want to play it,you put your CD into a CD player and the player plays it for you.The CD player offers a CD playing service.Which is nice becau
11、se you can replace one CD player with another.You can play the same CD on a portable player or on your expensive stereo.They both offer the same CD playing service,but the quality of service is different.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLService brokerRegistrationOrganization X Organization ZOrganization Y Component
12、LibraryServicesFoundAuto-searchableApplication 1Application 2BusinessProcessThe SOA StoryRegistrationRegistration信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhy Service-Orientation?M a r k e t i n gM a n u f a c t u r i n gA c c o u n t i nR e s e a r c h&D e v e l o p m e n tC u s t o m e r S e rS a l e sDistributed Business
13、RequiresDistributed ComputingDistributed DataDistributed ComputationDistributed users.Distributed DataDistributed ComputationDistributed users.MarketingManufacturingAccountingResearch&DevelopmentCustomer ServiceSales信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhy Service-Orientation?Interoperation issues Heterogeneous network
14、 protocols Heterogeneous hardware platforms Heterogeneous operating systems Heterogeneous application formats There must be consensus On Interoperability!There must be consensus On Interoperability!信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLChanging Market DynamicsCollaborative,integrated value netsDynamic,adaptive,learningU
15、npredictable fluctuationsShortening product lifecycleProactive risk managementIncreased focus on privacy and securityFixed CostsProprietary systemsLabor-intensiveUsers adapt to technologyVariable costsOpen,integrated systemsSelf-healing,self-managing systemsTechnology adapts to usersBusinessTechnolo
16、gyBusiness process decision-makingRigid organizational structureSlow and steady economic growthLong-term product lifecyclePassive operational risk managementStaticOn DemandWhy Service-Orientation?信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLWhy Service-Orientation?信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLBusiness DriversNew opportunitiesInnovative pr
17、oducts and services from the key differentiator to gain competitive edge.Ability to leverage technology to adopt newer business models,thus enabling more channels to earn revenue.Cost SavingsCost reduction through reduced Total Cost of Ownership adds to the bottom-line.Business AgilityWith cut-throa
18、t competition,every missed business opportunity positions an enterprise below its competitors.The ability of an enterprise to quickly respond to various business stimuli will be key to survival.Faster time to market increases customer satisfaction and also customer loyalty.This results in increased
19、business and higher revenues.Ability to provide on demand service,in real-time 24/7.Seamless collaboration with partners and customers helps to improve service quality and time to market.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLSOA Business Values to IT Management Make interoperability an innate characteristic of IT applic
20、ations.Offer an easy way to speed time-to-market Respond quickly to changing business conditions Eliminate rework and maximize the value of existing assets.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLTechnology DriversOpenness Dependency on external technology and platform vendors is a risk to an organization on which it has
21、little control.However,adopting open standards mitigates this risk.Cost Saving Reduction in maintenance cost Increased reuse of investment in IT leads in to increased productivity resulting in increased ROI.Agility Loose coupling increased application agility and reduces time tomarket for a new appl
22、ication.Seamless scalability at minimal cost to cater to seasonal increase in load.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLTechnology Drivers Software architecture design principles Abstraction Separation of concerns Anticipation of changes Design with reuse信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLRelated ConceptsSOAObjectOrientedCBSDWeb Applica
23、tionDistributedComputingBPMEnterpriseIntegrationCBSD:Component-Based Software DevelopmentBPM:Business Process Management信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLProgramParadigmDistributedComputing195019601970198019902000AssemblerCOBOLSIMULAPascalModular2SmalltalkPROLOGAdaC+JavaC#VT3270VT100Client/ServerRPCStored ProcedureT
24、CP/IPCORBAEAIWWWMQEJBNFSWSDLSOAPSOASOA Evolution信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLSOA Characteristics Based on open standards Foster inherent reusability Foster intrinsic interoperability Emphasizes extensibility Fundamentally autonomous Promotes dynamic discovery Promotes architectural composability Promotes loose
25、coupling throughout the enterprise Supports incremental implementation信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLSOA Potential BenefitsImproved Integration,intrinsic interoperabilityInherent reuseStreamlined architectures and solutionsLeveraging the legacy investmentEstablishing standardized XML data representationFocused in
26、vestment on communications infrastructureBest-of-breed alternativesOrganizational agility信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLSOA Principles The business drives the services,and the services drive the technology.Business agility is a fundamental business requirement.A successful SOA is always in flux.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLW
27、3COASISWS-IEstablished19941993 as SGML Open,1994 as OASIS2002Approximate membership400600200SOA goalTo further the evolution of the Web,by providing fundamental standards that improve online business and information sharing.To promote online trade and commerce via specialized Web services standards.
28、To foster standardized interoperability using Web services standards.SOA deliverablesXML,XML Schema,XQuery,XML Encryption,XML Signature,XPath,XSLT,WSDL,SOAP,WS-CDL,WS-Addressing,Web Services ArchitectureUDDI,ebXML,SAML,XACML,WS-BPEL,WS-Security Basic Profile,Basic Security ProfileSOA Standards Organ
29、izations信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLService Orientation vs.Object Orientation信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLConceptual Relationship Several principles of service-orientation are related to and derived from object-orientation principles.abstraction-decomposition Encapsulation-Reusability Interface first-Loose coupling Compos
30、ition-Autonomy Statelessness-Discoverability Some object-orientation principles,such as inheritance,do not fit into the service-orientation world.Some service-orientation principles,such as loose coupling and autonomy,are not directly promoted by object-orientation.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLConceptual Differ
31、encesLoose coupling betweenunits of processing logic.Based on predefined class dependencies,resulting in more tightly bound objects.Coarse-grained interfaces(service description)Message-based communicationFine-grained interfaces(APIs),Communication based on RPC or local API calls.Large unit of proce
32、ssing logic(service),May vary significantly in scope.Unit of logic(object)tend to be smaller and More specific in scope.Promotes the creation of activity-agnostic units of processing logic(services)that are driven into action by intelligent units of communication(message).Encourages the binding of p
33、rocessing logic with data,resulting in highly intelligent units(object).Prefers that units of processing logic(services)be designed to remain as stateless as possible.Promotes binding of data and logic,resultingIn the creation of more stateful units(objects).Service-OrientationObject-Orientation信息系统
34、建模与信息系统建模与UMLThe Paradigm ShiftSimulaSmalltalkObjective C C+JavaProgrammingLanguageXMLUDDI ebXMLWSDLSOAPOWLStandardSpecificationUMLModelingBPELWSFLXLANGModelingOOADOO FrameworkOODBOO Process modelTechnology&MethodologyMDASO FrameworkOntology/Service DBSO lifecycle processTechnology&MethodologyObject
35、-OrientedConcept&ArchitectureService-OrientedConcept&Architecture信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLService Oriented Architecture vs.Distributed Object Architecture信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLConceptual Relationship SOA is a radical departure from client-server architecture.Current SOAs still employ some of the technologies ori
36、ginally used to build client-server applications.Though more sophisticated,SOAsintroduce complexity that sharply contrasts the simplicity of a two-tier client-server architecture.Distributed Internet architecture has much in common with SOA,including a significant amount of its technology.However,SO
37、A has distinct characteristics relating to both technology and its underlying design principles.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLDistributed System ArchitectureClientServerData ManagementApplication ProcessingPresentationClientServerData ManagementPresentationApplication ProcessingTwo Tier with Thin ClientTwo Tier
38、with Fat ClientServerApplication ProcessingServerDataManagementClientPresentationThree Tier信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLMulti-Tier System Architecture RPC-based Client and middleware server is tightly coupled Remote Object based Remote objects communicates through standard interface languages Object models:OMG
39、CORBA,SUN Java RMI,MS DCOM Web based Browser+“Dynamic content generation”Enabling techniques:CGI,Java Servlet/JSP,MS ASP信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLDistributed Object Computing Coupled with a powerful communications infrastructure,distributed objects divide monolithic client/server applications into self-manag
40、ing components,or objects,that can interoperate across disparate networks and operating systems.SUN J2EE JavaTM2 Platform,Enterprise Edition MS DCOM Distributed Component Object Model OMG CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLMiddlewareIn a distributed computing system,midd
41、leware is defined as the software layer that lies between the operating system and the applications on each site of the system.It serves to glue together or mediate between separate components.Objectives Hiding distribution Hiding the heterogeneity Providing uniform,standard,high-level interfaces Su
42、pplying a set of common servicesExamples Transaction processing monitors Data converters Communication controllers信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLMiddleware Design Challenges Performance Scalability Complexity of administration Mobility and dynamic reconfiguration Global information network to manage large applica
43、tions that are heterogeneous,widely distributed and in permanent evolution信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLCORBA A bit of history OMG Standard,“to allow applications to communicate with one another no matter where they are located or who has designed them”1991,CORBA 1.1,IDL&API within an ORB 1994,CORBA interoperabi
44、lity&IIOP(Internet Inter-ORB Protocol)2002,CORBA Component Model信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLCORBA ObjectivesDistributed object computing middleware that shields applications from heterogeneous platform dependencies.To simplify development of distributed applications by automating/encapsulating Object location
45、Connection&memory mgmt.Parameter(de)marshaling Event&request demultiplexing Error handling&fault tolerance Object/server activation Concurrency SecurityCORBA defines interfaces,not implementations信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLCORBA Application StructureObject Request Broker:enables objects to transparently make
46、and receive requests and responses in a distributed environment.The core of the reference model,“telephone exchange”Object Services:a collection of services(interfaces and objects)that support basic functions for using and implementing objects.e.g.Naming,Trading,and Life Cycle Service Common Facilit
47、ies:a collection of services that many applications may share,but which are not as fundamental as the Object Servicese.g.e-mail facility Application Objects:products of a single vendor on in-house development group that controls their interfaces.信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLObject Request BrokerApplicationObjec
48、tsDomainFacilitiesHorizontal CORBAFacilitiesDomain FacilitiesCORBA Application Structure信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLInterface RepositoryImplementation RepositoryIDLCompilerClientClientObjectObjectDynamicInvocationIDLStubORBInterfaceIDLSkeletonDynamicSkeletonObjectAdapterORB CoreGIOP/IIOP/ESIOPSCORBA Middleware
49、 Architecture信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLObject Request Broker(ORB)A logical set of services Locates the remote object,communicates the request,waits for the results and when available communicates the results back to the client Location transparency Programming language independent:interface translation and l
50、anguage bindingClientObjectObject Request Broker(ORB)信息系统建模与信息系统建模与UMLInterface Definition Language(IDL)Language neutral,Language mapping Modularized object interface Operations and attributes that an object supports Exceptions raised by an operation Data types of an operation return value,its param