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1、第一章第一章 写作基本功写作基本功遣词造句遣词造句Page 2第一节遣词造句的基本原则第一节遣词造句的基本原则n选词选词1.选用朴素、易懂的词选用朴素、易懂的词 不少学生往往有种错觉：以为使用华丽的辞藻可以体现作者的水平。其实不少学生往往有种错觉：以为使用华丽的辞藻可以体现作者的水平。其实不然，这样的作文反而显得不伦不类，效果适得其反。高级词汇常常内容抽象，不然，这样的作文反而显得不伦不类，效果适得其反。高级词汇常常内容抽象，意义晦涩，不如普通词汇直截了当，容易理解。就大学生的英语作文水平而言，意义晦涩，不如普通词汇直截了当，容易理解。就大学生的英语作文水平而言，应该尽量选用小词，常用词和习语
2、，把文章写得通俗易懂，亲切朴实。在下面应该尽量选用小词，常用词和习语，把文章写得通俗易懂，亲切朴实。在下面的两组词中，在可能的情况下，应选用（的两组词中，在可能的情况下，应选用（A）组词，而避免使用（）组词，而避免使用（B）组词：）组词：（A）组）组 （B）组）组 finish accomplish do perform form constitute enough sufficient choice alternative look into investigate on time punctual proper appropriate buy purchasePage 3 上面（上面（A）
3、组的词适合通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。（）组的词适合通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。（B）组的词）组的词适合口气庄重的文章。我们来对不下面几组句子和段落：适合口气庄重的文章。我们来对不下面几组句子和段落：A：After working laboriously for three hours,they felt exhausted.B；After working hard for three hours,they felt tired.A：John possessed sufficient equipment for a small laboratory.B：John had enough eq
4、uipment for a small laboratory.Page 4 A：It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of the books,and to bear in mind the need of other students.Penalties f
5、or overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.B：The number of books in the library has been going down.Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing,and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience.So from now on,were going to enforce the rules strictly.Youve got to pay f
6、ines for overdue books.You have been warmed.在上面表达中，在上面表达中，A组口气庄重，句子结构严谨，抽象名词和大词较多，组口气庄重，句子结构严谨，抽象名词和大词较多，适合正式文体如法律文书、政府报告、商业书信、历史哲学及各们学适合正式文体如法律文书、政府报告、商业书信、历史哲学及各们学科，也包括风格严谨的散文、小说等。科，也包括风格严谨的散文、小说等。B组文字浅显，结构简单，通组文字浅显，结构简单，通俗易懂，适合于通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。一般情况下，不要俗易懂，适合于通俗的描写、议论、记叙和说明。一般情况下，不要把文章写得不伦不类，就学生英文水
7、平来说，应该选择把文章写得不伦不类，就学生英文水平来说，应该选择B组写法。组写法。Page 52.选用词义确切的词选用词义确切的词确切的词是针对词的外延和词的内涵而言的。词的外延式词的直接意义，确切的词是针对词的外延和词的内涵而言的。词的外延式词的直接意义，词的内涵是词的联想意义。如词的内涵是词的联想意义。如statesman，politician的外延相同，但内的外延相同，但内涵不同，涵不同，statesman是褒义词是褒义词“政治家政治家”，politician是贬义词是贬义词“政客政客”。又。又如如refuse表示直截了当的拒绝，而表示直截了当的拒绝，而decline表示委婉、含蓄的拒绝
8、。外表示委婉、含蓄的拒绝。外延相同而内涵不同的词在英语中数量很多，它们的细微差别表现在以下延相同而内涵不同的词在英语中数量很多，它们的细微差别表现在以下几个方面：几个方面：（1）意义上的细微差别意义上的细微差别 escape 一般意义上的逃跑，逃避一般意义上的逃跑，逃避 flee 在紧急情况下仓皇逃脱在紧急情况下仓皇逃脱 characteristic 指容易辨认的具体指容易辨认的具体“个性、特性、特征个性、特性、特征”character 指区别于其他人、物、地方的整体指区别于其他人、物、地方的整体“性质、特性、特色性质、特性、特色”feature 多指显著的引人注意的外部多指显著的引人注意的外
9、部“细节特征、特色细节特征、特色”Page 6（2）文体不同）文体不同 can not属于非正式表达属于非正式表达 cant是口语体是口语体 cannot属于正式书属于正式书面体面体 dismiss属于正式文体属于正式文体 fire属于非正式文体属于非正式文体（3）程度强弱不同）程度强弱不同 deal with 处理一般的事物处理一般的事物 cope with 处理棘手的事物处理棘手的事物 accident 一般事故一般事故 disaster 灾难、不幸灾难、不幸 catastrophe 异异常的大灾祸常的大灾祸（4）抽象与具体）抽象与具体 walk stroll，rush，run，strid
10、e，tiptoe，.good kind，generous，friendly，skillful，.eat chew，swallow，taste，.Page 7 n以上每行第一个词属于抽象、笼统的词，它们有以上每行第一个词属于抽象、笼统的词，它们有着较强的概括力，但是给人以空泛的感觉，而后着较强的概括力，但是给人以空泛的感觉，而后面具体的词富于表达力，给人以确切的概念。一面具体的词富于表达力，给人以确切的概念。一般来说，抽象笼统的词常放在文章的开头、结尾，般来说，抽象笼统的词常放在文章的开头、结尾，以及段落的主题句中，而具体有个性的词往往用以及段落的主题句中，而具体有个性的词往往用于对细节的刻画和
11、对事物的描写。于对细节的刻画和对事物的描写。n学生在学习写作中常犯的一个毛病就是随意用学生在学习写作中常犯的一个毛病就是随意用一个笼统的词来描写一个具体事物，这样容易给一个笼统的词来描写一个具体事物，这样容易给读者造成模糊不清的感觉。读者造成模糊不清的感觉。Page 8（5）形似意近与形似意异的词形似意近与形似意异的词 affect，effect Smoking affects health.Some films have a misleading effect on him.alternate，alternative He came on a alternate day.There are
12、alternative ways of expressing the same idea.做形容词时，做形容词时，alternate days 相当于相当于every other day每每隔一天；隔一天；alternative ways指指that can be chosen。Page 9 amount，number We need a sufficient amount of flour.He must often memorize large amounts of material.We have lived here quite number of years.amount修饰不可数名
13、词，修饰不可数名词，number修饰可数名词。修饰可数名词。continual，continuous The child continually disturbed the class.The brain needs a continuous supply.continual表示动作过程中有间断，尤指令人不满的行为。表示动作过程中有间断，尤指令人不满的行为。continuous表示一直没有间断。表示一直没有间断。Page 10 differ from，differ with Wisdom differs from cunning.I differ with you in this matter
14、.differ from 后加物，后加物，differ with 后接人。后接人。economical，economic He was honest,and painful,and industrious and economical.We bought a small car for economic reasons.economical 表示表示“节约、节省节约、节省”，economic指指“经济经济上的上的”。Page 11 industrial，industrious Italy is becoming an industrial nation.I know that he is an
15、 industrious man.industrial意为意为“工业的工业的”，industrious意为意为“勤劳的勤劳的”。practical，practicable He was weak and backward in practical matters.The paper seems to have no practical importance.Is it practicable to grow crops in desert、practical指指“现实的，讲求实际的，实用的现实的，讲求实际的，实用的”，practicable指指“可行的，行得通的可行的，行得通的”。Page 1
16、2 principle，principal You dont follow your own principles.He studied the principles of psychology.Drinking is a principal cause of highway deaths.principle意为意为“原理，原则原理，原则”，principal意为意为“主要的主要的”，做名词，做名词时，表示时，表示“校长校长”。precede，proceed The days that preceded will filled with activity.After drinking a cu
17、p of tea,mother proceeded to cook the dinner.precede：vi.或或vt.相当于相当于go before，表示，表示“在之前，在在之前，在前面前面”，proceed相当于相当于“move forward”，意为，意为“接着（做某事），继续接着（做某事），继续进行进行”。Page 13repeatable，respectful，respectiveMy parents are respectable people.I wish you would be more respectful to your father.Its time you and
18、I came to an understanding about our respective duties.respectable意思是意思是“受人尊敬的，正派的，正当的受人尊敬的，正派的，正当的”，respectful意思是意思是“尊敬，恭敬尊敬，恭敬”，而，而respective意思是意思是“各自的各自的”。Page 143.英文习惯用语英文习惯用语所谓习惯用语是指那些不可逐词理解，而必须从整体上来所谓习惯用语是指那些不可逐词理解，而必须从整体上来解释其意的表达方式。习惯用语是一种语言所特有的。在解释其意的表达方式。习惯用语是一种语言所特有的。在英语中，例如：英语中，例如：derive
19、from，appeal to，pass away，be fed up withbe bound to do，be absent from英语中，不少动词有其相应的英语中，不少动词有其相应的“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词”结构，例结构，例如：如：study make a study oflook take a look atsight catch sight oftry(to do)make an effort to Page 154.选词力求变化选词力求变化文章中重复文章中重复使使用同一词语，是学生写作中的一个通病。这用同一词语，是学生写作中的一个通病。这样写出的文章枯燥乏味。其实，英语中同义
20、词极其丰富，样写出的文章枯燥乏味。其实，英语中同义词极其丰富，准确实用同义词可以给读者以清新的感觉，从而增强了文准确实用同义词可以给读者以清新的感觉，从而增强了文章的可读性。试比较下面两个句子：章的可读性。试比较下面两个句子：A：Lenin knew German very well.He also knew French and English well.B：Lenin knew German very well.He also had a good knowledge of French and English.当然，寻求词汇的变化不应当损害文章的简洁和影响信息当然，寻求词汇的变化不应当损
21、害文章的简洁和影响信息传递的准确性，而是以此为前提，力求使文章产生更好的传递的准确性，而是以此为前提，力求使文章产生更好的效果。效果。Page 16n造句造句造句要遵循以下几条原则：造句要遵循以下几条原则：1.简洁简洁所谓简洁就是精炼，或者说是言简意赅。简洁要求我们把很复杂的一样所谓简洁就是精炼，或者说是言简意赅。简洁要求我们把很复杂的一样东西，一件事情或者一个过程，经过提炼，用简短的文字概括出来。试东西，一件事情或者一个过程，经过提炼，用简短的文字概括出来。试比较下列几组句子：比较下列几组句子：A：The process was performed in two steps.The firs
22、t of these consisted of drying the sample,and the second consisted of weighing it.B：The process was performed in two steps:Drying the sample and weighing it.A：During the three years when I was studying at college,I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists.B：During the three yea
23、rs at college,I witnessed many persecutions of black students by white racists.Page 172.多样化多样化单一的句式读起来给人以单调的感觉，而句子变化多样则可以给文章单一的句式读起来给人以单调的感觉，而句子变化多样则可以给文章增色，从而有助于把握住读者的兴趣。句子多样化包括结构的变化和增色，从而有助于把握住读者的兴趣。句子多样化包括结构的变化和长度的变化两种。长度的变化两种。（1）结构的变化）结构的变化句子结构单一主要表现为：句子结构单一主要表现为：1）用主语开头，）用主语开头，2）用相同的词、词组开）用相同的词
24、、词组开头，头，3）使用相同的句型，特别是）使用相同的句型，特别是“主谓主谓”结构。结构。例如下面这段话就是例如下面这段话就是用单一的句子结构写成的。用单一的句子结构写成的。Mr.Black is a good farmer.He understands the science of farming.He knows the various kinds of soil.He can tell which kinds of soil are suitable for different corps.He also knows that he must help his soil,and feed
25、 his plants.He also reaps heavy and good corps.I am going to learn the modern methods or cultivation from him someday.Page 18通过适当添加连接词、修饰语，把一些简单句变成介词结构或并列句、通过适当添加连接词、修饰语，把一些简单句变成介词结构或并列句、复合句的办法，上面的文章可以改写为：复合句的办法，上面的文章可以改写为：A good farmer,Mr.Black understands the science of farming.With a knowledge of
26、 the various kinds of soil,he can tell which kinds of soil are most suitable for different crops.He also knows that he must help his soil and feed his plant.As a result,he always get heavy and good crops.Someday,I am going to learn the modern methods of cultivation from him.需要注意的是需要注意的是，寻求句子结构的多样化并不
27、意味着句子结构的复杂化。，寻求句子结构的多样化并不意味着句子结构的复杂化。一般来说，句子结构还是越简单越好。句子结构简单和句子结构单一一般来说，句子结构还是越简单越好。句子结构简单和句子结构单一并不是一回事。并不是一回事。Page 19（2）长度的变化长度的变化 一片好的文章不仅要有多变的句子结构，还应该有多变的句子长度。一片好的文章不仅要有多变的句子结构，还应该有多变的句子长度。试分析下面的文字，注意作者是如何通过句子的结构和长度的变化，使试分析下面的文字，注意作者是如何通过句子的结构和长度的变化，使文章具有较强的可读性：文章具有较强的可读性：The new century is upon
28、us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today,however,China is as young as any nation on earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China,proud of your ancient greatness,proud of what you are doing,proud
29、er still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture,the freshness of its thinking,the elevation of its human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.Page 20第二节第二节 如何写出生
30、动的句子如何写出生动的句子 生动的句子一定是表达多样化的句子，这里就如何写出多样化的句子生动的句子一定是表达多样化的句子，这里就如何写出多样化的句子列举主要表达如下：列举主要表达如下：1.以数词和表示数量的词开始的句子以数词和表示数量的词开始的句子1.Many other job opportunities are available for college students.2.Several factors should be taken into account when a company hires an employee.3.Over nine-tenths of Chinas i
31、nhabitants belong to the Han nationality.4.Few politicians realize the importance of solar energy.Page 21二、二、there be及类似的结构及类似的结构1.There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans.2.There has been more Americans killed in road accidents than in all the wars since 1900.3.In a small town in G
32、ermany,there once lived a rich merchant who had a beautiful daughter.Page 22三、以介词和介词短语开始的句子三、以介词和介词短语开始的句子1.With the rapid development of our society,every individual is confronted with more and more fierce competition.2.Apart from that,it is still important for a mother to be kind.3.Concerning the
33、point raised by the last speaker,I can add nothing to what I have already said.4.In conclusion(or in short),we have to pay great attention to this problem.Page 23四、从句四、从句1.Although many people have realized the lack of energy,therere still lots of cases of wasting them.2.While it can do lots of thin
34、gs for man,a computer cant work without mans help.3.When it comes to using a computer,I fell just like a babe in the woods.五、强调句式五、强调句式1.It is increasingly acknowledge that foreign schools can provide their students with practical sills,which makes them more competitive in the job market.2.It is bec
35、ause he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.3.It is not so much the cold as the rain which make s the climate unpleasant.Page 24六、以副词或短语开头的句子六、以副词或短语开头的句子1.Most importantly,there is going to be a massive increase in the number of retired people.2.To sum up,it is better for one to say no in
36、 some particular situations.3.Therefore,we mustnt give up half way.4.Usually we dont go out in such weather.七、反问句或设问句七、反问句或设问句1.Who cares about the poverty-stricken students?2.Should we read selectively or extensively?Different people may respond to it in different ways.Page 25八、非谓语动词的使用八、非谓语动词的使用1.
37、Having being completely destroyed,the city will take at least five years to clean up and rebuild.2.To do his best,he could not fulfill his task in time.（不定式短（不定式短语作让步状语）语作让步状语）3.All things considered,it is rather rational for us to reach such a conclusion.4.When making a decision to completely give
38、up smoking,one should have sufficient determination.5.With all the children being at home during the holidays,she has a great deal of work to do.Page 26九、插入语九、插入语1.Solving problems in the dorm will,in the long run,help students understand how to communicate with others.2.Students who have part-time
39、jobs can relieve,to some extent,the economic burden of their parents.十、倒装十、倒装1.Only yesterday did I realize what was going on.2.Under no circumstances can we accept cheques.3.On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.4.Hardly did I think it possible.5.Had I known what was going to happen,I wou
40、ld never have left her alone.6.She traveled a great deal,as did most of her friends.Page 27十一、平行结构十一、平行结构1.The products are advanced in technology,novel in structural design,superior in steel quality,fine in workmanship and strict in quality control.2.To read,to understand,to listen and to writethes
41、e four functions of the mind are different from each other.十二、十二、被动句被动句1.Every effort was made to make me understood.2.It is known to all that there is a clear link between smoking and some kinds of serious diseases.十三、十三、It用作形式主语用作形式主语1.It goes without saying that there must be some inconvenience b
42、rought about by raising pets.2.It is not easy to get him to change his mind.Page 28十四、虚拟语气十四、虚拟语气1.If I knew English,I should be able to read these English books.2.If you had come here yesterday,you would have seen him.3.Had she been given some information,she could answered the questions.4.He might
43、 live quite comfortably were it not for such troubles.5.But for you,I should lost my way.6.Life could not have occurred without water,air,and the element carbon.Page 29第三节第三节 英文写作常见错误分析英文写作常见错误分析n主谓不一致主谓不一致误：误：But there is always some problems and difficulties on our way to success.正：正：But there are
44、 always some problems and difficulties on our way to success.病句分析病句分析：在：在there be结构中，结构中，be的单复数形式应与其后的单复数形式应与其后的名词的单复数保持一致。的名词的单复数保持一致。Page 30误误：Making on-line friends are very popular among young people today.正：正：Making on-line friends is very popular among young people today.病句分析病句分析：非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词
45、用单数。非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用单数。误：误：The manager,not the employees,were to be punished for the accident.正：正：The manager,not the employees,was to be punished for the accident.病句分析：病句分析：主语和谓语之间插入了由主语和谓语之间插入了由with，as well as，except，along with，in addition to，not等引导的名词词组，谓语动词应与等引导的名词词组，谓语动词应与主语保持一致。主语保持一致。Page 31n逐词
46、翻译逐词翻译误：误：In modern society,we cant leave knowledge just like fish cant leave water.正：正：In modern society,knowledge is to us what water is to the fish.或或 In modern society,knowledge is as important to us as water is to the fish.病句分析：病句分析：本句的错误显然是句型的使用错误，应使用的句型是本句的错误显然是句型的使用错误，应使用的句型是“A is to B what
47、C is to D”或或“as.as”这一结构。这一结构。误：误：Work and play are same important.正：正：Work and play are equally important.病句分析：病句分析：same是形容词，不能修饰是形容词，不能修饰important。正确表达法应用副词。正确表达法应用副词equally或或as.as结构。结构。Page 32n误用词语误用词语1.It is very harmful to our eyes if we sit before computers for too much times.2.You can get all
48、kinds of informations on Internet.3.People can communication with one another by sending and receiving e-mails.4.There are a lot of unhealthy things on Internet,for example,crimes,violences,and pornographic pictures.Page 33n时态和语态错误时态和语态错误1.You will surprise at what you see.2.Since the beginning of t
49、his century,the development of science brought great changes to our life.3.People wish that they can control AIDS now.n句中出现多个谓语或无完整谓语句中出现多个谓语或无完整谓语1.We can also shopping and playing games on Internet.2.Students spend too much time on television,ignore their studies.3.A long time use computers very b
50、ad to your eyes.4.There are some people think that learning English is unnecessary.Page 34n断句错误断句错误1.I like sports,they can improve my health.2.It was raining hard,we decided to stay at home.n并列成分不一致并列成分不一致1.Internet can help us do a lot of things,such as searching information,business,and education