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1、change of word meaningLecturer:Duan BeiHomeworkPlease finish the exercises on page217-224 and page230-233.From page217-224Exercise one1.缩小缩小 2.缩小缩小 3.扩大扩大 4.缩小缩小5.扩大扩大 6.缩小缩小 7.扩大扩大 8.扩大扩大9.扩大扩大 10.缩小缩小 11.缩小缩小 12.扩大扩大13.缩小缩小 14.扩大扩大 15.缩小缩小 16.缩小缩小17.扩大扩大 18.扩大扩大 19.缩小缩小 20.扩大扩大Exercise two1.fellow
2、2.any tree3.inexperienced person,beginner4.passage between rows of seats5.small closet with shelves6.unhappy person7.make servant in a household8.to come to any place9.to move or travel10.to waste a liquidExercise three1.meat of calf2.deprive by death3.domestic bovine animal4.to walk through water5.
3、lower edges of a roof6.one who travels by vehicle or vessel7.automobile or railroad coach8.soul of a dead man as manifested to the living9.worm10.sea shore11.harmful drink or drug12.malady13.swiftness14.muscular tissue not viewed as comestible15.backless seat16.conduit or chute for water17.one who i
4、s in charge of a prison18.sound of a tolling bell19.small shears 20.one who hoards wealth and live miserablyExercise four1.professorship2.difficult experiences3.froe part;forward position4.enjoyment,relish5.ability to be amused6.false and derogatory statement7.risk,peril,danger8.gaiety,joy9.farce,bo
5、ard comedy10.drive to gain fame,power,etc.11.any place of great beauty and or happiness12.to tolerate13.to move around14.to be thrown suddenly downward15.to get rid of16.to make fun of unkindly17.to make an attempt18.to have a tendency19.now going on 20.not morally rightExercise five1.something cons
6、tructed2.any small,round object3.mechanical apparatus4.generally accepted practices5.arboreal mammal6.people watching a performances7.color and texture of the facial skin8.hired helper9.quick acting,agile20.clumsy,unculturedExercise six1.public assembly2.growing truck of a tree3.actor in a play4.par
7、tner5.position6.site7.thing that stand around8.stage of theater9.state of being busy10.to move,to carryExercise seven1.something dislike2.troublesome person3.good idea4.person who looks shocking5.something that save6.person who is an example of what not to do7.things that have grown8.person who caus
8、es loss of hope9.thing that deceive20.something very badExercise eight1.s 2.l 3.j 4.e 5.p6.k 7.q 8.i 9.t 10.c11.r 12.a 13.b 14.f 15.o16.d 17.g 18.n 19.m 20.hExercise nine1.Rudolf Diesel (历史历史)2.Hercules (神话神话)3.Benedick (文学文学)4.Plato (历史历史)5.Mary Magdalene (圣经圣经)6.Epicurus (历史历史)7.John Duns Scotus(历
9、史历史)8.Atlas (神话神话)9.Hector(文学文学)10.A.J.Sax(历史历史)11.Sphinx (神话神话)12.Dr.Guillotin(历史历史)13.Cicero(历史历史)14.Titan（神话）（神话）15.W.Lynch（历史）（历史）16.Tartuffe（文学）（文学）17.Babbitt（文学）（文学）18.Elbridge Gerry（历史）（历史）19.Colonel Negus（历史）（历史）20.Vulcan（神话）（神话）21.Mercer（历史）（历史）22.Lord Raglan(历史历史)23.Pan(神话神话)24.Saturn(神话神话
10、)25.Count Zeppelin(历史历史)26.Rev.Spooner(历史历史)17.Odysseus(文学文学)28.Simon Magnus(圣经圣经)29.Kliegl Brothers(历史历史)30.Proteus(神话神话)31.Mausolus（历史）（历史）32.Luigi Galvani（历史）（历史）33.Pollyanna(文学文学)34.J.L.McAdam(历史历史)35.Nemesis(神话神话)36.Euhemerus(历史历史)37.Louis Pasteur (历史历史)38.Mrs.Malaprop(文学文学)39.Procrusters(神话神话)
11、40.Lothario(文学文学)Exercise ten 1.Martinet:This word comes from the name of Jean Martinet,a French general who built up the first regular army in Europe during the rein of Louis XIV.2.braille:As a blind man,Lous Braille developed a system of printing and writing for the blind.3.bobby:This is from the
12、pet form of the name Robert Peel who make captain reforms in London Police system.4.silhouette:Etienne De Silhouette,French minister of finance,attempted to reduce French finance to its simplest from.The portraits were also the simplest from of art.5.pantaloon:an old fashioned name for trousers,deri
13、ves from Italian Pantalone,the name if a silly Venetian of early Italian comedy who wear such close fitting nether coverings.6.pompadour:a way of doing womens hair.It is named after its inventor Marquise De Pompadour.7.derrick:In the early 17 century there was a famous London Hangman by the name Der
14、rick which was soon applied to the gallows he used.Our modern hoisting apparatus was named so because of its likeness t the gallows.8.nicotine:Jean Nicot is the man who brought the seeds of the plant from America to France.In this way he introduce tobacco in to France.9.fahrenheit:In the early 18th
15、century,Gabriel D.Fahrenheit invented the scale that is widely used today and bears his name.10.tantalus:The word goes back to the God Tantalus in ancient mythology.Because he revealed his father,the Zeus secret,he received punishment.He was plugged up to his chin in water and the finest fruit dange
16、d from a tree over his head,but both were withdrawn from him whenever he tries to drink the water to taste the fruit.Hence the present meaning of the word is spirit-stand in which decanters are locked but visible.Exercise eleven1.Canaruy Islands (地名)2.Goth（民族名）3.Gypsy（民族名）4.Celluloid（商标名）5.Turkey （国
17、家名）6.Sardinia（地名）7.Hoochinoo（部落名）8.Bayonne（地名）9.Worstead （地名）10.Philistines（民族名）11.Orlon（商标名）12.Damascus（地名）13.Jerez （地名）14.Croatia（国家名）15.Soloi（地名）16.Lombard（民族名）17.Hoover（商标名）18.Baghdad（地名）19.Canterbury（地名）20.Arab（民族名）21.Babylon(地名)22.Sweden（国家名）23.（serge）de Nimes（地名）24.Laconia（地名）25.Chemical Mace
18、（商标名）26.Welsh （民族名）27.Majorca（地名）28.Spain（国家名）29.Gascons（民族名）30.Granola（商标名）Exercise twelve1.panama:hat of fine straw-like material made from leaves of the screw-pine.2.cologne:scented liquid made of alcohol and various fragrant oils3.ascot:scarf or necktie knotted so that its broad ends are laid fl
19、at upon each other.4.limousine:luxurious automobile usually driven by a chauffeur.5.Frankfurt:smoked sausage of beef and pork in long,reddish links.6.Java:brewed coffee.7.tuxedo:mans usually dark jacket with satin lapels worn for formal or semiformal occasions.8.bikini:very brief two-piece bathing s
20、uit worn by women.9.shantung:heavy fabric mage of spun wild silk,with a rough,nubby surface.10.vaudeville:stage show consisting of mixed specialty acts,including songs,dances.Comic skits,acrobatic performances,etc.From page 230-233Exercise one1.褒义化 2.贬义化 3.贬义化 4.褒义化 5.褒义化 6.褒义化 7.贬义化 8.褒义化 9.贬义化 10.
21、贬义化 11.褒义化 12.贬义化 13.褒义化 14.贬义化 15.贬义化 16.贬义化 17.褒义化 18.褒义化 19.贬义化 20褒义化 Exercise two1.Lay,unlearnedobscure2.of the common people low,debased3.belong exclusively toqueer4.not pertinent,unrelatedpresumptuous5.quick,activereckless,impetuous6.not allowedunlawful7.serviceable intrusive,meddlesome8.Conve
22、ying a suggestionsuggesting something indecent9.not wellmentally deranged,absurd10.undisciplined sexually loose.maliciously cruel11.fair,beautifulplausible but ungenuine12.widely knownwidely and unfavorably known13.devout,religioushypocritically virtuous14.worthlessbadly behaved,wicked15.carelessreg
23、ardless of consequences16.foreignbizarre,uncouth17.neat,trimhighly self-satisfied18.very longtediously verbose19.reduced in rankdisgraced,debased20.large,stately-pompousExercise three1.loaf-keeperruler;master2.loaf-kneaker woman of superior social position3.leader sovereign prince ruling ducky4.free
24、mantitle of a British nobleman of high rank5.door-keeperstate or law official of high rank6.bedchamber attendant of a rulerofficer managing household of sovereign7.stall attendanthighest ranking official of royal household8.hall-keeperpaid manager of great house or estate.9.old servantsteward in the
25、 household of a medieval noble10.bottle bearerprinciple manservant11.greaterhead of municipal corporation of city or borough12.old manco-opted member of English county or borough13.shield bearerchief landed proprietor in a district14.horsemanknight15.shepherdminister in charge of a churchChange of w
26、ord meaningExpansion of words meaning(词义扩大）词义扩大）Narrowing of word meaning（词义缩小）（词义缩小）Elevation of word meaning（词义升格）（词义升格）Degradation of word meaning（词义降格）（词义降格）Semantic shift（词义转移）（词义转移）Elevation of word meaningIt is the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
27、Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble,but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant.词词义义的的升升华华指指词词由由贬贬义义或或中中性性转转变变为为褒褒义义。即即，有有些些词词在在历历史史上上表表示示“卑卑微微、下下贱贱”之之义义，随随着着时时间间的推移转为的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的惬意的，愉快的”。Elevation of word meaning is also called ascent
28、 or amelioration of word meaning.Typical examples:Inn:small and shabby hotels beside a country roadany hotelKnight:servant or retainerthe lowest noble man in Great Britain.Fond:foolish-lovingThe degradation of word meaningIt is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into
29、 ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense.这这是是一一个个词词由由原原先先表表示示中中性性意意义义或或褒褒义义转转为表示为表示贬义贬义的过程的过程。Degradation of word meaning is also called the degeneration,deterioration,catachresis or pejoration of meaning.Typical example:Silly:Happy,fortunateinnocent,harmlessfoolish,imbecileCunning:k
30、nowing,skillfulslyKnave:boyservantperson of low social positionsSemantic shiftMetaphorMetonymysynecdocheMetaphorMetaphor is the use of one thing to represent another based on the similarities between them.Likeness and associations are the bases on metaphor.Eg:the head of the beadWings of the planeth
31、e root of a hairKnee-capLambTo ape,to foxThe similarities of the metaphor include the similarity on shape,fiction and affectionMetonymyMetonymy is the substitution of one thing with anther because of the relations between them.Eg:The Kettle is bioilingIm reading Lu XunThe White House is investigatin
32、g it.Distinguishing metaphors and metonymyTransferred epithet and synaesthesiaSynesthesia 通感通感This kind of transfer takes place between words of sensation.That is,words usually associated with one sense are used to describe another sense.E.g Clear-sounding(from sight to hearing)Warm colors(from touc
33、h to sight)Sweet voice/music(from taste to hearing)SynecdocheSynecdoche is using a part to represent the whole or using the whole to represent a part.Eg:He saw new faces there.To earn ones breadChins won the football match.SummaryExpansion of words meaning(词义扩大）词义扩大）Narrowing of word meaning（词义缩小）（词义缩小）Elevation of word meaning（词义升格）（词义升格）Degradation of word meaning（词义降格）（词义降格）Semantic shift（词义转移）（词义转移）