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1、EMC标准与测试讲座内容n nEMC介绍n n标准与测试原理n n典型案例n nIEC60601-1-2介绍什么是EMC定义n nElectromagnetic compatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility(EMC(EMC,电磁兼容,电磁兼容):):n nAbility to operate in,and not overly contribute to,an Ability to operate in,and not overly contribute to,an environment of electromagnetic radiation.Whe
2、n this goal is met,environment of electromagnetic radiation.When this goal is met,all electronic equipments operate correctly in one another s all electronic equipments operate correctly in one another s presence.presence.n nElectromagnetic interferenceElectromagnetic interference(EMI(EMI,电磁骚扰,电磁骚扰)
3、:):n nElectromagnetic energy emanating from one device causing Electromagnetic energy emanating from one device causing degraded performance in another.degraded performance in another.n nElectromagneticElectromagnetic immunity,or immunity,or susceptibilitysusceptibility(EMS(EMS,电磁,电磁抗扰抗扰):):n nToler
4、ance of the presence of electromagnetic energy.Tolerance of the presence of electromagnetic energy.定义n nEMCEMC:Electromagnetic CompatibilityElectromagnetic Compatibility The capability of electrical and electronic The capability of electrical and electronic systems,equipment,and devices to operate i
5、n systems,equipment,and devices to operate in their intended electromagnetic environment their intended electromagnetic environment within within a defined margin of safety,at the a defined margin of safety,at the specified level of performance,without specified level of performance,without sufferin
6、g or causing unacceptable suffering or causing unacceptable degradationdegradation as a result of electromagnetic as a result of electromagnetic interference.interference.EMC概述n nEMC=EMI+EMSEMC=EMI+EMSn n传导:通过电源网络、信号线等。传导:通过电源网络、信号线等。n n辐射:通过空间电磁波。辐射:通过空间电磁波。EMC概述n nEMISSIONEMISSION(EMIEMI):):):):n
7、nEN 55011 EN 55011 RF Emission;RadiatedRF Emission;Radiated(辐射发射)(辐射发射)n nEN 55011 EN 55011 RF Emission;ConductedRF Emission;Conducted(传导发射)(传导发射)n nEN 61000-3-2 harmonic currents emissionsEN 61000-3-2 harmonic currents emissions (谐波)(谐波)n nEN 61000-3-3 voltage fluctuations and flickerEN 61000-3-3 v
8、oltage fluctuations and flicker (电压波动和闪烁)(电压波动和闪烁)n nIMMUNITYIMMUNITY(EMSEMS)n nEN 61000-4-2 EN 61000-4-2 Electrostatic Discharge(ESDElectrostatic Discharge(ESD,静电放电),静电放电)n nEN 61000-4-3 EN 61000-4-3 Radiated,radio-frequency,electromagnetic field(RSRadiated,radio-frequency,electromagnetic field(RS,
9、辐射抗扰),辐射抗扰)n nEN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 Electrical fast transient/burstElectrical fast transient/burst (EFT/B(EFT/B,电快速脉冲串),电快速脉冲串)n nEN 61000-4-5 EN 61000-4-5 SurgeSurge (浪涌)(浪涌)n nEN 61000-4-6 EN 61000-4-6 conducted disturbances,induced by radio-freqency fieldsconducted disturbances,induced by rad
10、io-freqency fields (传导(传导抗扰)抗扰)n nEN 61000-4-8 EN 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic field Power frequency magnetic field(工频磁场)(工频磁场)n nEN 61000-4-11 EN 61000-4-11 Voltage dips,short interruptions and voltage variationsVoltage dips,short interruptions and voltage variations(电压(电压跌落、中断和电压变化)跌落、中断和电压变
11、化)医疗电子的EMCn n产品标准:EN60601-1-2:2001n n产品标准引用基础标准n n取代EN60601-1-2:1993n n过渡期:2004年11月n n起草中的国标,基本等同采用EN60601-1-2:2001n nFDA的需求基本等同于EN60601-1-2:2001发射n nEN 55011 EN 55011 RF Emission;RadiatedRF Emission;Radiated(辐射发射)(辐射发射)n nEN 55011 EN 55011 RF Emission;ConductedRF Emission;Conducted(传导发射)(传导发射)产品分类n
12、 n分类依据:使用场地和预期用途。分类依据:使用场地和预期用途。n nEN55011EN55011分类:分类:n nCLASS ACLASS A:不直接连接到公用和住宅电网(工业):不直接连接到公用和住宅电网(工业)n nCLASS BCLASS B:直接连接到公用和住宅电网(家用):直接连接到公用和住宅电网(家用)n nGROUP1GROUP1:不直接利用电磁能量,如监护仪。:不直接利用电磁能量,如监护仪。n nGROUP2GROUP2:直接利用电磁能量,如高频熔炉等。:直接利用电磁能量,如高频熔炉等。n n我公司产品:我公司产品:n n目前:目前:CLASS A GROUP1CLASS A
13、 GROUP1(超声:(超声:CLASS BCLASS B)n n趋势:趋势:CLASS B GROUP1CLASS B GROUP1n n限值:限值:CLASS B=CLASS A-10dBCLASS B=CLASS A-10dBEMISSIONS LIMITS检波方式n nPeak detectorPeak detector(峰值)(峰值)(峰值)(峰值)n nQuasi-Peak detectorQuasi-Peak detector(准峰值)(准峰值)(准峰值)(准峰值)n nAverage detectorAverage detector(平均值)(平均值)(平均值)(平均值)n n
14、对于连续波,三个测量值相同。对于连续波,三个测量值相同。对于连续波,三个测量值相同。对于连续波,三个测量值相同。n n时钟谐波。时钟谐波。n n对于一定重复频率的脉冲,峰值对于一定重复频率的脉冲,峰值 准峰值和平均准峰值和平均值值n n电源开关电路的振铃,继电器接点,电机等。电源开关电路的振铃,继电器接点,电机等。n n注意:均为包络检波注意:均为包络检波测量评判程序辐射发射测试Set-up为什么要升降?辐射测试10m开阔场辐射测试3m暗室测试规格EN 55011:1998 Class A Group 1FREQUENCY(MHz)dBuV/(at 3m)30-23050230-100057实
15、际扫描图宽带噪声n n来源:来源:n n开关电源开关电源n nDC/DCDC/DC振铃振铃n n数据线数据线n n特征:特征:n n山丘形山丘形n n随测量带宽的减小,读数减小随测量带宽的减小,读数减小n n准峰值较峰值低准峰值较峰值低n n实例:见上图。实例:见上图。窄带噪声n n来源:n n时钟及谐波时钟及谐波n n高频振荡器、发射电路高频振荡器、发射电路n n特征:n n细长形状细长形状n n不随测量带宽而变不随测量带宽而变n n峰值准峰值平均值峰值准峰值平均值n n实例:见上图6dB原则n n宽带噪声的幅度低于窄带噪声6dB以下,则对总幅度的贡献可以忽略。抓住重点。n n接收机和环境噪
16、声本底低于限值6dB,则对测试的影响可以忽略。预测试原则。n nC=(A2+B2)80/80原则n n批量产品:80置信度下,80的样本通过,即可认为该批产品通过。n n测试不确定度:+/-45dB(信华,80%置信度)n n测试余量:建议大于4dB辐射预测试近场探头典型案例n nDA8K MASIMO血氧DC/DC板整流二极管开关振铃引起38MHZ宽带噪声超标。n n主控板晶振布局靠近接插件,引起辐射扩散。n n数字接口屏的时钟线处理不完善,引起辐射超标。相关因素n n外部电缆n n时钟电路n n内部走线n n板卡安装方式,接地n n整机结构振铃传导发射测试set-up测试原理示意图LISN
17、的作用n nLISN:Line Impedance Stabilization Network(线路阻抗稳定网络),Artificial Mains Networks(人工电源网络)n n稳定相线和零线端的阻抗:50欧/50uH,提供测量基准。n n隔离外部干扰。LISN实物及安装测试规格EN 55011:1998 Class A Group 1FREQUENCY(MHz)Quasi-peak(dBuV)Average(dBuV)0.15-0.5079660.5-30.07360整流电路中的传导发射LISN内部电路测量模型差模、共模分量都得以测量差模、共模分量都得以测量共模形态的传导发射共模电
18、感注意:减小共模电感的分布电容!采用多段工艺注意:减小共模电感的分布电容!采用多段工艺典型的电源滤波器X X电容、电容、Y Y电容、共模扼流圈、电容、共模扼流圈、PEPE电感电感扫描曲线典型案例n nNECLLCOR血氧板DC/DC转接板整流二极管振铃引起传导超标:16MHZ。n n共模电感分布电容过大,DA8K电源板传导余量不够。相关因素n n整机功耗n n供电电压n nAC/DC变换器n n整机各处的DC/DC变换器n n电池充电电路发射n nEN 61000-3-2 harmonic currents emissionsEN 61000-3-2 harmonic currents emi
19、ssions (谐波)(谐波)n nEN 61000-3-3 voltage fluctuations and flickerEN 61000-3-3 voltage fluctuations and flicker (电压波动和闪烁)(电压波动和闪烁)Harmonic:谐波电流起源测试原理测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-3-2:1995LIMITS FOR CLASS A EQUIPMENTHARMONICS ORDER NMAX PEMISSIBLE HARMONICS CURRENT AODD HARMONICS32.3051.1470.7790.40110.33
20、130.2115=n=390.15x15/nEven harmonics2 1.084 0.436 0.308=n=400.23x8/nvoltage fluctuations and flicker(电压波动和闪烁)测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-3-3:1995TEST ITEMLIMITNOTEPst 1.0Pst means short-term flicker indicatorPIt0.65PIt means long-term flicker indicatorTdt(ms)200Tdt means maximum time that dt exceeds
21、 3%Dmax(%)4%dmax means maximum relative voltage change.Dc(%)3%dc means maximum relative steady-state voltage change抗扰度测试n nEN 61000-4-2 EN 61000-4-2 Electrostatic Discharge(ESDElectrostatic Discharge(ESD,静电放电),静电放电)n nEN 61000-4-3 EN 61000-4-3 Radiated,radio-frequency,electromagnetic field Radiated,
22、radio-frequency,electromagnetic field(RS(RS,辐射抗扰),辐射抗扰)n nEN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 Electrical fast transient/burstElectrical fast transient/burst (EFT/B(EFT/B,电快速脉,电快速脉冲串)冲串)n nEN 61000-4-5 EN 61000-4-5 SurgeSurge (浪涌)(浪涌)n nEN 61000-4-6 EN 61000-4-6 conducted disturbances,induced by radio-conducte
23、d disturbances,induced by radio-freqency fieldsfreqency fields (传导抗扰)(传导抗扰)n nEN 61000-4-8 EN 61000-4-8 Power frequency magnetic field Power frequency magnetic field(工频磁场)(工频磁场)n nEN 61000-4-11 EN 61000-4-11 Voltage dips,short interruptions and voltage Voltage dips,short interruptions and voltage va
24、riationsvariations(电压跌落、中断和电压变化)(电压跌落、中断和电压变化)ESD:静电放电实际应用中的ESD现象电流回流路径为分布电容测试set-up测试set-up放电电流波形30A30A尖峰电流流过尖峰电流流过CPUCPU部分的地线!部分的地线!静电发生器等效电路人体模型半导体器件手册给出的半导体器件手册给出的ESDESD保护等级通常基于人体模型。保护等级通常基于人体模型。测试方法n n接触放电接触放电n n可触及部位,如螺钉,金属板可触及部位,如螺钉,金属板n n+/-2KV+/-2KV,+/4KV+/4KV,+/6KV+/6KV依次测试依次测试n n尖头尖头n n空气
25、放电空气放电n n不可直接触及部位,如塑料外壳的缝隙、插座孔等不可直接触及部位,如塑料外壳的缝隙、插座孔等n n+/-2KV+/-2KV,+/4KV+/4KV,+/8KV+/8KV依次测试依次测试n n圆头圆头n n耦合板放电耦合板放电n n垂直耦合板(垂直耦合板(VCPVCP)、水平耦合板()、水平耦合板(HCPHCP)n n模拟对装置附近的物体放电的影响模拟对装置附近的物体放电的影响n n电池供电设备电池供电设备n n每次放电后都必须确保电荷的泻放,如短暂接地或者通过每次放电后都必须确保电荷的泻放,如短暂接地或者通过470K470K泻放电阻。泻放电阻。测试规格Basic Standard:
26、EN 61000-4-2:2001Discharge Voltage:Contact Discharge+/-2KV,+/-4kv,+/-6kV(Direct/Indirect)Air Discharge+/-2KV,+/-4kv,+/-8 kV(Direct)ESD与环境典型案例n n按键板前的铁板n n一体化参数板的血氧输入n n24C看门狗/复位电路n n5000按键板相关因素n n输入接口电路n n复位电路n n可编程逻辑器件n nPCB布板n nMOSFETn nPLLEFT/B:电快速脉冲串起源测试波形实际环境中出现的脉冲频率在实际环境中出现的脉冲频率在10KHZ10KHZ1MHZ
27、1MHZ,由于技术实现的原因,标,由于技术实现的原因,标准只规定到准只规定到5KHZ5KHZ。测试set-up干扰以共模的方式通过干扰以共模的方式通过33nF33nF电容引入电容引入测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-4-4:1995Test Voltage:Power Line 2 kV,I/O cable 1kV干扰频谱EFT/ESDEFT/ESD干扰中包含频率极高的成分干扰中包含频率极高的成分典型案例n n可编程逻辑器件n n复位电路n n监护参数ECG、SPO2、RESP相关因素n n一般来说,ESD敏感部分同样EFT敏感n n接地的金属外壳,是保证EFT性能的重要
28、一环。n n电源输入端的滤波。RS:辐射抗扰实际环境中的辐射干扰测试set-up实际场地测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-4-3:2001Frequency Range:80 MHz-2500 MHzField Strength:3 V/mModulation:2HZ Sine Wave,80%,AM ModulationDwell time3s调制医疗电子产品的调制频率规定为医疗电子产品的调制频率规定为2Hz2HzSURGE:浪涌(雷击)同步叠加测试原理测试波形测试原理测试规格Basic Standard EN 61000-4-5:1995Test Voltage1 k
29、V differential mode2 kV common modeCS:传导抗扰测试set-upEM-clamp用于测试信号线、病人导联与电缆用于测试信号线、病人导联与电缆测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-4-6:2001Frequency Range:0.15 MHz-80 MHzField Strength:3VModulation:2Hz Sine Wave,80%,AM ModulationCoupled Cable:Power Mains,I/O linesDwell time3s典型案例n n血氧探头脱落检测电路CPUPFMS:工频磁场测试原理测试set-up测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-4-8:2001Frequency Range:50Hz,60HzField Strength:3 A/m相关因素n nCRT显示:抖动n n电感或变压器:受工频磁场影响,引入干扰。DIP:电源跌落与中断:电源跌落与中断跌落中断变化(sag)测试规格Basic Standard:EN 61000-4-11:1994Voltage test level%UrVoltage dip%UrDuration Periods950.54060570302529559999下一节:IEC60601-1-2