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1、认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Lecture 12Textual Cohesion and Coherence in TranslationI.Preview:The following sentences and passage are discussed in previous classes.They show us the importance and ways of achieving cohesion in translation.他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。He appeared on
2、 the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.求职面试时，问了十个问题，他全都答对了。He was asked ten questions in the job interview and answered every one of them correctly.Note:the proper choice of subject helps achieve coherence in translation.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目无锡是南方江苏
3、省的一个小城，位于南京和上海之间。早在六千年前，就有一个原始部落在此定居。现在的无锡始建于公元前二世纪，当时在城西南的西山开采出了锡矿。锡矿发现后，人们就把这个地方称为 有锡。天长日久，锡矿挖完了，有锡便改成了无锡。Wuxi,located mid-way between Nanjing and Shanghai,is a medium-sized city in Jiangsu Province,East China.Inhabited as early as 6,000 years ago by a tribe,it developed into a city in the 2nd cen
4、tury B.C.The city was formerly called youxi,literally meaning where there is tin because,according to traditional account,tin was discovered in Xishan Hill,southwest of the city.After the tin had been mined out,the name of the city youxi gave way to wuxi,meaning where there is no tin any more.Note:P
5、ronouns,similar words,conjunctions are used to achieve coherence and cohesion in translation.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目II.devices of textual cohesion1.lexical cohesion:synonymy(repetition included)collocation2.reference(conjunctions included)3.substitution 4.ellipsis
6、 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目1.Lexical cohesion:synonymy and collocation1.Synonymy:It refers to the lexical chain made up of synonym,near synonym,superordinate,hyponym and general word.In practice,the recognition of the lexical chain is a guarantee of correct translati
7、on.2.collocationIt refers to the words in a text whose meanings are related by the context though they may have different meanings in other texts.If we know this clearly,we can correctly understand the meaning of some seemingly irrelevant or difficult words,and thus translate the text properly认识到了贫困
8、户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Analyze the lexical cohesion of the following passage and translate it into Chinese.In 1991,one of the most eventful years of this century,the world witnessed the dramatic and transforming impact on those events of live television by satellite.The
9、 very definition of news was rewritten-from something that has happened to something that is happening at the very moment you are hearing it These shots heard,and seen,around the world appeared under the aegis of the first global TV news company,Cable News Network 认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国
10、家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 1991 年，本世纪最多事的年份之一，世界目睹了卫星现场直播电视对这些事件所产生的影响，连新闻定义本身也被改写了从已发生的事改为收看电视时正在发生着的事。这些全世界都听到都看到的枪声，是在第一家全球性电视新闻公司、即有线新闻电视公司(CNN)的主持下出现的。Comment：原文中的 shots 与上文中的events of live television by satellite.所以译文第二段中的“枪声”实际上指“电视实况转播”，“枪声”是错误的译文。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，
11、已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目2.reference（conjunctions included）Reference includes personal,demonstrative,comparative and clausal reference.In translation,the first two references are more helpful.In E-C translation,the personal reference in English is replaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese such as the repetition o
12、f the same noun.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby.The doctor put it in her arms.She kissed it on the forehead.病人摇了摇头，把手向婴儿婴儿伸去。医生把孩子孩子放到她怀里。她吻了吻孩子孩子的前额。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了
13、“精准扶贫”项目Kant was fond of talking,but preferred to talk alone,and if interrupted or contradicted was apt to show displeasure;his conversation,however,was so agreeable that none minded if he monopolized it.康德特别喜欢聊，主要是喜欢别人听自己聊，不喜欢有人插话或诘问，否则会满脸不高兴。不过，康德总是聊得大家兴趣昂然，听他一个人聊谁都没意见。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到
14、病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目3.substitution and repetitionSubstitution means that substitution patterns(so,do etc.)are used to replace some words in previous text to make the text concise and clear.They include verbal and clausal substitution.Actually,the substitution pattern in English is often r
15、eplaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese.And some lexical cohesion in Chinese is often replaced by substitution pattern in English.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目E.g.(1)As for the soul of man,the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is but then who does?They see it,
16、however,as the beginning of life,the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue.对于人的灵魂，爱斯基摩人没有说他们确切知道其为何物可是又有谁能说清呢？但是他们把它视为生命的开端，是一个人全部活动的发起者，是生命延续所必需的能源。（英语世界1999年第8期，第32页）认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目(2).He had a pair
17、of yellow,carpet slippers which he enjoyed wearing,and this he would immediately substitute for his solid pair of shoes.This,and washing his face with the aid of common toilet soap until it glowed a shiny red,constituted his only preparation for his evening meal.他有一双黄绒拖鞋，是他喜欢穿的，他总是立即拿出来换下脚上的硬皮鞋。换了鞋，
18、用普通香皂洗脸，擦得面孔又红又亮，这就是他在晚饭前的准备工作。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目(3).There is now a realization that genetics has a very basic relationship with most of the branches of medicine and its knowledge is essential for a deeper grasp of the subject.It has also started contributing
19、 towards some therapeutic and important preventive measure.现在人们已经意识到，遗传学和医学的大多数分支学科都有着社粉重要的联系，要想更好地掌握医学，遗传学知识必不可少。遗传学已经开始在某些疗法和重要的预防措施中发挥作用了。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目（4）I first heard this story in India,where it is told as if true-though any naturalist would know it
20、 couldnt be.Later I learned that a magazine version of it appeared shortly before the First World War.This account,and its author,I have never been able to track down.我最初听到这个故事这个故事是在印度，那里的人们讲起来像真有其事似的，尽管任何一个博物学家都知道这个故事这个故事不可能是真的。后来我得知在第一次世界大战爆发前不久，有一家杂志也刊登过这个这个故事故事的一个版本。至于这个故事这个故事的来源和作者，我至今也未能查出来。认识
21、到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目(5)黄昏没有这样美过，大道也不曾这般直当然，这全是林露心理高兴的缘故。哪能不高兴不高兴呢呢，今天，第7期收获杂志发表了她的小说第三者。这可是处女作呀The evening had never been seemed so beautiful,nor the boulevard so straight.This was all because Lin Lu was intoxicated with happiness.How could she help being so?The
22、literary magazine Harvest(No.7)which arrived that day carried her novelette The Third Party,her first published maiden work.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目4.ellipsis:Ellipsis is seen in both Chinese and English.Ellipsis in English takes place according to grammatical stru
23、cture.Ellipsis in Chinese depends on the meaning of the sentences.Ellipsis includes nominal,verbal and clausal ellipsis.In practice,verbal ellipsis is worth more attention because the omitted verb in English should not be omitted in Chinese.E.g.(1).Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics
24、 subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目(2).所以每每在大雪的黄昏里，围着暖炉，围着祖父，听着祖父读着诗篇，看着祖父读着诗篇时微红的嘴唇。On snowy evenings,we children often sat around the heating stove
25、by grandpa,listening to him reading poems and watching his busy ruddy lips.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 III.passage translation practice about lexical cohesionAnalyze the lexical cohesion of the following passage andits coherence and translate it into Chinese.One of th
26、e things we have to understand about Japanese society is its gender structure similar to what the United Stases had since 1950s.Women do all the domestic labor.Men are in the factories and shops and theyre working long hours,but they dont do much work when they come home.They dont take care of child
27、ren,they dont do housework,cooking,etc.In the U.S.,there are both men and women in the work force and both men and women at home.Japanese workers may work longer in the market place,but you have to calculate the total amount of work that people do to figure out how hard people are working and how mu
28、ch leisure time they have.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 作者在谈到男女社会分工时运用了两组词语:认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目reference version我们必须了解日本社会的一个特点，那就是它的性别结构，类似美国五十年代的结构。妇女包揽全部家务劳动，男人到工厂、商店上班工作时间很长，但回到家里就不干多少活了。他们不管看孩子，不做家务事，不做饭，等等。在美国，男人和女人都上班，也都做家务
29、。日本工人可能上班时工作时间较长，但是我们在估计人们工作的辛苦程度以及他们有多少闲暇时间时，必须把整个工作量都计算进去。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目IV.Coherence in translationCoherence means that words,sentences,and groups of sentences in one text are logically connected.衔接和连贯的关系：衔接是一种语义关系，在语篇中体现为具体的词汇和语法形式。衔接手段是借助意义来实现衔接关系的。衔接
30、是语篇连贯性实现的一种手段。语篇表层的衔接关系是建立在深层的连贯关系基础上的。在翻译过程中，译者首先要对原文语篇的连贯结构有一个明确的分析和把握，但这并不是说要把原文的连贯结构照搬到译文中，因为这并非总是可行的。译文语篇的连贯结构常常要由译者依照译文的连贯模式和规律重新构建，但原文的连贯结构式一个必要的参照系（李运兴，语篇翻译引论，2001，P.164）认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Compare the translations of the following passage.He wanted to
31、join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin,he would study and work hard,he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life,which had turned to ashes beneath his feet.Version 1:他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧的生活里去它已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了，派他做什么工作都行。（张培基，英汉翻译教程，288页）Version 2:他要求加入中国共产
32、党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧的生活里去，派他做什么工作都行那种生活已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了。Version 2 is more coherent.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Compare the two versions of the following Chinese passage and point out their differences in textual coherence.蜜蜂这东西，最爱劳动。广东天气好，花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多，自己吃的可有
33、限。每回割蜜，留下一点点，够它们吃就行了。它们从来不争，也不计较什么，还是继续劳动，继续酿蜜，整日整月不辞辛劳认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Version 1：Bees love best of all to work.In Guangdong,the weather is fine and there are many flowers;the bees work all year round without a stop.They eat very little of the honey they pro
34、duce.Each time when the honey is taken away,we just leave them a little sugar,enough for them to eat.They go on working and making honey all day long and all year round without complaining.”Version 2：Bees love best of all to work.They work here all year round without a stop as Guangdong province has
35、 fine weather and plenty of flowers.Yet,although they produce much honey,they eat very little.Each time the honey is taken away,they are left a little sugar just enough for them to eat.They never make trouble.They go on working and making honey all day long and all year round without complaining”认识到
36、了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目The differences between the two versions:1.the use of conjunctions:the 2nd uses conjunction to connect the sentences,while the 1st does not.2.the viewpoint of narration:The 2nd version focuses on bees,while the 1st does not.Such cohesive device
37、s as the use of nouns and their pronouns:bees and they are used in version two.3.the first two differences show that version 1 is not coherent,while version 2 is.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目 V.passage translation about coherence嘉兴端午习俗节庆活动发端于南宋时期，至明清时达到鼎盛。据嘉兴府志记载：1765年（
38、乾隆三十年），乾隆弘历第四次南巡，重游烟雨楼，龙舟竞渡掀起高潮。当时的著名诗人马学乾、吴锡麟在烟雨楼上目睹其盛况后，分别赋烟雨楼观竞渡诗、五日南湖观竞渡诗。而除了群龙飞驰，百舸争流的龙舟竞渡，民间还流行插“健符”、悬钟馗、关帝画像、跳钟馗舞、写“王”字、送百虫、吃粽子等，丰富多彩的活动内容使端午习俗成了江南水乡一种独具特色的传统文化表现形式。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Dragon-boat festival activities in Jiaxing can be traced back to Sout
39、h Song Dynasty and were prosperous in Ming and Qing Dynasties.One of them is Dragon-boat Racing.According to Jiaxing Annals,Dragon-boat Racing was in its climax when Emperor Qianlong revisited Yanyu Tower in South Lake in 1765 during his forth tour in South China.After watching in the Tower the boat
40、 racing,Ma Xueqian and Wu Xiling,two famous poets at that time,wrote a poem for it respectively.Other popular festival activities include Sticking in Health Symbol,Zhong Kui and Guandi Portraits Hanging,Zhong Kui Dance,Writing the Chinese character wang(王)on the forehead，and all this is held to wish
41、 good health of the people.The activities also include wiping out injurious insects for a good harvest and eating Zongzi.All these colorful activities have made Dragon-boat festival custom a unique way of displaying traditional culture in the lower reaches of Yangtze River.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后
42、药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Comment本译文以龙舟节的具体活动为英语的语篇线索。按照总分结合的方式组织语篇，使译文前后连贯，语序井然。其中使用了重复同一个词、使用代词等衔接手段。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目VI:passage translation practice有年轻的朋友告诉我,在他们女大学生宿舍,如果有校外的某某人来找她们中间的某一位,而此人不在,同学说你留个家里的电话号码吧,那人说公用电话不好打;那你留个BP机号码也行,那人说很抱歉本人没有BP机.-那
43、就对不起了,实话对你说,你连个BP机都置不起,某某小姐根本连睬都不会睬你的.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Reference translation：Several young women once told me what often happens these days in their dorms.When a male calls in for a female student who happens to be out,he is asked to leave a home telephone o
44、r pager number.If the caller is using a public telephone,he is likely to apologize for not having one of these novelties.“If you cant even afford a pager,”he would be told bluntly,“she wont bother to call you back!”Comment:The first sentence is an added general statement about the paragraph.It is ad
45、ded because of the textual requirement of English passage.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目Translate the following passage 一个朋友一个朋友他不是一个说大话的人。他似乎完全生活在一个他不是一个说大话的人。他似乎完全生活在一个人的世界里。我记得，人的世界里。我记得，在他和我们共事的那段日在他和我们共事的那段日子里，我们中没有人能确切地知道他是谁，来自子里，我们中没有人能确切地知道他是谁，来自何方，或者在寻求什么；之后他便消失
46、了。何方，或者在寻求什么；之后他便消失了。自头一次见到他起，他便总是出现在我的周围。自头一次见到他起，他便总是出现在我的周围。每次他向我投以微笑时，他同时也将一丝丝的温每次他向我投以微笑时，他同时也将一丝丝的温暖和友情送入我的心房。我想每一天结束时，一暖和友情送入我的心房。我想每一天结束时，一定是他给了我无论如何也要继续下去的力量。定是他给了我无论如何也要继续下去的力量。他与我们共事一年后便去世了。是一次车祸夺去他与我们共事一年后便去世了。是一次车祸夺去了他的生命。他妈妈告诉我说，就在一年前他失了他的生命。他妈妈告诉我说，就在一年前他失去了家庭，从此便没有开口说过话，再也没有说去了家庭，从此便
47、没有开口说过话，再也没有说过一个字。过一个字。他给与我如此之多，而我对他的了解却如此之少。他给与我如此之多，而我对他的了解却如此之少。那段日子里，我感到很内疚。可是从此以后，我那段日子里，我感到很内疚。可是从此以后，我开始将关心投向周围的人。我开始了新生。开始将关心投向周围的人。我开始了新生。认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目A FriendHe wasnt a guy of big words(a guy talking tall),and he seemed to live entirely in his
48、own world.I remember that during the days he worked with us none of us exactly knew who he was,where he came from or what he was looking for,and afterwards he disappeared.He had always been around since I first saw him.Every time he gave me one of those smiles,he would spread a bit of warmth and fri
49、endliness into my heart.At the end of the day,I guess,it must have been him who gave me the strength to go on somehow,just by being there.认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“精准扶贫”项目He died only a year after he started working with us.He died of a car accident.His mother told me that
50、he had lost his family just the year before and after that he didnt speak any more.He hadnt said a single word.He gave me so much and I knew so little about him.I felt very guilty in those days.But after that I started to care for the people around me.I think I started a new page of my life.认识到了贫困户贫