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1、The Nervous SystemNeuronsCentral Nervous SystemBrainSpinal Cord(脊椎）脊椎）Peripheral Nervous SystemThe SensesControl&CoordinationOrganization in the BodySeveral organs working together;each system has one major roleA distinct body part that carries out one or more main functions A group of similar cells
2、 that carry out a specialized job The basic building block of all living things,plant or animal Specialized structures inside a cell that have specific functions A collection of systemsORGANELLECELLTISSUEORGANSYSTEMBODYThe Nervous SystemHelps the body adjust to changes in your environmentThe Nervous
3、 SystemStimulusAnychangeinsideoroutsideyourbodythatbringsaboutaresponse HomeostasisRegulationofsteadyconditionsinsidethebodyThe Nervous SystemJCentral Nervous System=Brain+Spinal CordJPeripheral Nervous System=Nerves to rest of bodyNeuronsBuilding blocks of the nervous system100 billion neurons in y
4、our brain alone30,000 on a pinheadThey communicate with each other thousands of times a second.Bundles of neurons make up NERVES3 Types of Nerve CellsSensory NeuronsReceiveinformationformasensoryreceptorandsendimpulsestotheCNSInterneuronsRelayimpulsesfromsensoryneuronstomotorneuronsMotor NeuronsCarr
5、yimpulsefromtheCNStomusclesandglandsthroughoutthebodyParts of a Neuron3MAINPARTSDendrites-receive messages from other neuronsCell Body nucleus is found hereAxon-sends messages to other neuronsPartsofaNeuronDendritesCellBodyAxonSynapseSpace between each neuronNeurotransmitters are the messengers that
6、 travel across each synapseThey are chemical signals that neurons use to talk to each other,which is what makes your brain work.They help determine how you feel,think and act.NeurotransmittersSerotonin-involvedinmood(suchashelpingyoutofeelhappy),sleep,mentalhealth,bloodpressureandheartbeat.Dopamine-
7、importantinhelpingtoregulatephysicalmovement,pleasure,andthought.MissinginpatientswithParkinsonsDisease.NeurotransmittersAcetylcholine-involvedinregulatingmuscles,memory,mood,sleep,andorgans(liketheheart).LoweredamountsassociatedwithAlzheimersDiseaseCentral Nervous System(C.N.S.)BRAINSPINALCORDCereb
8、rumLargest part of the brainInterprets impulses from the sensesResponsible for:Jthinking and learningJcreativityJfive sensesJmemory and emotionJproblem-solvingJdecisionsCerebellumCoordinatesvoluntarymusclemovementHelpsmaintainbalanceWhenaballisthrowntoyou,thecerebellumcoordinatestheproperresponsetop
9、reventinjuryBrainstemControlsinvoluntaryactionsConnectsthebraintothespinalcordRegulatesheartrate,breathing,swallowing,blinking,andmoreMadeupof:themidbrainponsmedullaSpinal CordJMadeupofbundlesofneuronsJCarriesimpulsestoandfromthebrainJTogether,thebrainandspinalcordmakeuptheCentralNervousSystem(C.N.S
10、.)Funfact:Thespinalcordisabout45cmlonginmenand43cmlonginwomen.Peripheral Nervous System(P.N.S.)ConnectstheC.N.S.withtherestofthebodysensorynervestakeimpulsefromstimulus(sensoryreceptors)tothetheCNSmotornervestakeimpulsefromtheCNStothemusclesandglandsthattakeaction.ReflexREFLEXAninvoluntary,automatic
11、responsetoastimuluscontrolledbythespinalcordLikewhenthedoctorusestherubbermalletonyourtendonbelowyourkneeMovementwhensomeoneunexpectedlythrowssomethingatyouReflex ArcWhenthebodyreceivesapainfulstimulus(steppingonanail,touchingahotsurface,etc),thebodyrespondssuper-fast.Reflex ArcAshort-cutanimpulseta
12、kesforaquickerresponsePathofreflexarc:STIMULUSsensoryreceptorsensorynervespinalcord(interneuron)motornervemuscleRESPONSEAnimpulsecontinuesuptothebraintobeinterpretedbythecerebrum,BUT,meanwhiletheaffectedareahasalreadyproducedaresponse!Autonomic Nervous System(part of the P.N.S.)Fight or flightOften
13、referred to as your fight-or-flight system,your sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for emergencies.It shunts your blood to your muscles and increases your blood pressure,heart rate and breathing rate,enabling you to cope with stressful situations.Rest and digestYour parasympathetic nervou
14、s system maintains and restores your energy.It directs blood to your digestive tract and makes sure you actively digest food.It also maintains your blood pressure,heart rate and breathing rate at a low level.Thats why it is sometimes called your rest and digest system.EXTRAEXTRAFight or flightReturn
15、 to normalSensesVisionSensoryReceptorsRodssensebrightnessConessensecolorTheretina,inthebackofyoureye,hascellsthataresensitivetolight.Theyconnectdirectlytoyourbrain.SensesHearingSoundwavesmakeyoureardrumvibrate.Smallbonesinyourearvibrate(hammer,anvil,stirrup)Vibrationsgothroughthesnail-likecochlea,wh
16、ichturnsthemintonerveimpulsestoyourbrain.SensesTaste10,000tastebudsinyourmouthYourtonguepicksupfourtypesoftaste:sweetsourbittersaltySweetandsaltyareleastsensitiveBitteronesaremostsensitiveSensesSmellOdorparticlesdriftintoyournoseStimulatesensoryreceptorsolfactorycellsinnasalpassagesSensoryreceptorss
17、endimpulsestoyourbraintobeinterpreted.SensesThere are at least six types of touch receptors in your skin:HotColdPainPressureTouch Fine touchTouchQuestionsWhatarethemainpartsofthebrain?Whatisthefunctionofeach?DescribeaneuronWhatisit?Whattypesarethere?Whatarethepartsofaneuron?Whatisthecentralnervoussystem?Whatistheperipheralnervoussystem?QuestionsWhatisastimulus?Response?Aninvoluntary,automaticresponsetoastimulusiswhat?Whatpathdoestheimpulsetake?Definehomeostasis.HelpfulResource