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1、APA Formatting and Style GuideWhat is APA?APA(American Psychological Association)The most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences.What does APA regulate?APA regulates:StyleIn-text citationsReferences (a list of all sources used in the paper)APA stylistics:Basics the third person
2、point of view rather than using the first person point of viewThe study showed that,NOT I found out that.the active voice rather than passive voiceThe participants responded,NOT The participants have been asked.Use:Point of view and voice in an APA paper clear:be specific in descriptions and explana
3、tions concise:condense information when you can plain:use simple,descriptive adjectives and minimize the figurative languageLanguage in an APA paper is:APA stylistics:LanguageGeneral Format be typed,double-spaced on standard-sized paper(8.5”x11”)with 1”margins on all sides in 12 pt.Times New Roman i
4、nclude a page header(title less than 50 characters)in the upper left-hand of every page and a page number in the upper right-hand side of every pageYour essay should:ReferencesMain Body AbstractGeneral Format(contd)Title pageYour essay should include four major sections:Title PagePage header:(use In
5、sert Page Header)title flush left+page number flush right.Title:(in the upper half of the page,centered)name(no title or degree)+affiliation(university,etc.)Note:For this class we will also include Student Number.Abstract PagePage header:do NOT include“Running head:”Abstract(centered,at the top of t
6、he page)Write a brief(between 150 and 250 words)summary of your paper in an accurate,concise,and specific manner.Should contain:background,purpose,methods,results,and most important conclusions.May also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findin
7、gs.Main Body(Text)The first text page is page number 3 Type the title of the paper centered,at the top of the page Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical in-text citations Format tables and figuresReferences Page Center the title References-at the top of the page Double-space ref
8、erence entries Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines Order entries alphabetically by the authors surnamesReferences:Basics Invert authors names(last name first followed by initials).Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of the first author of each work.Capital
9、ize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle,the first word after a colon or a dash in the title,and proper nouns.Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.References:Basics(contd)Capitalize all major words in journal titles.Italicize
10、titles of longer works such as books and journals.Do not italicize,underline,or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles.In-text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphrase provide the authors last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a pa
11、raphrase:Though feminist studies focus solely on womens experiences,they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions(Fussell,1975).There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:In-text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphrase include the authors name in a signal p
12、hrase followed by the year of publication in parenthesis:Recently,the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al.(1987),Marcus(1989),and Raitt and Tate(1997)to include womens personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.Formats for a summary
13、or paraphrase(contd):In-text Citations:Two or more works When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works,order them in the same way they appear in the reference listthe authors name,the year of publicationseparated by a semi-colon:(Kachru,2005;Smith,2008)In-text Citations:A work with two
14、authors When citing a work with two authors,use“and”in between authors name in the signal phrase yet“&”between their names in parenthesis:According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate (1997),“It is no longer true to claim that womens responses to the war have been ignored.”Some feminists research
15、ers question that“womens responses to the war have been ignored”(Raitt&Tate,1997).In-text Citations:A work with 3 to 5 authors When citing a work with three to five authors,identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis:(Harklau,Siegal,&Losey,1999)In subsequent citations,only use the fi
16、rst authors last name followed by et al.in the signal phrase or in parentheses:(Harklau et al.,1993)In-text Citations:a work with 6 and more authors When citing a work with six and more authors,identify the first authors name followed by“et al.”:Smith et al.(2006)maintained that.(Smith et al.,2006).
17、In-text Citations:The same last name/the same author When citing authors with the same last names,use first initials with the last names:(B.Kachru,2005;Y.Kachru,2008)When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year,use lower-case letters(a,b,c)with the year of publication
18、to order the references:Smiths(1998 a)study of adolescent immigrantsIn-text Citations:The same last name/the same author When citing multiple sources with multiple authors:(Smith&Jones,2005;Young,2008)In-text citationsNo AuthorIf the cited material has no author use 2 3 words from the title.(Climate
19、 and Weather,1997)In-text Citations:The same last name/the same author For Block Quotations refer to Chapter 6 of APA Manual For structure questions,such as headings and subheadings,refer to Chapter 2 of APA Manual Note that there are examples of research papers using proper structure on page 40 of APA ManualFor in-text references refer to pg 174-179 of APA ManualThe End