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1、1 Summary writingSummary writing How to abstract topic sentences in expositionHow to abstract topic sentences in expositionAprimaryproblemAprimaryproblem insummarywritinginsummarywritinghowtoindentifyhowtoindentifytopicsentencestopicsentencesreadingreading writing writing.Problem.Problem确定确定目标目标养成养成
2、习惯习惯thedefinitionofthedefinitionofexpositionexposition:(1)(1)introducearealobject(adictionary,abook)introducearealobject(adictionary,abook)实体事物说明实体事物说明(2)explainanabstractthing(aresearch(2)explainanabstractthing(aresearch，aproblem)aproblem)抽象事理说明抽象事理说明S Step1.tep1.Identify the style Identify the sty
3、le 识别文体识别文体.Strategies.Strategies确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯S Step 2:Constructtep 2:Construct the texxxxxxxxxxtual patterns the texxxxxxxxxxtual patterns 建构篇章模式建构篇章模式()()()()1.1.问题问题解决模式（解决模式（problemsolutionpatternproblemsolutionpattern）:提供情景提供情景-提出问题提出问题-对问题的反应对问题的反应-评价评价/结果结果2.2.概括概括具体模
4、式具体模式(generalspecificpattern):(generalspecificpattern):概括陈述概括陈述-具体陈述具体陈述1-1-具体陈述具体陈述2-2-具体陈述具体陈述3-3-具体陈述具体陈述N-N-概括陈述概括陈述3.3.提问提问回答模式（回答模式（questionanswerpatternquestionanswerpattern）:设置一个用提问方式表达的问题设置一个用提问方式表达的问题-寻求答案寻求答案.Strategies.StrategiesTopicparagraphTopicparagraph（主旨段）（主旨段）:raiseaproblem/phenom
5、enon/researchresultraiseaproblem/phenomenon/researchresultSupportingparagraphsSupportingparagraphs（支撑段）（支撑段）:analyzetheproblem/phenomenon/resultanalyzetheproblem/phenomenon/result(concludingparagraphconcludingparagraph（总结段）（总结段）:conclude/suggest/providemeasuresconclude/suggest/providemeasures)cause1
6、cause1cause2effectcause2effectcausecause演演绎绎型型（deductivetypedeductivetype）(theEnglishthinkingpatterntheEnglishthinkingpattern）StrategiesStrategieseffect1effect1causeeffect2causeeffect2effecteffectTopicsentenceforapassage:Topicsentenceforapassage:S Steptep 3:3:Ppresuppose the positions of Ppresuppose
7、 the positions of topic sentences topic sentences 预设主题句位置预设主题句位置.Strategies.StrategiesTopicsentenceforaparagraph:Topicsentenceforaparagraph:(1)inthe(1)inthebeginningbeginningparagraph;paragraph;(2)behind“(2)behind“but/howeverbut/however”(1)inthe(1)inthe beginningbeginning/middle/middle/endendofapara
8、graphofaparagraph(2)behind“(2)behind“but/howeverbut/however”确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example1Example1：RapidRapid policepolice responseresponse isis seenseen bypolicebypolice officersofficers andand thethe publicpublic asasofferingoffering greatgreat benefits.Thebenefits.The moreobviousm
9、oreobvious onesones areare thethe abilitiesabilities ofofpolicepolicetotoapplyapplyfirstfirstaidaidlifelifesavingtechniquessavingtechniquesquickly,quickly,andandthethegreatergreaterpossibilitypossibilityofofarrestingarrestingpeoplepeoplewhowhomaymayhaveparticipatedhaveparticipatedininaacrime.crime.I
10、tItaidsaidsininidentifyingidentifyingthosethosewhowhowitnessedwitnessedanemergencyanemergencyororcrimecrimeasaswellwellasas inin collectingcollecting evidence.evidence.TheThe famefame ofaofa policepolice departmentdepartment tootoo isisraisedraisedififrapidrapidresponseresponseisisconsistentconsiste
11、ntandandthisthispromotespromotesthethepreventionpreventionofcrime.ofcrime.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample1Example1：RapidRapid policepolice responseresponse isis seenseen bypolicebypolice officersofficers andand th
12、ethe publicpublic asasofferingoffering greatgreat benefitsbenefits.The.The moreobviousmoreobvious onesones areare thethe abilitiesabilities ofofpolicepolicetotoapplyapplyfirstfirstaidaidlifelifesavingtechniquessavingtechniquesquickly,quickly,andandthethegreatergreaterpossibilitypossibilityofofarrest
13、ingarrestingpeoplepeoplewhowhomaymayhaveparticipatedhaveparticipatedininaacrime.crime.ItItaidsaidsininidentifyingidentifyingthosethosewhowhowitnessedwitnessedanemergencyanemergencyororcrimecrimeasaswellwellasas inin collectingcollecting evidence.evidence.TheThe famefame ofaofa policepolice departmen
14、tdepartment tootoo isisraisedraisedififrapidrapidresponseresponseisisconsistentconsistentandandthisthispromotespromotesthethepreventionpreventionofcrime.ofcrime.确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example2Example2：Karaoke,whichKaraoke,which waswas inventedinvented byby aa Japanese,Japanese,isis on
15、eone ofof thethe greatestgreatestwonderswondersofofmodernmoderntechnology.technology.NeedlessNeedlesstotosay,say,KaraokeKaraokeisisaagoodgoodwaywayofofrest.rest.YouYoucancanlearnlearnaanewnewsongsongeasily.easily.ItsItsalsoalsoaagoodgoodwaywaytotomakemake youryour friendsfriends happy.happy.NearlyNe
16、arly everyevery bodybody hashas aa chancechance toto bebe aasingingsinging star.star.However,However,everythingeverything hashas twotwo sides,sides,soso doesdoes Karaoke.Karaoke.ItsItsnoisynoisytotoyouryourneighbors.neighbors.Besides,Besides,ififyouyousingsingbadly,badly,theytheywillwillfeelfeelunco
17、mfortable.Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.uncomfortable.Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample2Example2：Karaoke,whichKaraoke,which waswas inventedinvented byby aa Japanese,Ja
18、panese,isis oneone ofof thethe greatestgreatestwonderswondersofofmodernmoderntechnology.technology.NeedlessNeedlesstotosay,say,KaraokeKaraokeisisaagoodgoodwaywayofofrest.rest.YouYoucancanlearnlearnaanewnewsongsongeasily.easily.ItsItsalsoalsoaagoodgoodwaywaytotomakemake youryour friendsfriends happy.
19、happy.NearlyNearly everyevery bodybody hashas aa chancechance toto bebe aasingingsinging star.star.However,However,everythingeverything hashas twotwo sides,sides,soso doesdoes Karaoke.Karaoke.ItsItsnoisynoisytotoyouryourneighbors.neighbors.Besides,Besides,ififyouyousingsingbadly,badly,theytheywillwi
20、llfeelfeeluncomfortable.Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.uncomfortable.Infact,youaresuretomakeasoundpollution.确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example1Example1：AmericansAmericansmightmightbebeembarrassedembarrassedbecausebecausetheirtheirJapaneseJapanesefriendsfriendsarearesosoformalforma
21、lwithwiththem.them.JapaneseJapanesemightmightfeelfeelinsultedinsultedbecausebecauseAmericanAmericanfriendsfriends greetgreet themthem casually.Still,casually.Still,thethe formsforms ofof greetinggreeting inin bothbothcountriescountriesonlyonlyshowshowrespectrespectforforothers.others.ItItjustjusthap
22、penshappensthatthatAmericansAmericansandandJapaneseJapanesehavehaveaadifferentdifferentwaywayofoflookinglookingatathumanhumanrelationshipsrelationshipsandandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.thushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindt
23、hetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample3Example3：AmericansAmericansmightmightbebeembarrassedembarrassedbecausebecausetheirtheirJapaneseJapanesefriendsfriendsarearesosoformalformalwithwiththem.them.JapaneseJapanesemightmightfeelfeelinsultedinsultedbecausebecauseAmericanAmericanfriendsfriends
24、greetgreet themthem casually.Still,casually.Still,thethe formsforms ofof greetinggreeting inin bothbothcountriescountriesonlyonlyshowshowrespectrespectforforothers.others.ItItjustjusthappenshappensthatthatAmericansAmericansandandJapaneseJapanesehavehaveaadifferentdifferentwaywayofoflookinglookingata
25、thumanhumanrelationshipsrelationshipsandandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.thushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯S Steptep 4.4.Clarify the Clarify the logic using transitionslogic using transitions and and confirmconfirm mtopic sentencesmtopic sentences 利用衔接词，
26、理清句间逻辑，确定主题句利用衔接词，理清句间逻辑，确定主题句并列并列/递进关系（递进关系（additiveconjunctionadditiveconjunction）：）：also,also,moreover,furthermore,meanwhile,additionallymoreover,furthermore,meanwhile,additionally转折关系（转折关系（adversativeadversative）：）：but,however,yet,nevertheless,incontrastbut,however,yet,nevertheless,incontrast因果关
27、系（因果关系（causalconjunctioncausalconjunction）：）：because,so,thus,therefore,hence,consequencebecause,so,thus,therefore,hence,consequence解释关系（解释关系（explanationexplanation）：）：orrather;thatistosay;orrather;thatistosay;whichmeanswhichmeans.Strategies.StrategiesMajor pointsMinor pointsVS11确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行
28、制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example4Example4：DeerDeerandandelkelk(麋麋鹿鹿)populationspopulationsmajormajorfoodfoodsourcessources(来来源源)forforthethewolfwolf grewgrew rapidly.rapidly.TheseThese animalsanimals consumedconsumed largelarge amountsamounts ofofvegetationvegetation(植植被被),),whichwhich reducedreduced plantp
29、lant diversitydiversity inin thethe park.park.InInthetheabsenceabsenceofofwolves,wolves,coyotecoyote(郊郊狼狼)populationspopulationsalsoalsogrewgrewquickly.quickly.TheThecoyotescoyoteskilledkilledaalargelargepercentagepercentageofofthetheparksparksredredfoxes,foxes,andandcompletelycompletelydroveawaythe
30、parksbeavers(droveawaytheparksbeavers(海狸海狸).).Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample4Example4 DeerDeerandandelkelk(麋麋鹿鹿)populationspopulationsmajormajorfoodfoodsourcessources(来来源源)forforthethewolfwolf grewgrew rapidly.ra
31、pidly.TheseThese animalsanimals consumedconsumed largelarge amountsamounts ofofvegetationvegetation(植植被被),),whichwhich reducedreduced plantplant diversitydiversity inin thethe park.park.InInthetheabsenceabsenceofofwolves,wolves,coyotecoyote(郊郊狼狼)populationspopulationsalsoalso grewgrewquickly.quickly
32、.TheThecoyotescoyoteskilledkilledaalargelargepercentagepercentageofofthetheparksparksredredfoxes,foxes,andandcompletelycompletelydroveawaytheparksbeavers(droveawaytheparksbeavers(海狸海狸).).Summary:with wolves absence,Deer,elk and coyote populations have a rapid increase,which consequently damage the p
33、lant and animal diversity in the park.并列关系并列关系12确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example5Example5：YouYoumightmightthinkthinkthatthatwhetherwhetheryouyouchoosechooseaablueblueshirtshirtororaayellowyellowoneonetotowearweartotoworkworkororcollegecollegemakesmakesnonodifferencedifferencetotoyouryou
34、rdaydayandandthosethosearoundaroundyou.you.However,However,ananincreasingincreasingnumbernumberofofexpertsexpertsarguearguethatthatthethecolorscolorswewechoosechooseaffectaffectourourmood,mood,ourourcareercareerprospectsprospectsandandevenevenourourhealth.health.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsent
35、encesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample5Example5：YouYoumightmightthinkthinkthatthatwhetherwhetheryouyouchoosechooseaablueblueshirtshirtororaayellowyellowoneonetotowearweartotoworkworkororcollegecollegemakesmakesnonodifferencedifferencetotoyouryourdaydayandan
36、dthosethosearoundaroundyou.you.HoweverHowever,ananincreasingincreasingnumbernumberofofexpertsexpertsarguearguethatthatthethecolorscolorswewechoosechooseaffectaffectourourmood,mood,ourourcareercareerprospectsprospectsandandevenevenourourhealth.health.Summary:In contrast to the long-held view,it is pr
37、oposed that our clothing color impacts us a lot in diverse aspects.转折关系转折关系13确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯Example6Example6：I Itendtendtotoagreeagreethatthatyoungyoungchildrenchildrencancanbebenegativelynegativelyaffectedaffectedbybytootoomuchmuchtimetimespentspentononthethecomputercomputere
38、veryeveryday.day.ThisThisisispartlypartlybecausebecausesittingsittingininfrontfrontofofaascreenscreenforfortootoolonglongcancanbebedamagingdamagingtotobothboththetheeyeseyesandandthethephysicalphysicalposturepostureofofaayoungyoungchild,child,regardlessregardlessofofwhatwhattheytheyareusingthecomput
39、erfor.areusingthecomputerfor.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsExample6Example6：I Itendtendtotoagreeagreethatthatyoungyoungchildrenchildrencancanbebenegativelynegativelyaffectedaffectedbybytootoomuchmuchtimetimespentspenton
40、onthethecomputercomputereveryeveryday.day.ThisThisisispartlypartlybecausebecause sittingsittingininfrontfrontofofaascreenscreenforfortootoolonglongcancanbebedamagingdamagingtotobothboththetheeyeseyesandandthethephysicalphysicalposturepostureofofaayoungyoungchild,child,regardlessregardlessofofwhatwha
41、ttheytheyareusingthecomputerfor.areusingthecomputerfor.Summary:Excessive time spent on the computer brings bad effects to young children.因果关系因果关系14确定确定目标目标做做SWOT分析分析制定行制定行动计划动计划养成养成习惯习惯ExampleExample7：WhenWhenaaleafyleafyplantplantisisunderunderattack,attack,ititdoesntdoesntsitsitquietly.quietly.Bac
42、kBackinin1983,1983,twotwoscientists,scientists,JackJackSchultzSchultzandandIanIanBaldwin,Baldwin,reportedreportedthatthatyoungyoungmaplemaple treestrees gettinggetting bittenbitten byby insectsinsects sendsend outoutaaparticularparticularsmellsmell thatthatneighboringplantscanget.neighboringplantsca
43、nget.Strategies.StrategiesFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsFindthetopicsentencesinthefollowingparagraphsSummary:Actually,a leafy plant wont be blind to any attack.ExampleExample7：WhenWhenaaleafyleafyplantplantisisunderunderattack,attack,ititdoesntdoesntsitsitquietly.quietly.BackBackinin1
44、983,1983,twotwoscientists,scientists,JackJackSchultzSchultzandandIanIanBaldwin,Baldwin,reportedreportedthatthatyoungyoungmaplemaple treestrees gettinggetting bittenbitten byby insectsinsects sendsendoutoutaaparticularparticularsmellsmell thatthatneighboringplantscanget.neighboringplantscanget.解释关系解释
45、关系IdentifythestyleIdentifythestyleclarifythestructureclarifythestructurefindthetopicsentencefindthetopicsentencetakeadvantageoftransitiontakeadvantageoftransitionTip1Tip1：DeletetherepeatedDeletetherepeatedTip2Tip2：tipstipsTip3Tip3：Tip4Tip4：DeletethetoogeneralDeletethetoogeneralclarifythelogicalrelat
46、ionshipclarifythelogicalrelationshipDeleteexamplesDeleteexamplesDeletetheinformationDeletetheinformationbehindthebehindthedashdash”Group discussionGroup discussion:Read the passage and find out the key points.Practice.Practice1.“A photograph that one has taken of oneself,typically with a smart phone
47、 or webcam and uploaded to a social media website”is the definition of“selfie”in the Oxford English Dictionary.In fact,it wasnt even in the dictionary until August of last year.It earned its place there because people are now so obsessed with(对对痴迷痴迷)selfieswe take them when we try on a new hat,play
48、with our pets or when we meet a friend whom we havent seen for quite a while.What phenomenon is raised?What phenomenon is raised?1.“A photograph that one has taken of oneself,typically with a smart phone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website”is the definition of“selfie”in the Oxford Engli
49、sh Dictionary.In fact,it wasnt even in the dictionary until August of last year.It earned its place there because people are now so obsessed with(对对痴迷痴迷)selfieswe take them when we try on a new hat,play with our pets or when we meet a friend whom we havent seen for quite a while.Practice.Practice 2.
50、But is there any scientific explanation for this obsession?Well,you should probably ask James Kilner,a neuroscientist(神经系统科学家神经系统科学家)at University College London.2.ButBut is there any scientific explanation for this obsession?Well,you should probably ask James Kilner,a neuroscientist(神经系统科学家神经系统科学家)