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1、Unit 4Unit 4Language and CultureLanguage-and-culture2The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4Introduction3 1Grammatical Points in Reading I and II3 33 5Understanding Human LanguageIntroduction:what we are going to learn?nUnderstand the structure of human languagenUnderstand the characteristics of languagenBe abl
2、e to distinguish the variations of human languagenUnderstand the relationship between language and culturenUnderstand how the two are relatedThe Structure of Human LanguagenLinguistics is the scientific study of human language,it generally examines how human beings use language as symbols in the com
3、munication process.nLinguistics is comprised of five areas of study:morphology,phonology,syntax,semantics,and pragmatics.nAmong the five components,semantics and pragmatics have special importance for intercultural communication.PhonologyPhonology:Phonology is the study of the sounds of human Phonol
4、ogy is the study of the sounds of human language and their patterns.Two branches:phonetics and language and their patterns.Two branches:phonetics and phonology.Phonetics deals with how to pronounce a word,phonology.Phonetics deals with how to pronounce a word,phonology deals with why the word should
5、 be pronounced in the phonology deals with why the word should be pronounced in the way we pronounce it.way we pronounce it.SyntaxSyntax:syntax is syntax is the study of the the study of the structure of structure of sentences and sentences and phrases.phrases.MorphologyMorphology:Morphology is Morp
6、hology is the study of the study of words and words and word building.word building.PragmaticsPragmatics:pragmatics is the study of the pragmatics is the study of the effect of language on human behavior.effect of language on human behavior.The Structure The Structure of Human of Human LanguageLangu
7、agenSemantics:semantics is the study of meaning and reference in human language.nIn human language systems,a word may have several meanings,and many words have the same meaning.nIn human language,two types of meaning have been identified:linguistic meaning and the speakers meaning.LM is the dictiona
8、ry meaning,the literal meaning of the expression without any reference to the feeling of the speaker.SM depends on the intention of the speaker.Characteristics of LanguagenHuman language has four characteristics:symbolic,rule-governed,subjective,dynamic.Rule-governed Every structural Every structura
9、l level of human level of human language is language is regulated by its regulated by its own own grammatical grammatical rules and rules and principles.principles.Subjective Meanings of the language reside in people,not in words.The meanings of a language are dependent on cultural experience,not on
10、 words themselves.DynamicDynamicNo language is No language is fixed or fixed or unvarying.To unvarying.To survive,all survive,all languages must languages must undergo undergo changes.Change changes.Change in a language is in a language is based on the based on the concept of time.concept of time.Sy
11、mbolicLanguage stands if place of“reality”,yet a symbol is never equal to the reality to which it refers.The same reality can be represented by different symbols Variations of Human LanguagenDialects:dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary langu
12、age of the whole people.Social dialect is a distinct form of a language spoken by people belonging to a specific socioeconomic class.nPidgins:also called contact or marginal languages,have most often developed as a result of colonization in military-occupied areas.Two properties:no native speakers,t
13、he linguistic and grammatical structure is always simple and based on one or two other languages.nCreole:when a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region,it is called a creole.People tend to believe both pidgin and creole languages lack cultural
14、 potential,they are undervalued and inadequately understood.Thus,the social status of creole speakers are low even today.nLingua Franca:it is a compound language.It often develops in an area where groups of people speak diverse languages;when a given language known to all is used by common agreement
15、 for the purpose of communication,it is lingua franca.nJargon:refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law.nArgot:is a language that is peculiar to itself,in which the meaning of a word is changed or reversed.n
16、Taboo:refers to behaviors that are forbidden or that should be avoided.Thus,words that are not polite for a society are considered taboo.Language and CulturenLanguage determines our culture:language not only transmits but also shapes our thinking,beliefs,and attitudes.In other words,language is a gu
17、ide to culturea major tenet of the writings of Edward Sapir.nLanguage reflects our attitudes:language merely reflectsrather than shapesour thinking,beliefs,and attitudes.Language reflects the degree of power one can wield.Just as language exerts control,it can reflect lack of control.nAccording to S
18、apir,language is the medium of expression for human society,and it conditions our thinking about social problems and processes.Because each culture possesses a unique lexicon and grammar,no culture reality can ever be fully explained by members of one culture to those of another.nAccording to Whorf,
19、the linguistic system of each language is itself the shaper of ideas.Language not only programs our mental activity but also guides our analysis of impressions.Whorf considered language the originator of culture.Language controls the human beings cognitive system in the process of interaction,and th
20、is in turn systematically patterns the human beings experience.nWhorf further showed that a persons cultural background can be easily recognized by the language they use.Because individuals are unable to totally acknowledge their own culture,they can neither consciously nor completely control their
21、own language.nScholars point our S-WH overemphasizes the linguistic differences that cause communication barriers,arguing instead that no culture can be completely self-contained or isolated.Important similarities exist among cultures in the real world.Language is not a necessary presupposition of a
22、n individuals experience or cognitive activity,and the intercultural communication barriers mentioned by S-W are in fact surmountable.Sentences worth mentioning:If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications,we may at best not communicate well and at worst send the wrong mess
23、age.As anyone who has been abroad for any length of time can attest,language lives;it changes over time.The example of Canadian French illustrates that a language,if spoken in different parts of the globe,ultimately will develop differently.Language-and-culture conveys both unification and separatio
24、n.It acknowledges that we can deal with each separately and with both together.We need to be able to express ourselves and to communicate with members of the culture as we engage with them in the myriad practices and products that make up their way of life.Language is a cultural product in and of itself.Through language,we make tacit perspectives explicit.