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1、PART TWO第二篇 语法突破篇语法专题（十四）宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句【中考考点】(1)宾语从句的时态、语序及引导词。(2)宾语从句的简化形式。(3)状语从句中连词的选择和时态。(4)关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。(5)关系代词的特殊用法。考点一引导词宾语从句1.在that引导的宾语从句中,若是陈述句作宾语,that可以省略。Theradiosays(that)itwillraintomorrow.收音机报道说明天要下雨。2.连接代词which,what,who等或连接副词how,where,why,when等引导的特殊疑问句作宾语从句时,从句改用陈述语序。Couldyoutellme
2、toyou?你能告诉我他跟你说了些什么吗?what he said3.whether或if引导的一般疑问句或选择疑问句作宾语从句时,从句改用陈述语序。IwonderyouhavetoldthenewstoLiLei.我想知道你是否已经告诉李雷这个消息了。【注意】下列几种情况中,宾语从句的引导词通常使用whether:(1)具有选择意义且又有or或ornot,尤其是直接与ornot连用时,往往用whether。(2)介词之后用whether。(3)不定式前用whether。if/whether考点二时态1.当主句为现在时态时,宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。Irememberhemeabook
3、yesterday.我记得他昨天给了我一本书。HehastoldmethatheforNewYorktomorrow.他已经告诉我明天他就动身去纽约了。2.当主句为过去时态时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态。WeaskedwhatJeanwasdoingthen.我们问琼那时正在做什么。3.当从句表述的是客观真理或普遍规律时,宾语从句要使用一般现在时。Lisasaidlightfasterthansound.丽萨说光的传播速度比声音快。gavewill leavetravels/goes考点三语序1.陈述句改为宾语从句时,语序不变。Heisagoodchild.Theteachersaid.The
4、teachersaid(that)hewasagoodchild.老师说他是个好孩子。2.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句改为宾语从句时,语序改为陈述语序。Doesheworkhard?Iwonder.Iwonderif/whether.我想知道他工作是否努力。Whendidheleave?Idontknow.Idontknowwhenheleft.我不知道他是什么时候离开的。he works hard【注意】宾语从句的简化当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是know,remember,forget,learn等时,从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。IdontknowwhatIshou
5、ldsay.Idontknowwhat.我不知道要说什么。to say 考点一状语从句的分类状语从句1.时间状语从句引导词有when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,notuntil,assoonas等。Whenhecomesback,Illgiveyouacall.他回来时,我会给你打电话的。Theydidntstopuntiltheyfinishedthework.他们直到完成工作才停下来。IllringyouassoonasIreachBeijing.我一到北京就给你打电话。2.原因状语从句引导词有because,since,as等。Idid
6、ntgo,becauseIwasafraid.我没去,因为我害怕。Sinceyouarefreetoday,youdbettertakeagoodrest.既然你今天有空,你最好好好休息。3.条件状语从句引导词有if,unless,aslongas等。Ifitrains,Illgobycar.如果下雨,我就乘小汽车去。Youcannotsucceedunlessyouworkhard.如果你不努力学习,你是不会成功的。4.结果状语从句引导词有sothat,suchthat等。Itwasrainingsohardthatwecouldntseetheroad.雨下得如此大,以至于我们看不见路。5
7、.让步状语从句引导词有though,eventhough/if,although,“nomatter+疑问词”等。Eventhough/ifyousayso,Idonotbelieveit.即使你这么说,我也不信。6.目的状语从句引导词有sothat,inorderthat等。IneedtogetupearlysothatIcancatchtheearlybus.我需要早起,以便我能赶上早班车。7.方式状语从句引导词有asif/though,as等。Thechildtalkedtousasifhewereagrown-up.那个孩子跟我们谈起话来像个成年人似的。8.地点状语从句引导词有wher
8、e,wherever等。Whereverhegoes,healwaysbringshispetdog.无论他去哪里,他总是带着他的宠物狗。9.比较状语从句引导词有than,asas,notas/soas等。CarolspeaksEnglishaswellasyoudo.卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好。考点二主句与从句时态一致的问题在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列三种情况:1.主现从现:若主句是祈使句或主句中有情态动词时,那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.过马路时要小心。Thetrafficmuststopw
9、henthelights.当红灯亮时,车辆必须停下来。turn/are red2.主将从现:主句用一般将来时,而从句用一般现在时表示将来。IwillvisitmygoodfriendwhenItime.当我有空时,我将去看望我的好友。Ifsheheretomorrow,Iwillgototheparkwithher.如果明天她来这里,我将和她一起去公园。3.过去时态:若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情,则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。MymotherwascookingwhenIgothomeyesterday.昨天我到家时,我妈妈正在做饭。havecomes考点三宾语从句和状语从句同时出现I
10、dontknowif(是否)hewillcome.If(如果)hecomes,Iwilltellhimabouttheaccident.我不知道他是否会来。如果他来的话,我将告诉他这起事故。Idontknowwhen(什么时候)hewillcometomorrow.When(当的时候)hecomes,Iwilltellhimaboutthenews.我不知道他明天什么时候来。当他来时,我将告诉他这则消息。定语从句考点一关系代词的基本用法引导定语从句的关系代词有who(whose,whom),which,that。作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/thatwhose指物wh
11、ich/thatwhich/thatwhose考点二关系代词的特殊用法一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which。1.下列情况关系词只能用that(1)先行词为不定代词all,few,little,much,everything,nothing等时。All(that)youhavetodoistopracticeeveryday.你必须要做的就是每天练习。Thereisntmuch(that)Icando.我能做的不多。(2)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。Thefirstlesson(that)Ilearnedwillneverbeforgotten.我
12、将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂课。Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。(3)先行词被all,any,every,few,little,no,some等不定代词修饰时。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame等修饰时。ThewhitefloweristheonlyonethatIreallylike.这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。ThisistheverybookIwanttoread.这就是我想
13、看的那本书。that(5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?站在那边的那个人是谁?Whichofusthatknowsomethingaboutphysicsdoesntknowthis?在我们懂点物理的人当中有谁不知道这个?(6)先行词既有人又有物时。Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingswecouldremember.我们谈论了我们所能记得的人和事。(7)time作先行词且前面有序数词或last修饰时,定语从句用that来引导(that可省略)。Thisisthelasttime(
14、that)Ishallgiveyoualesson.这是我最后一次给你们上课了。Thefirsttime(that)Isawhimwasin2016.我第一次见到他是在2016年。that2.下列情况只能用which(1)关系代词作介词的宾语时,用“介词+which”结构。Thisisthebookforyouask.这是你要的书。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,只能用which。Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本我已经读了三遍的小说很感人。which考点三关系副词的用法1.when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词,在句中作
15、状语。IstillrememberthedayIfirstcametoBeijing.我仍然记得第一次来北京的那一天。2.where在句中作状语,表示地点。ThisisthefactoryIworkedtwoyearsago.这就是我两年前工作的那家工厂。3.why在句中作状语,表示原因。Iknowthereasonhecamelate.我知道他来晚的原因。whenwherewhy中考真题演练1.Canyoutellme?HelivesinShanghai.A.whereMarklivesB.wheredoesMarkliveC.whereMarklivedD.wheredidMarklive
16、2.Judy,couldyoutellmetheschoolbag?Oh,yes.IboughtitinastoreontheInternet.A.wheredidyoubuyB.wherewillyoubuyC.whereyouboughtD.whereyouwillbuy宾语从句AC中考真题演练3.2018北京Alice,couldyoutellmeLondon?Sure.LastSunday.A.whenMr.SmithleftB.whenMr.SmithwillleaveC.whendidMr.SmithleaveD.whenwillMr.Smithleave答案A解析考查宾语从句。宾
17、语从句使用陈述语序,排除C、D两项;根据答语中的“LastSunday.”判断使用一般过去时。故选A。中考真题演练4.2018淮安Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellmethenearestpostoffice?Certainly.Walkacrosstheroadandturnright,andyoullseeit.A.whencanIgettoB.whenIcangettoC.howcanIgettoD.howIcangetto答案D解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句用陈述语序,排除A、C;答语提示用how引导宾语从句,表示“如何;怎样”,与when“何时”无关。故选D。中考真题
18、演练5.2018莱芜YoucamebackfromBeijingyesterday.Couldyoutellme?Iwenttherebytrain.A.howyouwentthereB.whoyouwentwithC.whatyouthinkofthetripD.ifyouenjoythetrip答案A解析考查宾语从句。根据答语“wenttherebytrain”可知,问句是询问去北京的交通方式。故选A。中考真题演练6.2018常州Canyoudescribe?Yes.Iwaswalkingwhenabikeknockedmedownfrombehind.A.whydidtheacciden
19、thappenB.whendidtheaccidenthappenC.howtheaccidenthappenedD.wheretheaccidenthappened答案C解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句要用陈述语序,故可排除A和B项;根据答语“当我正走着的时候,一辆自行车从后面撞倒了我。”可知,本题询问的是“事故是怎么发生的?”故选C。中考真题演练7.2018沈阳Tom,Iwenttothepartyyesterdayevening.Oh,Iwanttoknowattheparty.A.whodoyoumeet B.whoyoumeetC.whodidyoumeet D.whoyoumet答案D解
20、析考查宾语从句。宾语从句要注意引导词、陈述语序、时态。根据上文“Tom,Iwenttothepartyyesterdayevening.”可以判断下文谈论的是昨天晚上的晚会,故要用一般过去时。根据宾语从句用陈述语序可知答案为D。中考真题演练8.2018云南Idontknowduringthesummervacation.Anyadvice?Howaboutdoingsomepart-timejobs?A.whatshouldIdoB.whatIshoulddoC.whereshouldIgoD.whereIshouldgoB中考真题演练9.2018日照Thereissomuchnoiseint
21、henextroom.Iwonder.A.whataretheydoingB.whattheyaredoingC.whatweretheydoingD.whattheyweredoing答案B解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句使用陈述语序,排除选项A、C;根据第一句及主句的时态可知宾语从句使用现在时态,排除选项D。故选B。中考真题演练10.2018玉林Herearethejobsforyou,youngman.Thankyou.CouldIchoose?A.whatIliketodomostB.whatIlikedtodomostC.whatdoIliketodomostD.whatdidIliket
22、odomost答案A解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句要使用陈述语序,因此排除C、D;主句中could表示委婉的请求,不是过去式,故排除B。故选A。中考真题演练11.2018黄冈IreallywanttowatchOperationRedSea(红海行动).Couldyoutellme?Sure.ItllbeonshowatTownCinema.A.whenwillitbeonshowB.whenitwillbeonshowC.wherewillitbeonshowD.whereitwillbeonshow答案D解析考查宾语从句。根据答语句意推知宾语从句问地点,C和D选项符合此意,该宾语从句是一个特殊
23、疑问句,其特点是特殊疑问词在前,后面从句用陈述语序。故选D。中考真题演练12.2018黄石Imsosorryaboutyesterday.Dontworryaboutit.Itsneverjustonepersonsfault.Weshouldthinkaboutbetternexttime.A.howcanwedoitB.howwecandoitC.wherecanwedoitD.wherewecandoitB中考真题演练13.2018泸州CouldyoutellmeyuanxiaoinChina?UsuallyattheLanternFestival.A.whendopeopleeatB.
24、howdopeopleeatC.whenpeopleeatD.howpeopleeat答案C解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句要用陈述语序,再结合后面的回答可知,前面问句与时间有关。故选C。中考真题演练14.2018新疆Excuseme,couldyoutellmefromyourhometoschool?Itsabout500meters.A.howfarisitB.howfaritisC.howlongdoesittakeyouD.howlongittakesyou答案B解析考查宾语从句。上句是宾语从句,从句中需用陈述语序,可排除A、C项;根据答语“Itsabout500meters.”可知,上句
25、应是询问距离,因此用howfar表达。故选B。中考真题演练15.2018河池Couldyoutellmeyourholiday,Jim?Yes.InSingapore.A.wheredidyouspendB.howyouspentC.howwillyouspendD.whereyouspent答案D解析考查宾语从句。宾语从句要用陈述语序,故排除选项A和C;B项意为:你怎么度过假期?D项意为:你在哪里度过假期?根据答语“InSingapore.”可知问句应该是询问“在哪里度过假期”。故选D。中考真题演练16.2018莱芜Jerrywillsucceedinworkingouttheproblem
26、hegivesup.A.ifB.becauseC.so D.unless17.Jackdidntcometoschooltodayhewasill.A.so B.butC.or D.because状语从句DD中考真题演练18.2018抚顺LittleTonywashappytogetagiftfromhisfriend,thegiftwasonlyacard.A.though B.butC.sinceD.if19.2018曲靖Whatsyouropiniononfriends?Theyarelikebooks.Wedontneedalotofthemtheyregood.A.aslongasB
27、.assoonasC.sothat D.asifAA中考真题演练20.Westilldoexerciseeverymorning,itisverycoldoutside.A.so B.or C.although D.because21.OurEnglishteacherdidntcometoclassherdaughterwasill.A.andB.so C.but D.because22.2018本溪Kevinbecameavolunteertosaveendangeredanimalshehadnosuchexperience.A.becauseB.if C.thoughD.untilCD
28、C中考真题演练23.Itwasrainingheavily,wedecidedtostayathomeandwatchTV.A.butB.soC.becauseD.or24.2018长春Theskyismuchbluerwehavetakenactiontoprotecttheenvironment.A.becauseB.beforeC.until D.unless25.itrainstomorrow,wewillgotothecinemainsteadofgoingcamping.A.IfB.WhenC.Though D.BecauseBAA中考真题演练26.2018黔南Jackhaslea
29、rnedmoreaboutteamwork(团队合作)hejoinedthesoccerteam.A.untilB.sinceC.whileD.though27.Mikehadabadcold,hehadtostayathome.A.or B.butC.because D.soBD中考真题演练28.2018咸宁HarryPotterisaninterestingnovelIwanttoreaditagain.Iagreewithyou.A.so;that B.too;toC.such;thatD.as;as29.WewillmeettheEnglishfriendswehavetime.A.i
30、fB.soC.butD.and30.Wedidnotenjoythedaytheweatherwastoobad.A.or B.becauseC.butD.soCAB中考真题演练31.2018黄冈Class,youshouldbethankfultothosepeoplehelpedandsupportedyou.Wewill,MissChen.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.whose定语从句答案C解析考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,这是一个定语从句,先行词为people,且从句缺少主语,所以用关系代词who或that引导定语从句。故选C。中考真题演练32.2018随州Whatare
31、youlookingfor?Imlookingforthedictionaryyoulentmelastweek.A.whoB.whatC.whenD.that答案D解析考查定语从句。“youlentmelastweek”为定语从句,先行词thedictionary为物,故用关系代词which/that引导定语从句。故选D。中考真题演练33.2018自贡改编IntheprogramTheSingerin2018,IlikeHuaChenyumost.Yes.HeisthesingerwonthefirstprizeofHappyBoysVoicein2013.A.whoB.whichC.wha
32、tD.whose答案A解析考查定语从句。what不引导定语从句;which哪一个,先行词一般为物;定语从句的先行词是thesinger,是人,所以用who引导定语从句。故选A。中考真题演练34.2018安顺OnlyYouisaTVprogramispopularwithmostyoungpeople.Yes,itisdefinitelytrue.A.thatB.whoseC.whatD.who答案A解析考查定语从句。这里的先行词是aTVprogram,表示事物,用that引导定语从句。故选A。中考真题演练35.2018十堰Shehasateenagegranddaughteraboutmyageisreallykind.A.whichB.whoC.whereD./答案B解析考查定语从句。先行词granddaughter指人,关系词在定语从句中作主语。故选B。中考真题演练36.2018兰州Ilikethecitythepeoplearereallykindandfriendly.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.who答案C解析考查定语从句。分析题干可知此处定语从句修饰的名词“thecity”表示地点,所以定语从句用where来引导,where在定语从句中用作地点状语。故选C。