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1、2-1 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved2-2ChapterChapterMcGraw-Hill/IrwinPersonality,Stress,Learning,and Perception22-3As the workplace becomes more diverse,it becomes increasingly important to understand what makes people different in order to work productively as a team.2-4Perso
2、nality lRelatively stable set of traits that aids in explaining and predicting individual behaviorli.e.,warm,aggressive,easygoingli.e.,Type A Personalityli.e.,Type B PersonalitylIndividuals are all different,yet similar in many ways 2-5Personality DevelopmentlTraits are distinguishing personal chara
3、cteristicslPersonality development is based on genetics and environmental factors lPersonality is the sum of genetics and a lifetime of learninglPersonality traits can be changed,with work2-6Personality Classification MethodslType A/Type BlType A:fast moving,hard driving,time conscious,competitive,i
4、mpatient,and preoccupied with worklType B:often laid back or easy goinglLocus of ControllA continuum between an external and an internal belief over who has control over ones destinylCan be internal or external2-7Big Five Dimensions of Traits 2-8The Big Five Model of Personality(1 of 2)(1 of 2)lSurg
5、ency includes leadership and extroversion traitslAgreeableness includes traits related to getting along with peoplelAdjustment includes traits related to emotional stability2-9The Big Five Model of Personality(2 of 2)(2 of 2)lConscientiousness includes traits related to achievementlOpenness to exper
6、ience includes traits related to being willing to change and try new things2-10Improving Behavior,Human Relations,and Performance(1 of 2)(1 of 2)Before you interact with another person,ask yourself questions like-lWhat type of personality does the other person have?lHow is he or she likely to behave
7、 in this situation during our interaction?lHow can I create a win-win situation?lIs there anything I should or should not do to make this interaction successful?2-11Improving Behavior,Human Relations,and Performance(2 of 2)(2 of 2)After you interact with another person,ask yourself questions like-lW
8、as my assessment of the other persons personality correct?lDid the other person behave as I predicted?lDid I create a win-win situation?lDid my behavior help the relations,and should I continue with this person?lDid my behavior hurt the relations,and should I discontinue it with this person?2-12The
9、Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)lIdentifies an individuals personality preferenceslBased on an individuals four preferences(or inclinations)for certain ways of thinking and behaving2-13Stress lStress is an emotional and/or physical reaction to environmental activities and eventslStressors situation
10、s in which people feel anxiety,tension,and pressurelHow people react to stressors depends on:lthe circumstancesleach persons physical and psychological characteristics2-14The Positive Side of Stress lSome stress helps improve performance by challenging and motivating uslMany people perform best unde
11、r some pressure.2-15Problems Associated with Too Much Stress lToo much stress affects:lPersonal healthlMoralelProductivitylOrganizational efficiencylAbsenteeismlMedical costslProfitabilitylStress also causes many physical illnesses2-16Causes of Stress Personality typeOrganizationalOrganizationalclim
12、ateclimateManagementbehaviorDegree of jobsatisfaction2-17Signs of StresslDisillusionmentlIrritablenesslHeadacheslBody tensionlExhaustionlStomach problemslBurnout the constant lack of interest and motivation to perform ones job because of stress2-18Controlling StresslStep 1 Identify stressorslStep 2
13、Determine their causes and consequenceslStep 3 Plan to eliminate or decrease the stress2-19Ways to Reduce Stress RelaxationPositiveThinkingSupportSystemExerciseNutrition2-20Causes of Stress and How to Control Stress Factors that can make your stress level highYour personality typeWays to keep your s
14、tress level lowExerciseYour stress levelNutritionManagement behaviorPositive thinkingSupport systemRelaxationJob SatisfactionControlling stressOrganizational climateCauses of stressExhibit 2.32-21Many organizations view managing knowledge as the key to their success.2-22Intelligence(1 of 2)(1 of 2)l
15、Intelligence is the level of ones capacity for:lnew learninglproblem solvingldecision makinglIt is generally agreed that intelligence is a product of both genetics and the environment2-23Intelligence(2 of 2)(2 of 2)lIntelligence is a strong predictor of many important outcomes in life,such as:leduca
16、tional attainmentloccupational attainmentlPeople have multiple intelligences,two of which(interpersonal and leadership)involve working with people 2-24Emotional Intelligence lIncorporates a broad range of abilities that explain workplace behavior as it relates to the way individuals manage emotionsl
17、It is part of multiple intelligences2-25Five Components of Emotional Intelligence 1.Self-awarenessBeing conscious of your emotions within youYour gut feelings can help you on the job2.Managing emotionsNot letting your emotions get in the way of getting the job done3.Motivating oneselfBeing optimisti
18、c despite obstacles,setbacks,and failure4.EmpathyPutting yourself in someone elses situation and understanding that persons emotions5.Social skillsTo build relationships,respond to emotions,and influence others2-26The Four Learning Styles(1 of 2)(1 of 2)FeelingsThinkingDoingObservingAccommodatorAcco
19、mmodatorConvergerConvergerAssimilatorAssimilatorDivergerDivergerExhibit 2.42-27The Four Learning Styles(2 of 2)(2 of 2)1.AccommodatorPrefers learning by doing and feeling2.DivergerPrefers learning by observing and feeling3.ConvergerPrefers learning by doing and thinking4.AssimilatorPrefers learning
20、by observing and thinking2-28The Learning Organization(1 of 2)(1 of 2)lLearning organizations:lcultivate the capacity to learn,adapt,and change with the environment to be innovative with speedlfocus on improving learning and on determining how knowledge is circulated throughout the organizationlques
21、tion old beliefs and ways of doing things,yet they make the learning process as painless as possiblelWhen employees work together,learning and innovation are optimized2-29The Learning Organization(2 of 2)(2 of 2)The learning organization learns to:lOperate using the systems effectlAvoid making the s
22、ame mistakeslMake continuous performance improvementslShare information 2-30Perception lPerception refers to a persons interpretation of realitylPeople with different personalities perceive things differentlylPerception is influenced by:lHereditylEnvironmentlPersonalitylIntelligencelNeedslSelf conce
23、pt,attitudes,and values 2-31Biases in Perception SelectiveExposureInterestProjectionFrame ofReferenceExpectationsStereotypes2-32Perceptual Congruence lThe degree to which people see things the same waylWhen people perceive things the same way,there are positive consequences in the organization2-33De
24、veloping Positive First Impressions lPrimacy Effect-The way people perceive one another during their first impressionslThese first impressions:lEstablish the mental framework within which people view one anotherlAre based on personality and appearanceFour-minute Barrier-The time we have to make a good impression 2-34Image Projection lImage other peoples attitudes toward uslImpression management image from your perspectivelWe can control the image we project by our:lappearance lnonverbal communicationslbehavior