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1、 第第一一章章 冶金冶金工程工程第一节第一节 冶金冶金工程简介工程简介l一、冶金概述l二、冶金方法的分类l三、冶金工业的重要性l四、冶金工程发展史一、一、机械机械工程概述工程概述l 冶金(Metallurgy)是研究如何从矿石或其他金属原料中提 取金属或金属化合物，并经过加工处理为人类所应用的科 学。l 广义的冶金涉及开采矿石、选矿、冶炼和加工金属等方面。l 狭义的冶金，即提取冶金，是指矿石或精矿的冶炼。二、二、冶金方法的分类冶金方法的分类l(一)火法冶金l(二)湿法冶金l(三)电冶金三、三、冶金工业的重要性冶金工业的重要性l(一)与能源工业、交通运输业一样，构成了国民经济的 基础产业。l(二
2、)我国在发展有色金属工业方面有着潜在的资源优势四、冶金工程发展史l 古代的冶金技术 公元前38-35世纪，出现炼铜 公元前30世纪，出现最早的青铜 公元前1500-1400年，出现铁l 近代冶金的发展 资本主义发展初期 二战后第二节第二节 翻译实务翻译实务 汉译英汉译英(一)Warm-up questions1.Please introduce what the rolling is briefly.2.What is your opinion about the hot-rolling and cold-rolling?(二)Words and expressions轧钢简介原文：原文：轧钢
3、是在两个以上旋转轧辊的作用下使金属连续成形的工艺(图1-1)。轧辊主要通过压力作用于金属，所以轧钢归于压力成形方法中。译文：译文：Steel rolling is a continuous or stepwise forming with the aid of more than two rotating rolls.The rolls act on the metal primarily through pressure(Fig.1-1).Therefore rolling is classified among the pressure-forming methods.1-1 1-1 轧制
4、工序轧制工序原文：原文：轧钢有热轧和冷轧。热轧在轧件高温时进行，而冷轧不需要加热。译文：译文：Steel may be rolled hot or cold.Hot rolling is carried out at an elevated rolling-stock temperature,and cold-rolling is performed without heating.原文：原文：热轧厂一般由以下几部分组成：加热炉区(在变形前供热)、轧制区和精整区。译文：译文：译文：译文：Hot-rolling mills are generally divided into the follo
5、wing zones:furnace area(for heat supply prior to deformation),rolling area,and finishing area.原文：原文：加热炉区负责把轧件均热到一定的温度，轧制区完成轧制工作。译文：译文：Rolling stocks will be homogeneously preheated to defined temperature by socking pits in the furnace area.The rolling area completes the rolling process.原文：原文：轧制道次要与轧
6、制的产品相适应，因此有各种不同的分类。比如，粗轧道次，中轧道次和精道次。译文：译文：Rolling trains are normally adapted to the products to be rolled.Hence,there are very many different types of trains,such as roughing trains,intermediate and finishing trains.原文：原文：成品车间的主要任务是：切割，拉直，表面保护，堆放和贮存，观察、检查分类做标记，收集，捆扎和打包。这些工作的程序和程度将以产品的特性而定。译文：译文：The
7、 most important tasks of the finishing shop are:cutting,straightening,surface protection stacking and retrieving,inspection,checking,sorting,marking,collecting,bundling and packing.The sequence and extent of these jobs will depend on the nature of the product.原文：原文：冷轧厂一般包括以下几道工序：酸洗、轧制(道次)、热处理和精整。冷轧主
8、要用于生产板材，如深冲薄板、镀锡薄板和不锈钢板。型钢和管材也是可以冷轧的。译文：译文：Cold-rolling mills generally include the following areas:pickling areas,rolling train,heat treatment,and finishing area.Steel is cold rolled mainly for producing flat products such as deep-drawing sheet,tin sheet and stainless sheet.Sectional steel products
9、 and tubes are also cold rolled.原文：原文：使用最广泛的冷轧工艺是带钢的冷轧，带钢可以在两辊、四辊和多辊轧机上冷轧。译文：译文：The most wide-spread process is the cold rolling of strip.Strip is cold rolled on two-high,four-high or multiple-roll mills.原文：原文：为了消除冷轧后的加工硬化，经常用退火来进行热处理。冷轧和热处理的结合可以使钢材获得更好的技术性能。译文：译文：In order to eliminate work hardenin
10、g after cold rolling,heat-treatment by annealing is frequently applied.A combination of cold forming and heat treatment permits specified technological properties to be obtained.原文：原文：热轧的优点是(比冷轧)更容易压缩轧件的厚度。但是，热轧件的表面粗糙和精度都不如冷轧的好。译文：译文：The advantage of hot rolling is that it can be reduced in thicknes
11、s much more easily.But the surface finish and accuracy are not so good as those obtainable by cold rolling.原文：原文：因此，热轧的最大用途是对大钢锭进行“开坯”；冷轧则用来生产平整而精度高的薄金属板。译文：译文：The most general use of hot rolling,therefore,is for“breaking down”large ingots;cold rolling is used to make smooth and accurate thin sheets
12、 of metal.原文：原文：由于冷轧钢比热轧钢硬，冷轧机需要较硬的轧辊，冷轧需要的动力比热轧大。译文：译文：As cold steel is harder than hot steel,cold steel mills need harder rolls and,the power required for cold rolling is greater than that for hot rolling.原文：原文：轧钢的产品主要有半成品和成品两种。半成品是板坯，大方坯和热宽带钢，通常它们在钢厂加工成成品。成品是轧钢厂已经完成热成形的产品。轧钢的成品钢材按照它们的断面形状可分为：型材、板
13、材、管材、线材(四大类)。译文：译文：Two main groups of rolled steel products are semi-finished products and finished products.Semis are the blooming and slabbing as well as the hot wide strip.Normally,they are deformed in the steel plants into finished products.Finished products are those whose hot forming has been
14、completed in the rolling mills.Finished rolled steel products are classified according to the shaped of their cross-sections as;section product,flat product,tube,and wire rod.原文：原文：型材可以被细分为各种类型，每一种有不同的形状。它们是：译文：译文：Section products are subdivided into groups each with differing individual profiles.Th
15、ey include:原文：原文：(1)(1)型钢型钢 型钢包括断面是圆的、方的、矩形的、八角形的或半圆的等普通型钢以及I、H、U型断面的异型断面钢材和宽缘钢梁板等。译文：译文：(1)Sectional steel Sectional steel include circular,square,rectangular,octagonal or semicircular sections,and I,H,U,profiled sections and wide-flanged beams etc.原文：原文：(2)(2)钢筋钢筋 钢筋直径68mm，也具有圆形断面的钢条，它的表面常常用助材加强。译
16、文：译文：(2)Reinforcing steel With a diameter measuring 6 to 8mm,reinforcing steel is also a bar with a circular cross-section.Its surface is usually ribbed.原文：原文：(3)(3)铁路的辅助材料等铁路的辅助材料等 这个种类覆盖了建造铁路需要的所有部件。译文：译文：(3)Rail accessories This category covers all the parts needed for building railway tracks.原文：
17、原文：板材的断面是矩形的，宽度比厚度大，表面基本是光滑的，也可以用图案装饰。根据厚度，板材分为特厚板(60mm)、中厚板(460mm)和薄板(4mm)。译文：译文：Flats are rectangular in cross-section.The width is much larger than the thickness.The surface is mostly smooth but may also be patterned.Flat products are classified by thickness into:heavy flat steel(60mm),medium ste
18、el plat(460mm)and steel sheet(4mm).原文：原文：管材是空心断面，虽然断面一般是圆的，但也生产其他形状的断面。译文：译文：Tubes are hollow sections.Although normally circular in cross-section,other forms are also produced.原文：原文：线材的表面基本是光滑的，断面可以使圆的、椭圆的、方的、矩形的，厚度从5mm到40mm不等。多数线材需要经过冷拔和冷轧进一步处理。译文：译文：Wire rods surface is mostly smooth.Its cross-se
19、ction may be circular,oval,square,rectangular,etc.Thicknesses rang form 5 to 40mm.Most wire rod undergoes further treatment by cold drawing or cold rolling.英译汉英译汉l(一)Warm-up questions1.Can you introduce the secondary refining briefly in your own words?2.Why does vacuum treatment of steel enjoy high
20、priority?l(二二)Words and expressions)Words and expressionsSecondary RefiningSecondary Refining原文：原文：原文：原文：Formerly,steel produced in the refining processes of the converter or electric arc furnace was considered“finished”and ready to be cast and rolled.译文：译文：译文：译文：过去，在转炉或电弧炉精炼过程中生产的钢被称为“成品”而用于铸造和轧制。原
21、文：原文：Nowadays,secondary refining is generally applied after the refining process.The purpose of secondary refining is to produce clean steel,which satisfies stringent requirements of surface,internal and micro-cleanliness quality and of mechanical properties.译文：译文：现在，精炼工艺之后通常进行炉外精炼。炉外精炼的目的是生产“纯净”钢，使
22、它能够满足对表面、内部和显微纯度及力学性能等方面的严格要求。原文：原文：The tasks of secondary refining are:degassing(decreasing the concentration of oxygen,hydrogen and nitrogen in steel);decarburization;removing undesirable non-metallic(primarily oxides and sulphides);etc.译文：译文：炉外精炼的任务主要是：脱气(减少钢中的氢气、氧气和氮气的含量)，脱碳，去除不必要的非金属夹杂物(主要是氧化物和
23、硫化物)等。原文：原文：Secondary refining processes have many methods.They are divided into two broad categories:secondary refining process in vacuum(vacuum treatment process)and secondary refining process in non-vacuum(non-vacuum treatment process).译文：译文：炉外精炼方法很多，大致可分为常压下炉外精炼(非真空处理)和真空下炉外精炼(真空处理)两类。原文：原文：The
24、corresponding techniques are:stirring gas treatment withporous lances,or with the aid of electromagnetic stirring;feeding-refining agent(lance injected solids,wire feeding);heating with cored wire and electric arc;vacuum degassing with the aid of various techniques etc.译文：译文：相应的技术有：使用多孔喷枪进行搅拌处理，或者进行
25、电磁搅拌；向钢液添加精炼剂(喷枪喷射固体、喂线)，感应加热和电弧加热；借助于各种技术进行真空脱气等。原文：原文：Secondary refining processes can be carried out in the ladle,the ladle furnace,in some instances,even in the electric arc furnace.译文：译文：炉外精炼工艺可以在钢包，钢包炉中进行，有些情况下甚至可以在电弧炉中进行。原文：原文：Vacuum treatment of steel enjoys high priority because of its vers
26、atility and the special advantages in second refining.in this passage,some vacuum treatment methods will be introduce mainly.译文：译文：真空处理法由于具有多功能性和特殊优点，因此在炉外精炼中享有优先权。在这里将主要介绍真空处理的一些方法。原文：原文：Vacuum treatment is based on the following consideration.Dissolved gases only partly escape while the steel soli
27、difies.For this reason,all steels contain quantities of gases:hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen,which cause embattlement,voids,inclusion,and other undesirable phenomena in the steel after it solidifies.This impoverishes the technological properties of the steel.译文：译文：真空处理是基于以下原理考虑的：当钢液凝固时，溶解在钢中的气体只有一部分能够
28、选出，因此，所有的钢都含有一定量的气体：氢气、氮气和氧气。这些气体会导致钢发生脆化、缩孔、出现夹杂物和其他凝固后所不希望的现象，这将降低钢材的技术性能。原文：原文：For example,hydrogen in solution in solid steel has a deleterious effect upon the mechanical properties;ductility is lowered without a corresponding increase in strength and also leads to cracking in highly-stressed co
29、mponents.译文：译文：比如，氢在固体钢中的溶解对力学性能有害，它使塑性降低，而强度并没有相应增加，也导致了高应力部位的裂纹。原文：原文：Nitrogen lowers the ability of steels to undergo deep drawing operations.If the external pressure is lowered,then the gas which is dissolved in the metal can escape.译文：译文：而氮则会降低钢的深冲性能。如果降低外部压力，溶解在钢液中的气体就会逸出。原文：原文：Besides degassi
30、ng,additional metallurgical reactions are carried out in the vacuum,such as decarburization.A combination of vacuum treatment and stirring gas accelerates and promotes the metallurgical reactions.译文：译文：除了脱气外，其他冶金反应也能在真空处理中发生，比如脱碳。真空处理如果与搅拌结合能够加快和促进冶金反应。原文：原文：Nowadays there are many vacuum treatment
31、methods in the steel making,such as RH process,Finkle process,RH-KTB process,ASEA-SKF process,Finkle-VAD process,VOD process,etc.译文：译文：目前炼钢中有多种真空处理法。比如真空循环脱气法、真空钢包吹员法、川崎顶吹氧真空脱气法、真空电弧加热精炼法、真空电弧加热脱气法、真空吹氧脱碳精炼法等。原文：原文：RH process is circulation degassing in vacuum chamber.译文：译文：RH法是循环真空脱气工艺。原文：原文：There
32、are two circulation legs under the vacuum chamber and the steel is caused to flow up into evacuated chamber for degassing by the passage of a small but continuous flow of argon gas into one leg of the chamber.译文：译文：脱气室下部设有与其相通的两根循环流管，钢液通过一根连续吹氩的管子进入真空室进行脱气。原文：原文：Gravity causes it to leave through th
33、e other leg and return to the ladle where the outflow creates and adequate degree of circulation.译文：译文：重力的作用又导致钢液从另一根管子离开并返回到钢包中。原文：原文：The average circulation rate is usually some 12 ton per minand 20 min are required to fully treat a 100 ton ladle of steel.The temperature loss will be 40 to 50 for
34、about 40 ton.译文：译文：该工艺的平均循环流速通常是每分钟12t，20min将处理完100t的钢包，而对于大约40t钢包来说温度损失是4050。原文：原文：In the case of ASEA-SKF,the equipment comprises a ladlefurnace,a mobile induction heater,a steam ejector and a vacuum cover fitted with electrodes for heating.译文：译文：就电弧加热的真空精炼法而言，其主要设备包括一个钢包炉，一个可移动的感应加热器，一个蒸汽喷射器和一个带加
35、热电极的真空盖。原文：原文：In refining,the ladle is placed in the induction heater and moved to the vacuum degassing station.The atmosphere is reduced to around 200m Hg.译文：译文：进行精炼时，将带有钢水的钢包放在感应加热器中，并运到真空脱气站。降压到200m汞柱。原文：原文：After 15 min(30t heat)deoxidizers are added.After vacuumtreatment the ladle is moved to th
36、e reheating as shown in Fig.1-3.译文：译文：对30t的炉次，15nin后，加入脱氧剂。真空处理后，钢包移到加热站如图1-3所示。原文：原文：Here the electrode cover is lowered on to the ladle.Fluxes are added to make a basic slag and alloys added to meet the specification.译文：译文：用电极包盖盖住钢包。加入熔剂造碱性渣，加入合金满足合金化要求。原文：原文：After heating by arcs the steel is tap
37、ped,normally by continuous casting.This method is flexible and well suited for special steels of high quality,and allows for efficient scheduling of casters.译文：译文：通过电弧加热后出钢，通常将钢水进行连铸。这种方法灵活适合高质量特殊钢，且允许与连铸机匹配。原文：原文：There can be considerable overlap in the metallurgical functions that various secondar
38、y steelmaking processes achieve.译文：译文：许多炉外精炼工艺所达到的冶金功能会相互重叠。原文：原文：原文：原文：To determine which process to install,the steelmaker must reflect on the capability and flexibility of the particular process in its ability to perform the various metallurgical functions required for a given product mix.译文：译文：为
39、了确定采取何种工艺，以实现对给定混合产品所要求的不同的冶金功能，钢厂必须考虑该工艺本身的实际能力和灵活性。原文：原文：原文：原文：Consideration must also be given to the way in which the process affects the other operations of the shop,the tonnage throughput expected,and the relative capital and operating costs associated with the process.译文：译文：另外，还必须考虑与工序有关的车间内的其他操作，所预期的生产能力、相关投资以及运行成本等。