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1、Vocabulary Unit One Introduction&Chapter 12Sometimes teaching vocabulary feels like throwing jello against the wall it looks real pretty for the few minutes it sticks,and then it just slides right off the wall.Why Vocabulary Development CountsYou have probably often heard it said,“Building vocabular
2、y is important.”May be youve politely nodded in agreement and then forgotten the matter.But it would be fair for you to ask,“Why is vocabulary development important?Provide some evidence.”Importance of VocabularyNo matter how well the student learns grammar,No matter how successfully the sounds of L
3、2 are mastered,without words to express a wide range of meanings,communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaning way.Knowing a word,then,is the sum total of all these connectionsform,meaning and use Cheer 欢呼,喝彩激动,振奋;喜悦,高兴 cheers心情,佳肴,盛宴be of good cheer兴致勃勃;充满欢乐精神;振作起来,鼓起勇气Bronx cheer表示嘲笑的嘘嘘
4、声倒好声刻薄的批评或讥笑give three cheers (for)(为.)三呼万岁good cheer佳肴美酒,丰盛的食物make good cheer饮酒做乐,欢宴take good cheer(因某事而)感到振奋take good cheer from sth.(因某事而)感到振奋What cheer?近况如何?近来心情好否?What cheer with you?近况如何?近来心情好否?with good cheer高高兴兴地;欢乐地;心甘情愿地DutchOf or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture.荷兰（人）的
5、：荷兰或其人民或文化的、或与之有关的Of or relating to the Dutch language.荷兰语的：荷兰语的或与之有关的Archaic【古语】German.日耳曼的Of or relating to any of the Germanic peoples or languages.日耳曼人的，日耳曼语的：任一日耳曼人或其语言的、或与之有关的Of or relating to the Pennsylvania Dutch.宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人的：宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人的、或与之有关的n.（名词）The people of the Netherlands.荷兰人Archaic A G
6、ermanic people.【古语】德国人The Pennsylvania Dutch.宾夕法尼亚州荷兰人The official West Germanic language of the Netherlands.荷兰语：荷兰官方用的西部德语Archaic One or more of the West Germanic languages of Germany,Switzerland,and the Low Countries.【古语】条顿语：在德国、瑞士及低地国家使用的一种或多种西部德语It was backward day at school.The students had to
7、do things backward.Some of them wore their T-shirts backward.They took a test before they studied the lesson!Dessert was served first instead of last.They tried to walk home backward,but they bumped into each other and fell down.Even native speakers of a language have both an active and a passive vo
8、cabulary.Active vocabulary consists of the words you use frequently and comfortably in speaking and writing,while passive vocabulary consists of the words you recognize when you read and listen.Therefore,when you encounter a new word or expression that you want to learn,you have to decide whether yo
9、u want to be able to recognize it again or to make it part of your“active”vocabulary.Vocabulary growth through readingAttack 1 Using Context clues for Word MeaningsLearning new words from:Context with contrasting wordsContext with similar wordsCommonsense(general knowledge)Context clue 1:Definition
10、The harbor is protected by a jetty-a wall built out into the water.Jane is indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind.(irresolute)Context clue 2:Restatement He had a wan look.He was so pale and weak that we thought he was ill.Carbon monoxide(CO)is a noxious gas,which can cause death.I am a resolut
11、e man.Once I set up a goal,I wont give it up easily.Context clue 3:Examples Select any of these periodicals:Time,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker.She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.(glaucoma:May be a kind of eye disease.)Context clue 4:Related information She went to sch
12、ool for 12 years and she cant write a sentence?Timken said,“They made an illiterate out of my daughter!Timken was now angry.Once again he flew into a rage.Just before the exam Carls hands shook and sweated so much that he could not hold a pen.His heart beat fast and his stomach ached,even though he
13、knew the subject very well.He really had a strange phobia about taking tests.Context clue 5:Comparison The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.The hotair balloon took off.It was buoyant in the air as a cork in water.Context clue 6:Contrast Jane was talking with others whi
14、le Eliza remained reticent all the time.Peter was not frugal since he spent money so freely.As I hurried to the board,I inadvertently stepped on Lauras foot,but she thinks I did it on purpose.Context clue 7:General knowledgeThe door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.Mark got on the motorbi
15、ke,I sat behind him on the pillion,and we roared off into the night.We have found that no one in the freshman class can add,multiply,subtract or divide simple sums therefore,we are setting up a special remedial arithmetic courseAttack 2:Learning Vocabulary From Word FormationMethod 1:Learning Vocabu
16、lary Derived From Greek and Latin(Assistance to learning vocabulary by heart)root prefix suffix Method 2:Learning to Form Derivatives Suppose you have just learned a new wordfallible,meaning liable to be mistaken.If you do not know how to form derivatives,all you have added to your vocabulary is fal
17、liblejust one word.Attack 3:Learning Vocabulary in Groups of Related Wordsantonym synonymwords with similar appearanceEnlarging vocabulary through central ideas(group:skill,poverty,wealth,courage,size,eating)Learning New Words Through Contexts With Contrasting WordsSuppose,for example,you were asked
18、 for the meaning of valiant.You might not know it,unless,of course,you already have a fine vocabulary.But if you were to meet valiant in the following context,you would have a very good chance of discovering its meaning.Julius Caesar,Cowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste
19、 of death but once.William ShakespeareFrom the above context,you can tell that the author is contrasting two ideas “cowards”and “the valiant”.Therefore,“the valiant”means the opposite of“cowards”namely“brave people.”Valiant means“brave.”coward the valiant(:brave)Purpose of this drillThis drill will
20、show you how to get the meaning of unfamiliar words form the context.Once you lean this skill,it will serve you for the rest of your life in two important ways:(1)it will keep enlarging your vocabulary,and(2)it will keep making you a better and better reader.Each passage or sentences below contains
21、a word in italics.If you read the passage carefully,you will find a clue to the meaning of this word in an opposite word(antonym)or a contrasting idea.Below each passage write(a)the clue that led you to the meaning and(b)the meaning itself.(The answers to the first two passages have been inserted as
22、 examples.)1.In the meantime,we could never make out where he got the drink.That was the ships mystery.Watch him as we pleased,we could do nothing to solve it;and when we asked him to his face,he would only laugh,if he were drunk,and if he were sober,deny solemnly that he ever tasted anything but wa
23、ter.a.clue:sober is the opposite of“drunk”b.meaning:sober means“not drunk”2.One sandwich for lunch usually suffices for you,but for me it is not enough.a.clue:suffices is in contrast with“is not enough”b.meaning:suffices means“is enough”3.Plastic dishes last a long time because they are unbreakable.
24、Ordinary ones are too fragile.a.clue:b.meaning:4.Our tennis coach will neither confirm nor deny the rumor that she is going to be the basketball coach next year.a.clue:b.meaning:5.Dont digress.Stick to the topic.a.clue:b.meaning:6.Your account of the fight concurs with Joannes but differs from the a
25、ccounts given by the other witness.a.clue:b.meaning:7.“I greatly fear your presence would rather increase than mitigate his unhappy fortunes”a.clue:b.meaning:8.Roses in bloom are a common sight in summer,but a rarity in late November.a.clue:b.meaning:9.I was late in calling because the telephone boo
26、ths were all occupied,and I waited more than ten minutes for one to become vacant.a.clue:b.meaning:10.There are few theaters here,but on Broadway there are theaters galore.a.clue:b.meaning:11.“I do not shrink from this responsibility;I welcome it.”a.clue:b.meaning:12.Ruth is an experienced driver,bu
27、t Harry is a novice;he began taking lessons just last month.a.clue:b.meaning:13.A band clerk can easily tell the difference between genuine$10 bills and counterfeit ones.a.clue:b.meaning:14.When I ask Theresa to help me with a complicated assignment,she makes it seem so easy.a.clue:b.meaning:15.On t
28、he wall of my room I have a copy of Rembrandts“The Night Watch”;the original is in the Rijks Museum in Amsterdam.a.clue:b.meaning:16.“Friends.Romans,countrymen,lend me your ears;I come to bury Caesar,not to praise him.The evil that men do lives after them.The good is often interred with their bones.
29、So let it be with Caesar.William Shakespeare a.clue:b.meaning:17.In some offices.Work comes to a halt at noon and does not resume until 1 p.m.a.clue:b.meaning:18.When we got to the beach,my sister and I were impatient to get into the water,but Dad was not in a hurry.a.clue:b.meaning:19.Off duty,a po
30、lice officer may wear the same clothes as a civilian.a.clue:b.meaning:20.It was not immediately announced whether the submarine reported off our coast was of a friendly or a hostile nation.a.clue:b.meaning:Fill each blank with the most appropriate word from the vocabulary list below.Recoiled,suffice
31、,novice,vacant,digressed,hostile,complicated,resumed,original,impatient,civilian,adequate The showers stopped a few moments ago,but they have now _.I cant understand why Terry has become so _ to me.We have always been friends.You should have no trouble following these directions.They are not _.My co
32、usins family hopes to move into our building as soon as an apartment becomes _.The reproduction was so clever that only an expert could distinguish it from the _.Recoiled,suffice,novice,vacant,digressed,hostile,complicated,resumed,original,impatient,civilian,adequate When someone asked Catherine how
33、 many more chairs would be needed,she said five would be _.Dont expect Paul to play the piano as well as Lori.After all,he is only a(an)_.Mrs.Spears stopped Vincent as soon as he _and suggested that he returned to the main topic.Not a single _ was appointed to the dictators cabinet.All the posts wer
34、e given to military officers.The supervisor never _ from doing her duty even though it might sometimes have been unpleasant.AcknowledgeHe acknowledged that the purchase had been a mistake.他承认购买那东西是个错误之举。acknowledge ones defeat 承认失败It is universally acknowledged that.是大家所公认的acknowledge the applause 谢
35、幕acknowledge(the receipt of)a letter 表示收到来信acknowledge a favor 答谢所受到的关照acknowledge a deed 公证一项契约acknowledge the corn 美俚承认为事实,认输,甘拜下风acknowledge the superiority of 自认不如Synonyms:accept,admit,recognizeAntonyms:deny,disregard,acknowledge:to admit or confess v.记记 联想记忆:ac+knowledge（知道）人人都知道,不得不承认(1)承认 例句T
36、om acknowledged his failure to complete the job 汤姆承认自己没有完成工作。(2)致谢，报偿 例句 I must do something to acknowledge his help.我必须做点什么来报答他对我的帮助。派派 acknowledgement n.承认，感谢alternativeprogram alternatives 方案抉择project alternatives 项目方案have no alternative but除.外别无选择;只有;只好Im afraid I have no alternative but to repo
37、rt you to the police.Alter v.改动；变动Alteration n.Altercation n.争辩；争吵；吵嘴Alternate n.adj.轮流的；交替的Alternator n.交流发电机Alternatively adv.Synonyms:choice,replacement,substituteAntonyms:.alternative:a choice n.替换物，选择对象 例句 There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.除了坚持战斗直到胜利 外，别无选择。a.两者挑一的 例句
38、Do you have an alternative suggestion to solve this problem?你有没有解决这个问题的其他建议？派派 alternatively ad.作为选择，二者择一地词根词根 alter,altern=other,to change 表示“其他的；改变状态”alter v.变更，改变 例句 The evening dress Mar was wearing had been altered to fit her.玛丽穿的那件晚礼服已经该得很合身了。alterable a.可改变的（alter+able）alteration n.改造，改变（alte
39、r+ation）altercate v.口角，争辩(alter+cate;该词是alterate“改变”的变体善变的人容易吵口角)alternate v.交替a.轮流的（altern+ate更换着做事交替）例句 I alternated between running and riding in my spare time.闲暇时，我时而跑步，时而骑马。alternator n.交流发电机Anecdote 轶事,奇闻源自希腊语anekdotos未发表的an未+ek出来+dote给出；原义是未被发表的话a short story based on your personal experience
40、:The book is full of amusing anecdotes about his life in Japan.AnecdotalHis findings are based on anecdotal evidence rather than serious research.Synonyms:Account,narrative,story3.anecdote:n an entertaining short story about an event 轶事，奇闻记联想记忆：a+nec(看作neck 脖子)+dote(溺爱)一个人伸着脖子爱听的轶事，奇闻例句 The professo
41、r opened her lecture with a brief anecdote.教师用一个简短的小故事作为她讲座的开场白。参apologue(n.寓言)；fable(n.寓言，神话)appropriate适合的;适当的;相称的appropriate example适当的例子appropriate manners适当的态度Write in a style appropriate to your subject.用与你的题目相称的体裁写。Ordinary shoes are not appropriate to paddyfields.普通鞋不适于下稻田。appropriate to适于,合
42、乎appropriate for适于,合乎Synonyms:adapted,convenient,properAntonyms:improper,unsuitableappropriate for clothes appropriate for a job interviewappropriate to an education system which is more appropriate to the needs of the studentsit is appropriate(for somebody)to do something It would not be appropriat
43、e for me to discuss that now.it is appropriate(that)It seemed somehow appropriate that we should begin our journey here.appropriate time/place etc I didnt feel that this was an appropriate time to mention the subject of money.highly/entirely/wholly appropriate I thought his remark was highly appropr
44、iate,given the circumstances.The timing of the announcement was particularly appropriate.Where appropriate,I delegate as much work as possible.Mark box 1 or 2,as appropriate.I can assure you that appropriate action will be taken.Right/proper记联想记忆：ap+propr(看作proper适当的)+iate 适当的例句 Leisure clothes are
45、not appropriate to a formal wedding.在正式的婚礼上穿休闲服饰不合适的。派 appropriateness(n.适当)；inappropriate(a.不适当的)前缀 ab,ac af,ag,ap,ar,as,at 等加在同辅音字母的词根前，表示加强abbreviate v.缩写（ab+brev短+iate使一再使短）accelerate v.加速（ac+celer速度+ate加强速度加速）例句 Supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.超级计算机会大大促
46、进生活各个领域的发展。accentuate v.强调(ac+cent 唱歌+uate使不停地唱强调)accompany v.陪伴（ac+company伙伴陪伴）accumulate v.积累（ac+cumul堆积+ate不断堆积积累）例句 Huge snowdrifts had accumulated on the airports runways.巨大的雪堆聚集在机场跑道上。affinity v.亲密关系，喜爱（af+fin界限+ity进入范围内亲密关系）例句 Children have a natural affinity for mountain biking,because they
47、have no fear.孩子们对骑山地自行车有着天生的喜爱，因为他们天不 怕地不怕。affirm v.肯定(af+firm坚定非常坚定肯定)affliction n.折磨(af+flict 打+ion一再打折磨)aggrandize v.扩大（ag+grand大+ize使一再大扩大）aggravate v.恶化（ag+grav重+ate病加重恶化）例句 Alcohol can aggravate various health problems.究竟会使多种健康问题加剧。aggression n.侵略，进攻（ag+gress行走+ion往前走进攻）appease v.抚慰（ap+peas平和+
48、e使人心态平和抚慰）appoint n.鼓掌（ap+point指指定）appreciate v.欣赏（ap+preci价值+ate一再指出价值欣赏）assimilate v.吸收；同化(as+simil 一样+ate成为相同同化)例句 assist v.帮助（as+sist站站在一起帮助）attest v.证实（at+test 试验一再试验证实）attract v.吸引（at+tract拉不断拉眼球吸引Avert 预防：防止（某件将到发生的事）averted an accident by turning sharply.迅速转身以预防事故的发生avert ones glance from st
49、h.避而不看某物Preparedness averts peril.有备无患。Many highway accidents can be averted by courtesy.互相礼让,便可避免公路上的许多交通事故。Synonyms:avoid,prevent,turn awayAntonyms:aid,help avert v.To prevent;to avoid 防止，避免记 词根记忆：a+vert 转转开避免，转移例句 Accidents can be averted by careful driving.谨慎驾驶可避免发生事故。词根 vert=to turn 表示“转”contro
50、vert v.反驳（contro相反+vert反着转反驳）convert v.转化，改变信仰（con加强+vert转化引申为改变信仰）conversion n.转化divert v.使转向（di分开+vert转开转向）incontrovertible a.不容争论的inconvertible a.不能转化的pervert v.颠倒，曲解（per自始至终+vert至始至终地转颠倒）revert v.恢复原状（re回+vert转回来恢复）candid无偏见的,公正的,坦白的,率直的I will be quite candid with you,I think you acted foolishly