《英国历史简介英文版课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英国历史简介英文版课件.ppt（65页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 Chapter 8 History of Britain 1ThebeginningofBritainThebeginningofBritainl The Early settlers(-55B.C.)l Roman Britain(55B.C.-410A.D.)l Anglo-Saxon Britain(410-871)l Viking Britain(871-1042)l Norman Conquest(1066)2TheEarlySettlers(TheEarlySettlers(-55B.C.)-55B.C.)l8,000 years agol Great Britain becam
2、e an islandlNatives of Britainl Iberians(3000BC-2000BC)l The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area 3l Stonehenge in Southwest Englandl Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC l The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction4The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.l tall
3、 and golden-haired l from Central Europel farmersl warlike people5RomanBritain(55B.C.-RomanBritain(55B.C.-410410)lBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under the Roman occupation,though it was never a total occupation.6RomanInvasionRomanInvasionInva
4、sionTimeInvaders155 and 54 B.CRoman GeneralJulius Caesar243 A.D.Roman EmperorClaudius7RomanCivilizationRomanCivilizationl The month“July”is named after Julius Caesar himself.l Christianity to Britainl Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome”l Hadrians Wall Englands great
5、wall 2000 years ago89lRomaninfluenceonBritainwasRomaninfluenceonBritainwaslimited.limited.First,the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.Second,never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on the language or culture
6、 of ordinary Britons.10lAnglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)Anglo-SaxonBritain(410-871)Basis of Modern English race:the Anglo-SaxonslThe Angle,Saxon,and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centurieslThe Anglo-Saxons left their home in northern Germany and Denmark.lThe Heptarchy:seven principal kingdoms of Ken
7、t,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony 11lSt.AugustinSt.Augustinl The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601l He built the Canterbury Cathedral.l He introduced Christianity to England.l The founder of the English church12lKingArthurKingArthurlThe best-known En
8、glish legendlThe 5th centuryl Storyl King Arthur united the Britishl His famous round table knightsl Drove the Saxons back with his magical swordl A hero of British,who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th century1314Viking(871-1042)Viking(871-1042)l Invasion timel In
9、the late 8th centuryl From Denmarkl Norsemen,“people from the North”l From 1017 to 1041l England was ruled by Danish kings.15lAlfredtheGreatAlfredtheGreatl The king of Wessexl The father of British navyl A capable military leaderland administrator16lWestminsterAbbeyWestminsterAbbeyl In 1042l By Edwa
10、rd,King of England,a faithful Christianl One of the oldest buildings in Londonl A living monument to British historyl Almost all English kings have been crowned there.1718lInfluencesoftheDanishInvasionInfluencesoftheDanishInvasionl Many Danish words became a part of the British vocabulary.Such as:sk
11、y,they,their,them,bank,gate,guess etc.l British system of counting was adopted from the Danes.Like:dozen,penny,foot.l Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes.19lNormanConquestNormanConquestl The last foreign invasion in England l The best-known event in English historyl Duke William
12、of Normandy,from northern FrancelWilliam is often referred to as William the Conqueror.20lOn October 14,1066lWilliam and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.lWilliam was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey,known as William I of England.lThis invasion is called Norma
13、n Conquest.21lInfluencesofNormanConquestInfluencesofNormanConquestl Languagel-French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes.l-The period of Middle English began.22l Architecturel The Tower of London(The most famous castle)l England became a land of castleslDoomsday Bookl-the base for
14、 future taxationl-a useful source of information for the monarchs23lRobinHoodRobinHoodl Englands best-loved legendl Heroic Saxonlnoblemen oppressed by the Normansl“Merry men”robbed from the rich to give to the poor.24lBritish Invasion HistoryInvasion TimeInvaders43 A.D.The Romans5th centuryThe Angle
15、s and Saxons8th centuryThe Viking1066The Normans25lPartIITheFeudalBritainPartIITheFeudalBritain(1066-1485)lKey Points:l1.Common Lawl2.The Magna Cartal3.The beginning of Parliamentl4.The decline of feudalism26lFeudalBritainFeudalBritainl Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in Englan
16、dl1.After the Norman Conquest,feudalism was established in England.l2.The nobility gradually gained power.l3.State mechanism was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the common law.27lThesuccessionofmonarchsThesuccessionofmonarchslKings:lWilliam I(1066-1154)-(grandson)-lHenry I
17、I(1154-1189)-(son)-lRichard I(1189-1199)-(brother)-lKing John(1199-1216)-(son)-lHenry III(1216-1272)-lEdward III-28lAchievements:lNorman conquest-the common law-crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament-the establishment of parliamentary system.29lThebeginningoftheThebeginningoftheparliam
18、entparliamentl When?l-1264,The nobles defeated the kingl Who?l-Simon de Monfort VS Henry III30lHow?lSimon de Monfort made changes in the formation of the Great Councill-added some commoners into the councill Significance?l-laid the foundation for the development of the English parliament31lThedeclin
19、eofFeudalismThedeclineofFeudalismlRoot:lthe foundation of the manor system was shakenlSeveral events shook the foundation of the feudal society.lThe Hundred Years WarlThe Black MouthlTylers RebellionlThe War of the Roses32lTheHundredYearsTheHundredYears WarWarlTime:1337-1453l Eventl A series of wars
20、 between England and France33l Unexpected benefitsl The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home.l English was reestablished as the official language.34lJoanofArcJoanofArcl A famous peasant girll Under Joan of Arc,French won a number of victories.l Regarded as a national French heroine.3
21、5T TheWaroftheRosesheWaroftheRoses A series of civil wars between supporters of Lancaster and York.l The badgesl a red rose Vs.a white onel Reasonl In 1455 the Duke of York tried toldisplace the Lancaster king,Henry VI.l Resultl In 1485,Henry Tudor,as Henry VII,lfounded the Tudor Monarchy.36TheBegin
22、ningoftheModernTheBeginningoftheModernWorldWorldlFrom the 16th to the 20th centuryRuling HousesRuling PeriodHouse of Tudor1485-1603House of Stuart1603-1649House of Stuart(restored)1660-1714House of Hanover1714-191037PartIIIPartIIIHouse of Tudor38lKey points:l The Enclosure Movementl Geographical Dis
23、coveryl The Renaissancel The Reformationl Henry VIIIl Bloody Maryl The Elizabethan Age39l1.TheEnclosureMovement1.TheEnclosureMovementIn the 16th century,the development oftextile industry pushed up the price of wool.Landlords began to turn large areas ofarable land into sheep grazing land.40l2.Geogr
24、aphicalDiscovery2.GeographicalDiscoveryl Why?l-A shortage of gold&silver caused by the increaselin production&the expansion of trade in Europe.l When?In the 15th centuryl How?lrush for gold-rush for spice-geographical discoveryl Who?l-Portugal,Spanish,Britain41lBritishexpansionBritishexpansionl In 1
25、497,John Cabot sailed to New-found land in North Americal Sir Francis Drake,the first Englishman who sailed round the world.l Chartered Companies.l-The East India Company42l3.TheRenaissance3.TheRenaissancel When?late 14th C the early 16th Cl Where?Italy-the rest of Europel What?lThe rebirth of inter
26、est in classic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome which were neglected by the Europeans in the Middle Ages.43lWho?l-many literary figureslWilliam ShakespearelThomas More,lEdmund Spencer,lFrancis Bacon,lChristopher Marlowe44lWhat do they have in common?l-praised life and attacked feudal cruelty,igno
27、rance and destruction of human rightsl-promoted education and reforml-voiced enduring ideas45l4.TheReformation4.TheReformationl When?1517-1646l Who?Martin Lutherl Where?West Europel What?lA great revolution in the Christian church46l Results?l-it ended the supreme power of the Pope of the Christian
28、churchl-two religious camps were formed:Catholic and Protestant47lTheEnglishReformationTheEnglishReformationl Who?King Henry VIIIl Why?Henry VIIIs ldivorcel Results?l Married six times48l-the King declared himself as thelsupreme Head of the Church of Englandl-the religious authority was transferred
29、successfully from the Pope to the king.49lBloodyMaryBloodyMaryl Who?l-Mary Tudor,la sincere Catholicl Why bloody?l-she persecuted trueProtestants and executedmore than 300 people50lElizabethIElizabethI(1553-1603)l The last Tudor monarchl The Golden Agel The English navyldefeated the SpanishlArmada i
30、n 1588l The flourishing of English drama51PartIVPartIVHouseofStuartHouseofStuart52lKey pointsl The Divine right of Kingsl Charles Il The Civil Warl Cromwelll Restorationl The Glorious Revolution53lCharlesI(1625-1649)CharlesI(1625-1649)lBelieflBelieved in the old theory“Divine right of Kings”lThe kin
31、gs power came directly from God,not from the people.lDismissed parliament for 11 years54lTheCivilWar(1642-1649)TheCivilWar(1642-1649)l Eventl Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest leading members of the Parliament.l Betweenl The Roundheads(supporters of Parliament)The Cavaliers(sup
32、porters of the King)55lResult of the Civil Warl The execution of Charles Il Oliver Cromwell formed republicanlEngland,the Commonwealth of England.l English monarchy was abolished.56lRestorationRestorationl Who?Charles IIl When?1661,4,23.l How?l-politically,restore the old social orderl-religiously,r
33、eestablished a new systeml-economically,established Englishlcolonies in America57lTheIndustrialRevolution(1780-TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-18301830)l The industrial Revolution refers to themechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the lat
34、e18th and early 19th centuries.58lConsequencesoftheindustrialConsequencesoftheindustrialRevolutionRevolutionl1 Britain was by 1830 the“workshop of the world”;l 2 Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.59l3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest i
35、n it.The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions.l4 The industrial revolution created the industrial working class,the proletariat,and it later led to trade unionism.60lTheGloriousRevolutionTheGloriousRevolutionl When?1688l Why?l-The parliament did not want a Catholic succession after
36、the Kings death.l What?l-The parliament invited Mary and Williamto rule England togetherl-in 1689,the Bill of Rights became law61lSignificance?l-a new system,the ConstitutionallMonarchy,was bornl-the political struggle between the king and the parliament came to an endl-the end of the divine right o
37、f the kingl-the Act of Succession in 1701,noCatholic monarch62lQueenVictoriaQueenVictorial The Grandmother of Europe”l The longest reign(1837-1901)l Victorias TimelBritain became the mostpowerful and richestcountry in the world.lBritish Empire reached itshighest point and wascalled“the Empire on whi
38、chthe sun never sets”.63lBritaininWorldWarIBritaininWorldWarIl Resultl-Victoriousl-A huge national debtl-Lost her sea supremacyl-Overtaken by the lUnited States64lBritaininWorldWarIIBritaininWorldWarIIlBorrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada.lOver 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold.lEconomy slid from the 2nd largest economy tolthe 6th in the world.65